元素粉末Ti与Al反应机理的研究进展

开展元素粉末Ti和Al反应机理的研究有助于优化反应工艺.介绍了元素粉末Ti和Al反应机理的不同观点,并分别从动力学和热力学角度进一步分析了Ti和Al元素粉末的反应机理.动力学认为,元素粉末Ti和Al的反应是一个由扩散控制,包括TiAl3及TiAl2中间相生成的过程.热力学认为,TiAl3相的形成自由能最低,为Ti-Al系反应的首要产物,近而生成TiAl相,随后发生一系列与过渡相有关的反应.     

微量B元素对铸造Ti2AlNb合金组织与力学性能的影响

目的 研究微量B元素对铸造Ti2AlNb合金组织和力学性能的影响,优选出适合铸造工艺的Ti2AlNb合金成分,为推进铸造Ti2AlNb合金的应用提供理论和数据支撑。方法 以Ti–22Al–25Nb(原子数分数,下同)、Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.1B、Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.2B合金为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究不同B含量合金铸态、热等静压态的宏、微观组织及析出相形态。采用XRD分析合金的物相组成,室温拉伸性能测试评价力学性能,通过扫描电镜观察拉伸断口,分析微量B元素对力学性能产生影响的原因。结果 添加微量B元素可以明显细化Ti–22Al–25Nb合金的晶粒尺寸,随着B元素原子数分数增加至0.2%,晶粒尺寸由958 μm减小至548 μm。B元素在合金中主要以固溶态、TiB和TiB2针片状析出相形式存在,随着B含量的增加,硼化物长度和厚度尺寸略微增加、体积分数由0.3%增加至0.8%。0.1B合金的室温屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率与原合金水平相当,0.2B合金的屈服强度提升,但其抗拉强度和伸长率均降低。断口分析显示,0.2B合金塑性降低是硼化物增多、集中分布引起脆性断裂所致。结论 综合B元素对流动性的改善效果,优选出适合铸造工艺的合金成分为Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.1B。     

TiAl合金气雾化制粉及热等静压成形研究进展

概述了TiAl合金气雾化制粉及热等静压成形的主要研究成果。在TiAl合金粉末制备方面,重点介绍了气雾化制粉工艺、粉末粒度控制、粉末氧含量控制和粉末组织特征。针对热等静压技术,介绍了TiAl合金粉末热等静压致密化过程及机理,总结了采用热等静压近净成形工艺制备TiAl合金转捩片的研究成果。结合粉末冶金TiAl合金研究进展,提出了未来TiAl合金粉末制备及成形技术的发展方向。     

三元层状氮化物(Ti2AlN)陶瓷的研究

综述了Ti2AlN陶瓷合成技术的研究进展,详细介绍了Ti2AlN的力学性能和电学性能.已见报道的Ti2AlN陶瓷的制备方法有热等静压法和振动致密化反应合成法.以单质Ti,Al,TiN粉为原料,按摩尔比1:1:1称量后混料,用原位热压的方法合成了Ti2AlN多晶块状材料.X射线衍射分析结果表明,当烧结温度为1000℃时,已经开始形成Ti2AlN相,但仍然有很多未反应的TiN和中间产物TiAl;随着烧结温度的提高,Ti2AlN的衍射峰逐渐增强;当烧结温度在1 300℃时,仅有微弱的TiN衍射峰,产物已经近乎纯的Ti2AlN材料.     

原位热压合成Nb掺杂Al2O3/TiAl复合材料

利用Al-Ti-TiO2-Nb2O5体系的放热反应,原位热压合成了Nb掺杂Al2O3/TiAl复合材料.借助DTA结合XRD探讨了Al-Ti-TiO2-Nb2O5体系的反应过程,并采用XRD、OM和SEM研究了复合材料的物相组成及显微结构.结果表明:Al熔化的同时,体系发生了Al和Nb2O5的铝热反应,生成了NbO2和Nb等中间产物,并放出了较多热量,这些热量促使Ti和Al较早化合生成TiAl3,随即引发Al和TiO2较早的还原反应,进而促使材料在较低温度下致密烧结;产物由γ-TiAl、α2-Ti3Al、Al2O3和NbAl3相构成,Al2O3颗粒分布于基体交界处,存在一定的团聚;Nb2O5的引入,对基体γ-TiAl相和α2-Ti3Al相的的分布有一定的影响,使得基体晶粒细化,较好地改善了材料的力学性能.     

