Position Resolution in DROIDs

Since the very beginning, Distributed Read-Out Imaging Devices (DROIDs) were proposed to achieve both good position and energy resolutions. In DROIDs, the absorption of primary particle energy occurs in a long superconductive strip. Quasiparticles produced in the absorber diffuse along the strip and counted by the superconductive tunnel junctions positioned at the two ends of the strip. In this paper the formula for estimation DROID’s position resolution from experimental data was derived. This formula takes into account correlation between fluctuations of signals of DROID’s detectors.      

Observations on dual-ended readout of 100 mm long LYSO crystals

We are investigating using dual-ended readout of axially oriented long thin scintillator crystals in detectors for a compact geometry, small ring diameter animal PET system. The axial position of interaction is determined from the light sharing between two photodetectors at opposite ends of the crystal. We examine the light output, energy resolution and axial spatial resolution of 1.5-5×2×100 mm³ polished LYSO crystals by irradiating with an electronically collimated beam of 511 keV photons oriented perpendicular to the long axis and read out at either end by position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs). Three reflector materials, namely Teflon, 3 M enhanced specular reflector (ESR) and black paint are examined for the 2×2×100 mm³ crystal size. The light output increases and energy resolution improves with the crystal cross-section. Generally, the spatial resolution worsens with increase in crystal cross-section. For the 2×2×100 mm³ crystal size, the mean energy resolutions of the photopeak over the nine irradiation positions were 14.4±0.4%, 16.0±1.2% and 28.3±2.1% with mean spatial resolutions of 7.0±1.0, 9.4±3.3 and 26.0±5.0 mm using ESR, Teflon and black paint, respectively. ESR reflector gave the best light output, energy and axial spatial resolutions. These characterization results of PSPMT-based dual-ended long LYSO crystals will be useful in the design of detector modules for a highly compact geometry preclinical PET system using this detector technology.     

Performance of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter end-cap module 0

The construction and beam test results of the ATLAS electromagnetic end-cap calorimeter pre-production module 0 are presented. The stochastic term of the energy resolution is between 10% and 12.5% GeV^1/2 over the full pseudorapidity range. Position and angular resolutions are found to be in agreement with simulation. A global constant term of 0.6% is obtained in the pseudorapidity range 2.5<η<3.2 (inner wheel).     

3D position readout from thick scintillators

A novel technique has been developed and tested for the three-dimensional measurement of position in SPECT-PET detectors. Results are presented for 2 and 20 mm thick NaI(Tl) planar crystals. In a plane of crystal, a coordinate resolution of about 1 mm (rms error) is demonstrated. The depth of interaction (DOI) is measured with an rms error of about 2 mm using light cone parameters.     

Determination of the Exciton Binding Energy Using Photothermal and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

In this paper, experimental photoluminescence (PL) and piezoelectric photothermal (PPT) spectra of selected II–VI binary crystals are presented and analyzed. The quantitative analysis of the photothermal spectra was performed using a modified and extended Jackson–Amer model. The values of the bandgap energies of investigated semiconductors were computed from the PT amplitude and phase spectra. From the temperature dependence of the exciton emission so-called “excitonic energy gaps” have been determined. It follows from the theory that the exciton binding energy is the difference of these two values of energy gaps derived from PPT and PL spectroscopy.     

高铁粉煤灰对水泥基材料吸波特性的影响

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析粉煤灰中铁组分矿物组成和分布形态,对高铁粉煤灰颗粒电磁参数及复合高铁粉煤灰水泥浆体的吸波性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,粉煤灰中富集在球形颗粒表面的各种微细氧化铁晶体,是高铁粉煤灰产生电磁损耗的物质基础;高铁粉煤灰颗粒具有较高的介电常数和一定的磁导率,是以介电损耗型为主的电磁波有效损耗介质;高铁粉煤灰水泥基复合材料在2～8GHz波段范围内具有吸波性能,其最小反射率为-13.01dB,同时吸波能力可能与材料电导率有关.     

Single-electron response and energy resolution of a Micromegas detector

Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) such as Micromegas or GEM are used in particle physics experiments for their capability of particle tracking at high rates. Their excellent position resolutions are well known but their energy characteristics have been less studied. The energy resolution is mainly affected by ionisation processes and gain fluctuations. This paper presents a method to separately measure these two contributions to the energy resolution of a Micromegas detector. The method relies on the injection of a controlled number of primary electrons in the gas. The Micromegas has a 1.6-mm drift zone and a 160-μm amplification gap. It is operated in Ne 95%-iC₄H₁₀ 5% at atmospheric pressure. The electrons are generated by non-linear photoelectric emission derived from the photons of a pulsed 337-nm wavelength laser coupled to a focusing system. The single-electron response has been measured at different gains (3.7×10⁴, 5.0×10⁴ and 7.0×10⁴) and is fit with good agreement by a Polya distribution. From those fits, a relative gain variance of 0.31±0.02 is deduced. The setup has also been characterised at several voltages by fitting the energy resolution measured as a function of the number of primary electrons, ranging from 5 to 210. An upper limit on the Fano factor (0.37) has been estimated for 5.9 keV X-rays absorbed in a Ne 95%-iC₄H₁₀ 5% gas mixture.     

