反应堆压力容器用SA508Gr.4N钢的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在温度为1050~1250℃、应变速率为0.001~0.1s-1、真应变量0.16的条件下,研究和分析SA508Gr.4N钢高温塑性变形及动态再结晶行为。结果表明:SA508Gr.4N钢的高温真应力-应变曲线主要以动态再结晶为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加,属于温度和应变速率敏感材料;在真应力-应变曲线的基础上,建立材料热变形本构方程,较好地表征了材料高温流变特征,其热激活能为383.862kJ/mol;其硬化率-应力(θ-σ)曲线均呈现拐点且-dθ/dσ-σ曲线出现极小值;临界应变随应变速率的增大与变形温度的降低而增加,且临界应变(εc)与峰值应变(εp)之间具有一定相关性,即εc/εp=0.517;临界应变与Z参数之间的函数关系为εc=8.57×10-4 Z0.148。     

低碳钢奥氏体再结晶模型的建立

为了描述低碳钢变形过程的组织演化,建立了一套完整的奥氏体动态再结晶、静态再结晶、亚动态再结晶模型.本文利用Gleeble试验机研究不同初始晶粒度、变形温度、应变和应变速率对奥氏体再结晶量和晶粒尺寸变化的影响.流变应力模型考虑了变形条件对模型系数的影响.利用测得的应力-应变曲线及晶粒度由多元非线性回归得出了奥氏体再结晶模型系数,并且由模型计算的峰值应变、稳定应变、硬化区流变应力、再结晶体积分数、晶粒尺寸和实际接近.     

B92SiQL钢的高温流变行为及变形机制研究

B92SiQL钢因高强度及抗扭转能力在预应力镀锌钢丝领域备受青睐,但热加工参数对其变形行为及性能产生重要影响。本研究对B92SiQL钢进行了变形温度为1 173～1 373 K、应变速率为0.1～20 s^-1的热压缩实验,并基于Zener-Hollomon参数和线性拟合,建立了应变补偿型Arrhenius本构模型。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低呈减小趋势,B92SiQL钢的热变形激活能(Q)约为305.865 kJ/mol。该模型得到流变应力预测值与实验值的线性相关系数(R)约为0.994,平均绝对相对误差(AARE)约为2.800%。在较低变形温度下,微观组织中依然存在被拉长的原始晶粒;在1 373 K-0.1 s^-1热变形条件下,B92SiQL钢几乎发生了完全的动态再结晶(DRX),晶粒产生明显粗化;应变速率增大至10 s^-1时,晶粒尺寸明显减小。根据加工硬化率与流变应力曲线确定了B92SiQL钢发生DRX的临界应力和应变,得到临界条件与Z参数呈指数关系。根据传统的Avrami方程建立了B92Si...     

Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为

为了探究Fe-8Mn-3Al-0.2C轻质高强钢的热变形行为,在变形温度为1 123~1 423 K,应变速率0.01,0.1,1,10 s-1,真应变为0.6的条件下利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机进行热压缩模拟实验,通过实验机记录温度、真应力与真应变的关系,观察组织形貌演变规律.结果表明:流变应力曲线分为3个阶段,即加工硬化、动态软化及稳定流变应力;当变形温度升高和应变速率下降时,峰值应力及其所对应的临界应变减小,说明更容易发生动态再结晶;在变形初期ε0.1时,流变应力曲线出现应变增加而应力几乎保持不变的类屈服平台;压缩后的组织为奥氏体/铁素体双相组织,动态再结晶先在铁素体内部发生,随后由奥氏体承担;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的下降,晶粒尺寸细化并趋于均匀,说明动态再结晶完成的更充分;本实验钢在本文处理工艺及0.6真应变下的最佳热加工工艺参数区间为1 250~1 400 K,应变速率为0.03~0.3 s~(-1);受合金元素影响,实验用钢的表观应力指数和热变形激活能分别为4.588 9和250.6 k J/mol,本构方程为ε·=6.20×10~9[sinh(0.009σ)]~(4.588 9)exp(-(250 601)/(8.314T)).     

SA508Gr.4N钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为研究

为研究保温温度和保温时间对SA508Gr.4N钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响,利用光学显微镜和高温激光共聚焦显微镜研究了该钢在保温温度为900 ～1200℃,保温时间0～ 600 min条件下的晶粒长大行为.研究表明,随着保温温度的升高和保温时间的增加,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增加;在900 ～1000℃,由于部分AlN逐渐回溶,抑制晶粒长大的作用减弱,但相比AlN完全回溶的情况,部分晶粒长大速度相对缓慢,导致混晶现象.随着温度的进一步提高,AlN全部溶解,使得晶粒迅速长大,且晶粒较为均匀;晶界迁移是SA508Gr.4N钢奥氏体晶粒长大的主要机理.基于本文实验数据,采用Sellar-Anelli模型建立了SA508Gr.4N钢晶粒长大模型,通过实测值和预测值对比可以得出晶粒长大模型的决定系数(R2)和对称平均绝对百分比误差(SMAPE)分别为0.99和6.75％.     