铝液温度对热爆合成Al-Ti-C中间合金组织的影响

利用Al, Ti和C粉末原料,采用铝液中的热爆合成法制备出用于铝及铝合金晶粒细化的Al-Ti-C中间合金.采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了热爆合成产物的成分, 组织与形貌.结果表明: Al-Ti-C中间合金由Al, Al3Ti和TiC三相组成, 铝液温度对反应体系温度有重要影响, 改变了中间合金中Al3Ti, TiC的形态和分布, 并影响其晶粒细化能力.     

元素粉末锻造法制备Ti-43Al-5V-4Nb合金的组织与性能

以Ti、Al等元素粉末为原料,采用快速烧结方法和无包套锻造法制备尺寸为Ф50×10 mm的TiAl合金锻坯.快速烧结后,TiAl合金由TiAl、Ti3Al、B2、Ti和TiAl3相组成,并且该合金存在较多的孔隙,孔隙主要由偏扩散造成的;经过高温锻造后,其孔隙得到了有效的控制,相对密度达到93%;经过热处理后,该合金主要由TiAl和Ti3Al相组成,在室温下合金的屈服强度提高了110 MPa,达到480 MPa,室温延伸率到达0.83%;在700℃和750℃,其屈服强度分别为580 MPa和530 MPa,其延伸率分别为12%和27%.     

原位合成含有Al2O3晶须Al2O3/Ti-Al复合材料机理的研究

利用氧对金属Ti,Al粉的部分氧化,原位合成含Al2O3晶须的Al2O3/Ti-Al复合材料,利用XRD,EDAX和NO-RAN能谱仪对材料的晶相组成和元素成分进行分析,利用SEM观察材料显微组织和断口形貌。结果表明,反应步骤为:Ti,Al金属粉表面氧化→铝的熔化→TiAl3的生成→Ti2Al,TiAl,Ti3Al等多种化合物生成和Al对TiO2的还原反应;铝含量决定了材料的晶相组成,铝不足时,生成Ti2Al,TiAl,Ti3Al等多种金属间化合物和氧化铝,铝含量足够时,最终的产物为TiAl3,金属铝以及氧化铝等相;氧化铝晶须是通过VLS机理生成的,产物中晶须的数量和发达程度随铝含量的增加而递增,晶须的直径随热处理温度升高而增加。     

机械球磨对Ti/Al混合粉末组织和热稳定性影响的研究

为了探索一种制备高综合性能TiAl基金属间化合物的新方法，研究了机械球磨对Ti、Al粉末微观组织及其热稳定性的影响，结果表明，在机械球磨的作用下Al粉末晶粒以高于Ti的速率细化，最终形成局部含少量Ti 纳米晶的非晶，但在整个过程中未发现Ti、Al元素相互扩散形成Ti-Al金属间化合物中间相；不同球磨时间作用下的Ti/Al粉末中贮有不同的能量，且随时间的延长而增加，以非晶化粉末最为显著，内能的增加是由于机械合金化过程引入了大量的微观缺陷所致，对不同球磨时间的粉末进行热处理显示，球磨时间的增加可大幅度降低形成Ti-Al金属间化合物的温度，球磨75h的复合粉末甚至在350℃，保温1h即可转变成金属间化合物。     

Al含量对热爆合成Al-Ti-C组织及细化性能的影响

为改善Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化性能,采用铝液中热爆合成法制备出用于铝及铝合金晶粒细化的Al-Ti-C中间合金.通过DTA、XRD和SEM等手段分析了Al含量对热爆反应过程及合成产物组织形态的影响,并比较了Al-Ti-C中间合金对工业纯铝的细化效果.结果表明,铝液中热爆合成的Al-Ti-C中间合金由Al、Al3Ti、TiC三相组成,Al含量对反应体系的合成温度、反应速度及合成产物组织产生重要影响.调整原料Al含量可有效控制中间合金中第二相粒子组织形态,获得良好的晶粒细化性能.     

