Ölbindevermögen von Mineralozokeriten

Oil-bindung Capacity of Mineral Ozocerites It was attempted, by determining the slip point of the pastes obtained from different oils and mineral waxes, to find out and measure the influence of the quantity, viscosity of the oil, recrystallization tendency and homogenity as well as to characterise the oil-binding capacity of different hydrocarbon waxes. In view of the considerable rise in purity demands, the oil-binding capacity of highly refined microwaxes or mineral ozocerites was also investigated.     

Palmöl und Palmkernöl

Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Adulteration of palm oil with palm stearin can be recognized by examining the ration of the triglycerides PPP to MOP, which lies in pure palm oil between 3.5 and 4.5 and is elevated in the case of adulteration. The content of palmitic acid and the solid fat content are additional indications. Adulteration of coconut and palm kernal oils with palm kernel olein is best recognized by measuring the iodine number (which is max. 11 for coconut oil and 19 for palm kernel oil) and also by the content of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, the sum of which should not exceed 11.5% for coconut oil and 22% for palm kernel oil respectively. The content of triglycerides with carbon number 46 to 54 may additionally be used.     

Die Fettsäure-Zusammensetzung von Rüböl,Sojaöl,Sonnenblumenöl und Erdnußöl

Fatty Acid Composition of Rapeseed, Soybean, Sunflower and Peanut Oils Alterations in the mode of cultivation of oilseeds have brought forth considerable fluctuations in the composition of vegetable oils in the past decade. It is therefore desirable to report occasionally the new analytical figures on vegetable oils, whose source and past history are exactly known.     

Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Lösevermögens bzw. die Lösekraft von Lösungsmitteln für Öle und Fette

Procedure for the Determination of Dissolving Property and Dissolving Power of Solvents for Oils and Fats A “circular filter paper chromatographic procedure” for the quantitative determination of dissolving ability and dissolving power of cleaning agents is described. From the ratio of the rate of migration of the solvent to that of the solution and a correction factor for the area, the criterium for the above determination is calculated. A paper-chromatographic filter serves as the stationary phase, and as mobile phase is taken a solution comprising of a fat or oil and the solvent to be examined. By this means, a satisfactory separation can be achieved between unused solvent, solvent saturated with fat or oil, and undissolved fat or oil. These three phases occur in a state of equilibrium on the paper chromatogram. This procedure is applicable to all fats and oils which are visible under UV light.     

Möglichkeiten der Röntgenfluoreszenz- und Röntgenemissions-Spektrometrie in der Werkstoffanalytik

The principles and applications of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray emission in the electron microprobe analysis and low energy electron induced X-ray spectrometry were described. With the help of soft X-ray spectra, arising from the valence bands, the different aluminum and titanium compounds of precipitates in steel can be investigated. The precipitates were isolated by an galvanostatic electrolysis. For speciation of aluminum the K_βlines in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum were investigated. The composition of aluminum oxide and -nitride in precipitates of special steel qualities can be determined. In the case of the speciation of titanium a direct electron bombardment of the sample is used to generate soft-X-rays. By investigating the L-lines of titanium different species like titaniumcarbide,-nitride or sulphide can be distinguished.     

Konstruktive Lösungen zur Maßstabsvergrößerung von mehrphasig durchströmten Apparaten

Design approaches for the scaling-up of multiphase flow apparatus . The scaling-up of apparatus from the laboratory-to the industrial-scale is illustrated with aid of two examples. Phase partition during the flow of liquids and gases through packing layers is dealt with. It requires particular attention if the volumes of flow are different and if the efficiency of material exchange on an industrial scale referred to volume is to be the same as on a laboratory scale. A design approach for the uniform distribution of a small volume of gas in uniflow with a large volume of liquid is described. For counter-current flow of large volumes of gas and small volumes of liquid an arrangement of packing with least possible drop in pressure is required. Some well-known packings are compared, taking into account measured results for a novel packing referred to as “impulse packing”.     

Kaffeeöl und Röstkaffeequalität

Coffee Oil and Roast Coffee Quality The trick of coffee roasting consists in changing the different components of coffee in a most optimal way to components of the desired sort and composition. As these alterations of the coffee components are influenced by roasting conditions, coffee roasting can always only be regarded as a compromise. The colouring of the roasting coffee oils from yellow to brown bases mainly on tar substances, solved in coffee oil which arise under roasting conditions by non enzymatic browning reactions and by decomposition or alteration of coffee components. Thus it is shown that coffee oil contains substances which cannot be coloured by alkali or by Gibbs reagent. The importance of coffee oil for valuation of the sensoric yield of roasting coffee is explained by investigation results, obtained by roasting coffee of different sort and origin as well as by commercial roasting coffee oils.     

Wasserlösliche hochpolymere als strömungsbeschleuniger

Soluble high polymers drastically reduce the friction or drag of turbulent wall flows; this effect is widely known as drag reduction. In practical applications drag reducing polymers also bring about an increase in flow rate. That is why we have introduced the term flow enhancer for this type of polymer. Drag reduction by polymers was discovered in 1948. The addition of very small amounts (ppm) of a high polymer reduces the pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow by up to 80 % or increases the flow rate by up to 100 %. These rheological effects are demonstrated with the aid of laboratory experiments. A physical model is presented which describes the interference of the coiled macromolecule in turbulent boundary layers with elongational velocity gradients. From this theory are derived a number of requirements for particularly effective macromolecules, such as molar mass, conformation, linearity and electrical charges in the molecule. The well-known water soluble drag reducing polymers are presented and the influence of pH, electrolytes and temperature described. Finally a survey of practical applications with experiments describing the operation of a specially designed flow enhancer for hydrotransport of sand slurries is given.     

Reinigung lösungsmittelhaltiger Abluft – alternative Möglichkeiten

Purification of solvents containing air – Alternative methods. Different processes are used for the purification of solvents containing air: condensation, absorption, adsorption, combustion, membrane permeation, and biofilters or bioscrubbers. The processes will be explained by examples. The specifications required by “TA Luft” often cannot be reached only by condensation and membrane permeation. The success of absorption depends on the scrubbing liquid. Glycol ethers are useful scrubbing liquids – especially for chlorinated hydrocarbons. The choice of the process depends on the volume flow rate, the solvent concentration, and the kind of solvent. Recycling of the solvents reduces the costs of the process.     

Dünnschicht-chromatographischer Nachweis von Sojaöl in Sonnenblumenöl

Thin-layer Chromatographic Detection of Soybean Oil in Sunflower Oil Small amounts of soybean oil in sunflower oil can be detected on the basis of δ-tocopherol. A thin-layer chromatographic method in which the negligible δ-tocopherol content of sunflower oil (approx. 5 ppm.) does not interfere is described. The addition of 3 and 5% respectively of soybean oil to sunflower oil can be detected in a reproducible manner.