80K脉管制冷机惯性管调相机理及优化研究

液氮温区脉冲管制冷机在高温超导等领域的应用越来越广泛。基于热声理论,本文采用Delta EC软件对纯惯性管及惯性管加气库的调相能力进行模拟研究,建立了80 K温区制冷机整机数值模型,分析了不同惯性管及气库组合方式对制冷机性能的影响。结果表明:纯惯性管结构和单段惯性管加气库两种方式可以达到较为接近的调相能力,采用双段惯性管接气库方式可以提高制冷机性能,最低温度可以达到48.8 K。最后搭建制冷机整机性能测试实验台对模拟结果进行了验证。     

脉冲管制冷机内部交变流动过程实验研究第二部分 实验结果分析与讨论

对一台小孔型脉冲管制冷机内部动态流动过程进行了系统的实验研究.在准确测量脉冲管制冷机蓄冷器热端和脉冲管热端的压力波和速度波曲线的基础上,对其进行傅里叶分析,得到波动曲线的基本参数,包括幅值和相位等.系统研究了各种条件和工况(包括运行频率、充气压力、小孔开度、压缩机出口压比等)对脉冲管制冷机内部压力波和速度波的幅值与相位的影响规律.实验结果对于脉冲管制冷机的机理理解、设计和调试有着重要的意义.     

高频脉冲管制冷机回热器相位特性优化方法研究

基于REGEN3.3软件对10 W@80 K单级高频脉冲管制冷机回热器进行了仿真计算,分析了回热器冷端相位特性对于制冷量、效率的影响及冷、热端相位特性之间的关系。研究表明:当冷端质量流幅值及压比变化时,效率最优时所对应的冷端相位角变化较小;冷端质量流幅值越大,效率最优时所对应的冷端压力波幅值也越大。回热器热端质量流幅值随着冷端质量流落后于压力波角度的减小而增加,随着冷端压比的增加而增加;热端压力波幅值随着冷端压比的增加而大幅增加;热端相位角随着冷端质量流幅值的增加而减小,随着冷端压比的增加而增加。基于研究结果总结了高频脉冲管制冷机回热器相位特性的优化方法。     

基于Fluent软件的脉冲管制冷机惯性管调相能力研究

基于Fluent软件开展脉冲管制冷机惯性管调相能力数值模拟研究,模拟过程考虑边界层效应及湍流影响,网格划分兼顾计算时间及准确度。为验证上述模拟方法的准确性,将模拟值与实验值进行了系统比较,结果表明:在不同的结构尺寸及运行参数下,惯性管入口速度波幅值模拟值均与实验值吻合较好,偏差多集中在6%以内;惯性管入口速度波落后于压力波角度模拟值大于实验值,偏差多集中在7—10°,并给出了Fluent软件惯性管调相能力模拟值用于工程设计时的修正方法。     

脉冲管制冷机内部交变流动过程实验研究第一部分实验装置与数据处理系统

鉴于脉冲管制冷机内部流动过程是复杂的动态交变流动,运行参数、结构参数和调相机构等对内部流动规律的影响还不是十分清楚,建立了脉冲管制冷机内部动态参数测试装置,介绍了实验系统的组成,测试设备和数据采集与处理方法.该实验台能准确测量蓄冷器入口和脉冲管热端的压力波和速度波,通过对它们的幅值与相位的分析,能够系统的得到各种因素对脉冲管制冷机内部流动状态的影响规律.     

惯性管内部交变流动的数值计算与分析

介绍了针对脉冲管制冷机中惯性管内部交变流动的数值计算方法。借助这个方法,计算得到了惯性管内动态压力波、质量流量、质量流量与压力波的相位差等流动参数,分析了这些参数受惯性管入口动态压力波幅值和频率的影响。计算结果验证了在惯性管中存在动态压力波幅值最小的点,进一步发现了该点的位置受入口动态压力波幅值影响较小,受频率影响较大。并且在该点前后,惯性管中质量流量与压力波的相位差沿着惯性管轴向的变化呈现出不同的趋势。     

高频脉冲管制冷机惯性管频率特性的理论分析及实验研究

利用流体网络理论建立了惯性管的分析模型,计算分析了不同情况下惯性管的变化规律以及惯性管尺寸、频率以及气库的大小对惯性管入口处质量流量和相位角的影响。计算与实验表明:惯性管相位角的极值与制冷机冷端最低温度存在着频率上的对应关系。     

多路旁通型高频脉冲管制冷机及固定调相装置比较实验

研制了一台低于40 K温区的单级同轴型高频脉冲管制冷机,采用多路旁通结构,在输入功率为222 W时,其最低温度达到34.22 K,并比较了惯性管、惯性管加双向进气、惯性管加多路旁通以及惯性管加双向进气加多路旁通4种固定调相装置的差异(其中双向进气采用喷嘴结构).实验结果表明:惯性管、喷嘴、多路旁通组合方式是一种非常有效的降低制冷温度的方式,是应用深低温区单级脉冲管制冷机调相方式的最佳选择;而惯性管则是应用于较高温区大冷量的最佳的调相方式.实验还表明,多路旁通加喷嘴结构能够降低脉冲管内部的直流,有效地提高脉冲管制冷机的性能.     

100-140 Hz脉冲管制冷机耦合特性的实验研究

为研究惯性管长度变化对压缩机输出效率和压缩机与冷指之间的耦合特性的影响,对100-140 Hz的2 kg级的高频脉冲管制冷机的整机效率进行了理论分析,通过实验研究了不同惯性管长度对压缩机活塞位移、相位、压力波的影响,并得出了压缩机输出PV功.实验结果表明不同惯性管长度组合,对应不同频率压缩机的效率最高;制冷机整机效率最...     

斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管的优化设计

介绍了斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管调相的原理和惯性管的传输线理论模型,给出了惯性管尺寸的优化计算方法.采用该方法对现有的脉管制冷机中惯性管的调相能力进行了模拟计算,研究了PV功、压比和气库容积等参数对最佳惯性管尺寸的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验结果符合较好.     

Leakage effect analysis on the performance of a cylindrical adjustable inertance tube

The inertance tube plays a significant role in improving the performance of the Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler by providing the desired phase angle between the mass flow and pressure wave. The phase angle is highly depended on the inertance tube geometry, such as diameter and length. A cylindrical threaded root device with variable thread depth on the outer screw and inner screw creates an adjustable inertance tube whose diameter and length can be adjusted in the real time. However, due to its geometry imperfectness, the performance of this threaded inertance tube is reduced by the leaks through the roots between the two screws. Its phase angle shift ability is decreased by 30% with the leakage clearance thickness of 15.5 μm according to both the theoretical prediction and the experimental verification.     

Experimental study of a thermoacoustically-driven traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator

New configurations of traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerators driven by a traveling wave thermoacoustic engine were introduced and tested in this paper. First, the performance of the refrigerator with different-diameter inertance tubes was investigated experimentally. Then, investigation of substituting a flexible membrane attached to inertial mass for inertance tube was tested. The experimental results show that the substitution could improve the efficiency of the system and lead to a larger cooling power. So far, using helium gas as the working gas, the system could provide 340 W cooling power at the temperature of −20 °C with working frequency of 57 Hz and average pressure of 3.0 MPa. The total COP, i.e., cooling power divided by heating power, is 0.16.     

Comparison of two different ways of using inertance tube in a pulse tube cooler

It is well known that the pressure wave should lead the volume flow rate at the ambient end of the pulse tube for a high-efficiency operation of a pulse tube cooler. Inertance tube can provide such a phase relationship without DC flow problem. However, inertance tube is always connected with a reservoir in previous literatures. Through theoretical calculation here, inertance tube without a reservoir can also provide a rather large phase-leading effect. Thus phasor diagram is used to analyze the relationship between phase-leading requirement and the pulse tube geometry. Roughly speaking, a larger void volume of pulse tube would require a larger phase-leading effect. Comparison experiments are also done on a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler. With i.d.2 mm tube as inertance tube, the tube without reservoir yields close results in terms of lowest temperature to that of the tube with reservoir and both give much better performance than that of an orifice with reservoir. Finally, the advantages of using inertance tube without reservoir are given.     

A 300 Hz two-stage pulse tube cryocooler that attains 58 K

We present a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler working at 300 Hz driven by a thermoacoustic engine. Compared to the previous experimental results, the combined inertance tube with different diameters that is used in the second stage is found to play the key role in phase shifting and to lead to superior cooling. Two different wall thickness tubes are tested in the experiments. After the optimization, the second-stage cold end achieves a no-load temperature of 57.9 K with an average pressure of 3.8 MPa, and a cooling capacity of 0.5 W at 81.88 K.     

Experimental measurements of the flow resistance and inductance of inertance tubes at high acoustic amplitudes

We measured the flow resistance and flow inductance of inertance tubes at high acoustic amplitudes for four different inner diameters of 0.6, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm at various tube length ranging from 100 to 1500 mm, at frequencies of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Hz. The experiments were carried out under system mean pressure of 20 bar at room temperature. The experimental data were compared with the explicit solution to the linear momentum equation for small acoustic amplitudes and were fitted with the modification coefficients in terms of the operating frequency and Reynolds numbers characterized by the amplitude of gas velocities.     

Innovative phase shifter for pulse tube operating below 10 K

Stirling type pulse tubes are classically based on the use of an inertance phase shifter to optimize their cooling power. The limitations of the phase shifting capabilities of these inertances have been pointed out in various studies. These limitations are particularly critical for low temperature operation, typically below about 50 K. An innovative phase shifter using an inertance tube filled with liquid, or fluid with high density or low viscosity, and separated by a sealed metallic diaphragm has been conceived and tested. This device has been characterized and validated on a dedicated test bench. Operation on a 50–80 K pulse tube cooler and on a low temperature (below 8 K) pulse tube cooler have been demonstrated and have validated the device in operation. These developments open the door for efficient and compact low temperature Stirling type pulse tube coolers. The possibility of long life operation has been experimentally verified and a design for space applications is proposed.     

A novel coupled VM-PT cryocooler operating at liquid helium temperature

This paper presents experimental results on a novel two-stage gas-coupled VM-PT cryocooler, which is a one-stage VM cooler coupled a pulse tube cooler. In order to reach temperatures below the critical point of helium-4, a one-stage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler was gas-coupled on the cold end of the former VM cryocooler. The low temperature inertance tube and room temperature gas reservoir were used as phase shifters. The influence of room temperature double-inlet was first investigated, and the results showed that it added excessive heat loss. Then the inertance tube, regenerator and the length of the pulse tube were researched experimentally. Especially, the DC flow, whose function is similar to the double-orifice, was experimentally studied, and shown to contribute about 0.2 K for the no-load temperature. The minimum no-load temperature of 4.4 K was obtained with a pressure ratio near 1.5, working frequency of 2.2 Hz, and average pressure of 1.73 MPa.     

基于CFD的惯性管流动特性研究

湍流和近壁处理对惯性管计算结果有重要影响,这是造成基于一维、小压比的惯性管模型存在较大偏差的根本原因.借助商用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件F1uent,采用Reynolds时均方程对惯性管内气体流动进行数值模拟.构建包括惯性管和气库的二维轴对称数学模型.研究4种不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响.模拟结果表明:以调相角为标准...