Cathodoluminescence study of h– and c–GaN single crystals grown by a Na or K flux

Luminescence properties of hexagonal (h-) and cubic (c-) GaN freestanding single crystals were studied by means of cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. The h-GaN crystals of about 0.2–2 mm in dimension were synthesized at 750 °C by the reaction of Ga and N2 in a Na flux, while c-GaN crystals of about 0.3 mm or less in a K flux. The h-GaN showed rather strong band edge emission at room temperature compared with the crystal grown by using NaN3 as a nitrogen source. At 20 K, the band edge emission of h-GaN was split into four peaks. The main energy peak position was 3.478 eV, which was assigned as the A-free exciton emission. The energy position of the main peak of c-GaN was 3.268 eV. Assuming the binding energies of excitons in h- and c-GaN as 25 and 26 meV, respectively, the energy difference of bandgap between h-and c-GaN is estimated to be 209 meV. Since these crystals are free from strain from the substrates, the peak energies are reliable for the intrinsic GaN crystals. The full widths at half maximum of the emission of c-GaN were much broader than those of h-GaN, suggesting that the cubic phase is much defective compared with the hexagonal one.     

On quality requirements to the barium fluoride crystals

This report summarizes the quality requirements to the barium fluoride (BaF₂) crystals for constructing a high precision electromagnetic calorimeter at future hadron colliders. The basic property of BaF₂ crystals and the design and performance of a BaF₂ calorimeter are presented. The emphasis of the discussion is in the radiation resistance of the current production BaF₂ crystals. An approach to implement optical bleaching in situ is also presented. By using optical bleaching current production quality BaF₂ crystals could serve as an excellent candidate to construct a precision calorimeter at future hadron colliders.     

Beam test of the CsI(Tl) calorimeter for the BELLE detector at the KEK-B factory

We studied the performance of a prototype electromagnetic calorimeter for the BELLE detector at the KEK proton synchrotron for an energy range of 0.25–3.5 GeV. The prototype consisted of an array of 6 × 5 CsI(Tl) crystals with 30 cm length (16.2 radiation lengths) and about 6 cm × 6 cm cross section. The scintillation light of each CsI(Tl) crystal was read out by two large-area PIN photodiodes and charge-sensitive preamplifiers attached at the rear face of the crystal. We measured the energy and position resolution for electrons and the e/π separation for two sets of matrix configurations: one corresponded to the center and the other to the edge of the barrel calorimeter. The overall performance measured by the test proves that the prototype calorimeter is satisfactory for the use in the BELLE detector.     

Phonon Mediated Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors

We are developing athermal-phonon mediated particle detectors using microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) as the phonon sensing elements. Since MKIDs are easily multiplexed, hundreds of sensors patterned on a single dielectric substrate can be read out simultaneously, leading to a precise, time-resolved measurement of the phonon flux at each point on the detector surface. In addition to providing a high-resolution measurement of the location of the interaction, the energy deposited by the particle can be reconstructed with an expected baseline resolution of tens of eV. The complexity of the cryogenic readout electronics is significantly reduced relative to designs based on multiplexed transition edge sensors (TES). Initial proof-of-principle devices demonstrate energy resolutions as good as 0.7?keV at 30?keV, dominated by the position dependence of the phonon signal. New designs are aimed at improving this resolution by more than an order of magnitude. Such high-resolution phonon mediated detectors would have applications including direct detection of dark matter, hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray astrophysics, neutrinoless double beta decay, and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering.     

Delay-line PPAC for high-energy light ions

We have developed a delay-line parallel-plate avalanche counter (PPAC) with high detection efficiency for high-energy light ions. A large signal-to-noise ratio was achieved by a newly designed pre-amplifier and the usage of C₃F₈ gas at a pressure of 30 Torr. The counter has been tested with beams of 90 AMeV ⁷Li at RIKEN, 340 AMeV ¹²C at GSI, and 254 AMeV ⁸B at GSI. We achieved high detection efficiencies (>95%) for all of these ions. Furthermore, we achieved reasonable position and timing resolutions.     

Atomic-scale imaging in real and energy space developed in ultrafast electron microscopy

In this contribution, we report the development of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) with atomic-scale real-, energy-, and Fourier-space resolutions. This second-generation UEM provides images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy spectra, and here we demonstrate its potential with applications for nanostructured materials and organometallic crystals. We clearly resolve the separation between atoms in the direct images and the Bragg spots/Debye-Scherrer rings in diffraction and obtain the electronic structure and elemental energies in the electron energy loss spectra (EELS) and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM).     