Processing TiAl-Based Alloy by Elemental Powder Metallurgy

1. IntroductionTiAl based alloy has long been considered as apromising candidate for high temperature applications, because it has a high specific strength and goodhigh temperattire properties[1-31. The main methods for the preparation of TiAl based alloys includecasting and powder metallurgy. In general, thermomechanical treatment (such as forging and extrusion)and subsequellt heat treatment should be conductedfor cajst TiAl-based alloys in order to refine the coarsemicrostructure[4,5], whe…     

Titanium aluminide (Ti-48Al) powder synthesis,size refinement and sintering

Titanium aluminide based alloys have shown significant potential in high temperature applications, but the high production cost of TiAl considerably limits its utilisation. Although the use of powder metallurgy processes can reduce the cost by minimising post-machining, an economical powder production route is still required. Therefore, in the present study a pre-alloyed Ti-48Al powder is developed using an elemental Ti and Al powder blend prepared using a simple vacuum heat treatment. A formation model of the intermetallic phases (i.e. TiAl, Ti₃Al, TiAl₂, TiAl₃) during powder synthesis is proposed. In order to improve the sinterability, various milling methods (i.e. ball, attrition and shatterbox milling) are examined to reduce the particle size. The sintered microstructures, particularly the two-phased (α₂-Ti₃Al γ-TiAl) lamellar structures are also investigated. Improved densification is achieved at 1300 °C, held for 2 h, using the manufactured powder, compared to the elemental powder blend (～55%). With higher sintering temperatures or longer hold periods, increased density TiAl components are possible.     

Effect of pore structure on mechanical properties of porous TiAl

Based on two sets of TiAl powder, two kinds of porous TiAl were separately fabricated by powder metallurgical route including four stages. The porous TiAl with single pore structure (SPS) was prepared using pre-alloyed TiAl powder prior mechanical ball milling. Another porous TiAl with composite pore structure (CPS) was manufactured depending on composite mixture of Ti/Al elemental powders. The sintering was achieved at much lower temperature for the pre-alloyed power than for the elemental composite mixture. Compressive mechanical tests indicate that much higher mechanical strength can be obtained for SPS than for CPS at the same porosity. It was suggested that the difference of mechanical properties is ascribed to the variety of the compressive deformation process.     

创新构型泡沫TiAl的制备及其力学响应特征

兼有金属和陶瓷特性的TiAl金属间化合物泡沫材料具有明确的性能优势和目标需求,在高温隔热材料、酸碱环境下的过滤材料、催化剂载体等领域有广阔的应用前景。本文首先采用Ti/Al元素粉末反应烧结制备了TiAl合金粉体,然后采用脱溶-烧结工艺制备了孔隙分布均匀、通孔型单孔结构的泡沫TiAl,该工艺可实现孔隙率、孔径、孔形等可控。准静态压缩测试表明,TiAl属于脆性泡沫材料,超过弹性区到达上屈服点时,材料瞬时坍塌失效。同时,随孔隙率的增大,TiAl的屈服强度、杨氏模量和弹性区域均减小,屈服强度与孔隙率的响应关系满足Gibson-Ashby模型。     

Fabrication of (TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a controlled laminated architecture and enhanced mechanical properties

The(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites with a laminated structure composing of alternating TiB/Ti composite layers,α₂-Ti₃Al interfacial reaction layers of andγ-TiAl layers were successfully pre pared by spark plasma sintering of alternately stacked Tib₂/Ti powder layers and TiAl powder layers.And the influence of thickness ratio of Tib₂/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the re sulting(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were investigated systemically.The results showed that the thickening ofα₂-Ti₃Al layers which originated from the reaction of Ti and TiAl was significantly hindered by introducing Tib₂particles into starting Ti powders.As the thickness ratio of Tib₂/Ti powder layers to TiAl powder layers increased,the bending fracture strength and fracture toughness at room temperature of the final(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites were remarkably improved,especially for the(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites prepared by Tib₂/Ti powder layers with thickness of 800μm and TiAl powder layers with thickness of 400μm,whose fracture toughness and bending strength were up to 51.2 MPa·m^1/2and 1456 MPa,respectively,293%and 108%higher than that of the monolithic TiAl alloys in the present work.This was attributed to the addition of high-performance network TiB/Ti composite layers.Moreover,it was noteworthy that the ultimate tensile strength at 700℃of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl composites fabricated by 400μm thick Tib₂/Ti powder layers and 400μm thick TiAl powder layers was as high as that at 550℃of network TiB/Ti composites.This means the service temperature of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was likely raised by 150℃,meanwhile a good combination of high strength and high toughness at ambient tempe rature could be maintained.Finally,the fracture mechanism of(TiB/Ti)-TiAl laminated composites was proposed.     