LD7铝合金热变形研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对LD7铝合金进行等温热变形实验,变形温度为300～500℃,应变速率为0.01～10s-1,研究其热变形的流变应力行为、显微组织及软化机制.结果表明LD7铝合金真应力-真应变曲线表现出动态回复特征,在应变速率ε=1.0s-1,变形温度高于420℃时,应力出现锯齿波动,表现出不连续动态再结晶特征.合金在压缩过程中主要软化机制为动态回复,同时也存在动态再结晶.变形后晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高而增大,随变形速率增加而减小.     

TB6钛合金β区变形的动态再结晶动力学

使用圆柱形TB6钛合金试样在Thermecmaster-Z型热模拟试验机上进行热模拟压缩实验(变形温度为825~1100℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s^-1)。对采集的流变数据进行加工硬化率处理,确定动态再结晶体积分数,研究了TB6钛合金β区变形的动态再结晶动力学。结果表明,流变应力随着变形温度的降低或应变速率的提高而增大,流变曲线呈现出动态再结晶类型的特征。随着应变速率的降低和变形温度的提高,动态再结晶的体积分数和晶粒尺寸增大。在变形温度高于950℃、应变速率低于0.001 s^-1条件下,动态再结晶的晶粒严重粗化。动态再结晶动力学曲线经历缓慢增加—快速增加—缓慢增加三个阶段,呈现出典型的“S”型特征。确定了动态再结晶的体积分数达到50%时的应变,建立了TB6钛合金的动态再结晶动力学模型。     

Aermet100钢高温变形动态再结晶晶粒演变行为

目的研究高温变形对合金动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的影响。方法利用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机对Aermet100超高强度钢进行了热模拟压缩,分析了动态再结晶晶粒在变形温度为800~1040℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s-1条件下的演变行为。结果研究发现,Aermet100钢动态再结晶晶粒随变形温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小,高温、低应变速率变形后获得的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸较大,再结晶充分;低温、高应变速率获得的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸细小,但再结晶不完全。结论根据实验数据,建立了动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随Zener-Hollomon参数变化的理论模型,为Aermet100钢锻造工艺优化提供了理论依据。     

Nb47Ti合金热变形行为及微观组织

目的 研究Nb47Ti合金在变形温度为600～750℃、应变速率为0.001～1s?1条件下的热变形行为和微观组织。方法 采用Gleeble-3500型热/力模拟试验机进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验,获得Nb47Ti合金热变形的真应力应变曲线,并利用EBSD技术手段分析热变形后的微观组织。结果 Nb47Ti合金在变形温度小于650℃、应变速率小于0.1s?1下热变形的真应力-应变曲线为动态再结晶型曲线,变形温度大于等于700℃时呈现为动态回复型曲线;峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而减小;在变形温度为650℃、应变速率为0.001 s?1下热变形组织以再结晶晶粒和亚晶粒为主,随着应变速率的增大,动态再结晶晶粒不断减少,而亚晶粒和变形晶粒增多,晶粒得到显著细化。当应变速率为0.1 s?1时,随着变形温度的增加,晶粒尺寸增大,变形温度升高至750℃,热变形组织中亚晶粒所占比例高达50.5%。结论 Nb47Ti合金是温度和正应变速率敏感材料,随变形温度的升高和应变速率的增大,变形过程中动态回复软化机制更为显著,低温、高应变速率下变形获得的再结晶晶粒尺寸小。     

NF709奥氏体耐热钢的热变形行为

目的获得NF709钢的热变形工艺参数。方法利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为930~1230℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)、真应变为1.0的条件下,得到真应力-真应变曲线。依据流变应力曲线和相关热加工理论,建立材料的本构方程,分析试验钢的热变形特点。结果该试验钢在试验条件下的热变形激活能为424 kJ/mol,建立了试验钢在变形条件下的本构方程,回归出了动态再结晶临界应力和Z参数之间的关系方程。根据动态组织分析和相应的热加工条件,建立了试验钢的动态组织状态图,可以用来预测不同变形条件下的动态组织。建立了应变速率、温度和峰值应力之间的关系方程。结论在给定的变形温度或应变速率下,应变速率或变形温度对微观组织有显著影响。在1030~1230℃、应变速率为10 s~(-1)的条件下,试验钢在变形量较小时容易失稳,随着应变量增加,流变失稳消失。     

GH4169合金变应变速率热变形过程动态再结晶动力学行为及建模

目的 研究变应变速率高温变形过程中GH4169合金动态再结晶行为和晶粒组织的演变机理.方法 在不同变应变速率工况下对GH4169合金进行高温压缩实验,分析了变形参数对动态再结晶行为与晶粒组织的影响规律,建立变应变速率工艺下GH4169动态再结晶动力学和晶粒尺寸预测模型.结果 随着第一阶段真应变的增加或第一阶段/第二阶段...     