Noise assessment of a Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer subject to the stability of a conventional laboratory blackbody source

A method is described for the measurement of the noise-equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometers at all wave numbers of a selected range. The method requires minimal detailed knowledge of the sensor and no support equipment beyond a blackbody source. The NESRs of the FTIR spectroradiometer are determined at every wave-number increment in the 700-1300 cm(-1) range, for six resolutions, with a conventional blackbody source and ensembles of differential spectra. The NESRs are well behaved and consistent with the expected dependence on resolution; however, they depend on source temperature at the highest (1 cm(-1)) and lowest (32 cm(-1)) resolutions, with little or no statistical dependence at intermediate resolutions. Residual source drift is shown to be the likely cause of the dependence at 1 cm(-1); the dependence on the source at 32 cm(-1) resolution is shown to be most probably due to photon noise. At intermediate resolutions the sensor noise is dominant.     

Thermo-optic design for microwave and millimeter-wave electromagnetic power microsensors

Rendina et al. recently proposed the original configuration of an electromagnetic power sensor for microwaves and millimeter waves that is based on an optically interrogated all-silicon chip [Electron. Lett. 35, 1748 (1999)]. Here we theoretically analyze and discuss in detail the performances of such a new class of nonperturbing and wideband probe in terms of sensitivity, resolution, intrinsic detectivity, linearity, and response time. Good agreement between theory and experiments is demonstrated. In particular, minimum resolutions of approximately 1 mW/cm2 are obtained at frequencies beyond 10 GHz. The dependence of response on the geometrical and electromagnetic parameters of the sensing element is analyzed, and on this basis the possibility of achieving optimized configurations is discussed.     

A simple model of hadron calorimeters

A simple model of hadron calorimeter response is examined. It is found that not only must a hadron calorimeter be compensated in order to achieve linearity, but also that the intrinsic hadron and electromagnetic resolutions must be equal if the calorimeter resolution is to be independent of energy and have a Gaussian distribution.     

Construction and performance of one- and two-dimensional large position-sensitive liquid and plastic scintillation detectors — an application to a neutron polarimeter

Large one- and two-dimensional position-sensitive neutron detectors have been developed. Their shapes are a long block and a square and their sizes are 100×10×7.5 cm³ and 100×100×10 cm³ for one- and two-dimensional detectors, respectively. Both liquid and plastic scintillators are employed as detector materials. Position resolutions are examined by using monoenergetic neutron beams with energies of 61.6 MeV. The obtained position resolutions in FWHM are 3–5 cm and 4–14 cm for one- and two-dimensional detectors, respectively. Position resolutions are poor near the corner of the two-dimensional detector irrespective of scintillator materials. Scintillation light responses have been compared with predictions of Monte Carlo calculations. Neutron polarimeters at an intermediate energy have been developed by utilizing the position sensitivity of these detectors.     

Mode tuning in dispersive and non-dispersive photonic crystals by defects

Transmission spectrum of two-dimensional photonic crystal for dispersive and non-dispersive photonic crystals (PhC) is calculated. Calculations show that by considering defect electromagnetic waves can propagate in PhC band gap. Transmission spectrum for different types of defects is compared together. The number and position of transmission modes in PhC waveguide depend on host PhC and type of defects. By selecting suitable PhC material and defect type, the number and position of transmission modes can be controlled.     

Mie resonances and Bragg-like multiple scattering in opacity of two-dimensional photonic crystals

The lowest (main) and high-order Mie resonances and the Bragg-like multiple scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waves are determined as three mechanisms of formation and frequency position of two opaque bands, with narrow peaks in one of the bands in the transmission spectra of 2D photonic crystals composed of dielectric cylinders arranged parallel to the EM wave's electric vector in the square lattice. The main Mie resonance in a single cylinder defines the frequency position of the main gap whose formation results from the Bragg-like scattering. An additional gap with narrow transmission peaks opens in the spectrum of a cylinder layer and becomes pronounced with the number of layers. It is argued that higher-order Mie resonances are responsible for the transmission peaks within the additional band of a perfect crystal. It is shown that 2D photonic crystals with a filling factor ranging from 3% to 20% at a fixed crystal period may be a good zero approximation to study wave transmission through a localizing 2D dense random medium slab.     

线性调频信号激励超声换能器的方法研究

针对超声换能器的特性,研究等幅及包络调制线性调频波的换能器激励响应。通过对比激励前后脉冲压缩的主瓣峰值、?3d B主瓣带宽和峰值旁瓣水平,探讨通过换能器后其信噪比和分辨率的性能。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,两种调频信号通过换能器后信噪比和分辨率都减少,峰值旁瓣有所提高。包络调制线性调频信号激励换能器脉冲压缩的信噪比和分辨率高于等幅线性调频信号,但能量损失比等幅线性调频信号大。