Al-Ti-TiO2体系自蔓延高温合成及机理

采用自蔓延高温合成技术制备了TiAl/Al2O3复合材料,研究了原料配比对合成过程及产物特征的影响,结果表明,随着Al2O3含量的增加,燃烧温度和燃烧速度均增大,材料的致密度得到改善。Al2O3颗粒尺寸小于1μm,分布于基体交界处,有一定程度的团聚。通过差热分析研究了Al-Ti-TiO2体系反应过程,发现Al-TiO2还原较晚开始,但由于激活能低而速度较快,因此较早完成,TiAl3最早生成,但只作为中间产物存在,随后向TiAl和TiAl3相转变的过程为控制环节,其激活能也体现为总反应的激活能。     

Study of the properties of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys by 430 stainless steel addition

Titanium is a lightweight metal with an outstanding combination of properties which make it the material of choice for many different applications. Nonetheless, its employment at industrial level is not widespread due to higher production costs with respect to competitor metals like steel and aluminium. In this work the production of low-cost titanium alloys is attempted by combining the utilisation of a powder metallurgy process and cheap alloying elements (i.e. commercial 430 stainless steel powder optimised for the powder metallurgy industry). Low-cost titanium alloys are fabricated by blending elemental titanium with stainless steel. The behaviour of the powders as well as that of the sintered materials are analysed and compared to that of a master alloy addition Ti6Al4V alloy. The produced low-cost titanium alloys show comparable properties to both wrought and powder metallurgy titanium alloys and, therefore, they are proposed as an alternative to obtain structural component made out of titanium alloys.     

Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对TiAl基复合材料组织及力学性能的影响

以Ti、Al和B4C为原料,采用真空电弧熔炼的方法制备了含Ti_2AlC-TiB_2增强相的TiAl基复合材料;分析了添加不同含量的Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对复合材料的物相组成、组织结构及力学性能的影响,并探讨了微观组织结构的形成机制。结果表明:Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料主要由TiAl、Ti3Al、TiB_2和Ti_2AlC等物相组成,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布在层片状的TiAl+Ti3Al基体中;随着原料中B4C含量的增多,复合材料组织中Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增多,且TiAl基体的晶粒被明显细化,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布于基体晶界或晶内。Ti_2AlC主要为层片状和板条状,尺寸5~15μm,而TiB_2颗粒形态与其含量有关,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量小于20wt%时,TiB_2颗粒呈针棒状,尺寸为0.5~5μm,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增加到30wt%时,TiB_2颗粒主要呈块状,尺寸为5~20μm。Ti_2AlC由TiC与Ti-Al熔体发生包晶反应生成,Ti_2AlC和TiB_2的形成提高了Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料的硬度、塑性和抗压强度。当4Ti+Al+B4C的加入量为10wt%时,复合材料的变形量比纯TiAl提高14%,而抗压强度达到最高值1 591 MPa。Ti_2AlC和TiB_2通过裂纹偏转、颗粒钉扎、拔出等机制对Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料起到增强增塑的作用。     

Fabrication,Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC/Ti_2AlC/TiAl_3 in situ Composite

This paper described a process for synthesizing a new multiphase TiC/Ti2AlC/TiAl3 composite,in which Ti,Al4C3 and graphite powders were utilized as raw materials,and in situ spark plasma sintering-reactive sintering(SPS-RS) methods were involved.The intermediate phases of Ti3Al and TiAl were found during the reactive sintering process and the reactions for the phase’s formation were proposed.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated.The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) image of the interface showed that no amorphous phases were detected along the grain boundary.The orientation relationships between the Ti2AlC and the TiC were shown to be(0001)Ti2AlC||(111)TiC and [110]Ti2AlC||[110]TiC.The average hardness,fracture toughness,Young’s modulus and bending strength of the composite were 15.1±0.8 GPa,4.9±0.3 MPa·m 1/2,261±13 GPa and 776±18 MPa,respectively.The toughening mechanism was also discussed.