Numerical simulation for stress/strain distribution and microstructural evolution in 42CrMo steel during hot upsetting process

Based on experimental results, the dynamic recrystallization mathematical models of 42CrMo steel were derived. The effects of strain rates on the strain/stress distribution and microstructural evolution in 42CrMo steel during hot upsetting process were simulated by integrating the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model. The results show that the deformation of the specimen is inhomogeneous, and the degree of the deformation inhomogeneity decreases with the increase of strain rates. The distribution of the effective stress in the specimen is also inhomogeneous, and the locus of the maximum effective stress changes with the variations of strain rates. The dynamic recrystallization volume fraction decreases with the increase of strain rates. The distribution of the dynamic recrystallization grain is inhomogeneous in the deformed specimen, and the average dynamic recrystallization grain size decreases as the strain rate is increased. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental results confirmed that the derived dynamic recrystallization mathematical models can be successfully incorporated into the finite element model to predict the microstructural evolution in the hot upsetting process for 42CrMo steel.     

基于动态再结晶37CrS4特种钢的流变应力预测模型

使用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机对37CrS4特种钢进行单道次热压缩实验,研究了37CrS4钢在950~1100℃和0.01 s^-1~10 s^-1条件下的热压缩流变应力行为。结果表明：这种钢的真应力应变曲线出现了明显的高温塑性变形动态再结晶行为;热变形后的微观组织为典型的板条状马氏体,发生动态再结晶行为的临界应变值与峰值应变比值为0.77162,拟合相关性R²=0.9576;其软化机制为动态回复与动态再结晶的共同作用。引入Zener-Hollomon参数(Z参数)建立再结晶动力学模型,得到了37CrS4特种钢基于动态回复、动态再结晶的分段式流变应力本构模型。本构模型的平均相关性R²=0.9756,分段式本构模型的预测应力与实验应力具有较高的一致性,能较为准确的预测37CrS4高温塑性变形时流变应力的变化。     

Dynamic Recrystallization and Precipitation Behavior of Mn-Cu-V Weathering Steel

The hot deformation behavior of a Mn-Cu-V weathering steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 5 s-1 using MMS-300 thermal-mechanical simulator. The activation energy for dynamic recrystallization and stress exponent were calculated to be 551 kJ/mol and 7.73, respectively. The accurate values of critical strain were determined by the relationship between work hardening rate and flow stress (θ-σ) curves. The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation was employed to describe the relationship between the peak stress and Zener-Hollomon parameter during hot deformation. The interaction between dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation of V(C,N) at a low strain rate was analyzed. The results showed that precipitation particles size of weathering steel increased with increasing strain at deformation temperature 950℃ and strain rate 0.1 s-1. The calculation results of the recrystallization driving force and pinning force showed that dynamic precipitation could retard the progress of dynamic recrystallization but not prevent it while the pinning forces is less than driving force. On the contrary, dynamic precipitation can effectively prevent the progress of dynamic recrystallization.     

3003铝合金动态再结晶实验研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对3003铝合金进行变形温度为300～500℃、应变速率为0.01～10.0s-1的高温等温压缩实验,由真应力-真应变曲线计算应变硬化速率,并采用截线法测量热压缩后平均晶粒尺寸,结果表明:3003铝合金动态再结晶临界应变εc随着Z参数的增大而提高,合金发生动态再结晶的临界条件为:...     

SA-508 Gr.3钢动态应变时效的研究进展

SA-508Gr.3钢凭借良好的力学性能,被广泛应用于压水堆核电站核岛设备上。本文综述了动态应变时效对SA-508Gr.3钢微观组织、断裂韧性和应力腐蚀敏感性的影响,总结了动态应变时效发生的机理,提出了SA-508Gr.3钢动态应变时效研究存在的问题及解决思路。     

Metadynamic recrystallization of 300M steel after isothermal compression

Isothermal compression tests of 300M steel were performed on a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator at deformation temperatures ranging from 1173 to 1373 K, strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 s^?1, and a strain of 0.69. Metadynamic recrystallization and grain growth after complete metadynamic recrystallization were investigated by isothermal compression with different inter-pass times. It was found that the inter-pass time, deformation temperature and strain rate markedly affected the austenite grains size of metadynamic recrystallization. The austenite grain size model and grain growth model of metadynamic recrystallization were determined based on the results of quantitative grain size. A good agreement between the predicted and measured austenite grain size and grain growth of metadynamic recrystallization was obtained, and the present models were effective to predict the austenite grain size and grain growth of metadynamic recrystallization in the isothermal compression of 300M steel.     

Flow Behavior and Evolution of Microstructure during Hot Deformation for a High Mo Stainless Steel

1. IntroductionHigh Mo austenitic stainless steels are widelyapplied to oceanology, petroleum chemical industryef..[1'2], because of their good resistance to local corrosion and uniform corrosion. However, they arehard to process and normally have worse plasticity.Therefore, that are the main weaknesses of this kindof material. It is necessary to improve the processing properties during hot working and control themicrostructure. Some researches have been carriedout on austenitic stainless ste…