TC4钛合金的固体渗硼

采用固体粉末渗硼法对TC4钛合金基体表面进行渗硼试验。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)与X射线衍射 (XRD)研究TC4钛合金渗硼后的物相组成和组织形貌,讨论渗硼过程中元素的扩散行为。结果表明：在1000,1050和1100 ℃分别保温5,20 h后,渗层由外表层的TiB2和内表层的TiB晶须组成,渗层厚度范围为0.8~15 μm。XRD分析表明：TC4钛合金渗硼后形成TiB2与TiB双相硼钛化合物层,随着温度的升高,TiB2与TiB的峰位增多;EDS分析得出表层B原子被TC4钛合金吸附后与基体的Ti化合导致过渡区域内的Ti含量减少,同时Al和V元素开始向基体扩散并在近界面处富集。渗层的显微硬度呈梯度分布,TiB2到TiB晶须维氏硬度值的变化范围为22 000~11 000 MPa,过渡区的硬度值要高于基体的硬度值。     

TC4钛合金表面氧化锆催渗渗硼工艺的优化

以渗层厚度和表面硬度为评定依据,采用正交试验对TC4钛合金表面氧化锆催渗渗硼工艺进行了优化,其中渗硼温度影响最大,其次为渗硼时间和ZrO2含量,B4C含量影响最小,最优工艺为:渗硼温度1 050℃,渗硼时间25h,渗硼剂配比(质量分数):B4C 20%,ZrO24%,SiC 76%。利用X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜对渗层的物相组成和厚度进行分析,结果表明:渗层表面主要由TiB2、TiB、TiB12、TiC、TiN组成,渗层厚度为46.67μm。与基础渗硼剂所得渗层相比,渗硼层厚度、渗层硬度、界面结合力和耐磨性都有所提高。     

TC4钛合金低温固体稀土-硼共渗

研究了TC4钛合金在950℃低温(β转变温度以下)下进行固体稀土-硼共渗的渗层形貌、物相组成、组织性能及基体相变。结果表明,低温稀土-硼共渗,可使TC4钛合金表面获得实用的渗硼硬化层,由TiB2和TiB双相化合物组成。同1050℃高温稀土-硼共渗相比,低温渗硼层致密均匀无孔洞,而且硬度梯度和脆性得到进一步改善。低温渗硼后TC4基体为等轴组织,性能良好,能有效地防止高温(β转变温度以上)时β相形成粗晶。低温渗硼有效地改善渗层的性能,减小工件畸变。     

TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺优化

以渗层厚度和表面硬度为评定依据,采用正交试验对TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺进行优化。结果表明,渗硼温度对渗硼层影响最大,其次为渗硼时间、B₄C含量和La₂O₃含量。最优的催渗渗硼工艺为：渗硼温度1050 ℃,渗硼时间20 h,渗硼剂配比20wt%B₄C+4wt%La₂O₃+76wt%SiC。渗层表面由TiB、Ti₂B₅、TiC和Ti组成;与未添加氧化镧渗硼层相比,添加氧化镧渗硼层厚度与表面硬度明显提高,耐磨性也得到显著改善。     

TC4钛合金表面B-Al复合渗层的组织和性能

采用固体粉末包埋渗两步法,在TC4钛合金表面先1050 ℃渗硼 4~6 h再950~1050 ℃渗铝 4 h制备出B-Al复合耐磨渗层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、波谱仪(WDS)和能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度仪和摩擦磨损试验机对复合渗层的物相组成、显微组织、微区成分、表面硬度和摩擦因数进行测试和分析。结果表明:B-Al复合渗层厚为37~115 μm,主要由TiB₂相和TiAl₃相组成,外层是弥散分布TiB₂的TiAl₃层,向内依次形成厚度较小的TiAl₂、TiAl及Ti₃Al等Ti-Al金属间化合物层。B-Al复合渗层表面硬度为1041.7~1429.4 HV0.1,约为TC4钛合金硬度的3.03~4.16倍;经1050 ℃×6 h渗B后1050 ℃×4 h渗Al,其摩擦因数约为0.3,较TC4钛合金基体下降约25%。     

包渗温度对W6Mo5Cr4V2钢渗硼层组织和性能的影响

采用浆料包渗法,以B4C为供硼剂,NH4Cl+KBF4为复合活化剂,SiC为填充剂,蛋白质(鸡蛋清)为粘结剂,在W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢表面制备渗硼层。研究了渗硼温度对渗硼层组织和性能的影响。结果表明:包渗温度650℃时,渗硼层组织以Fe2B相为主,在750℃、850℃时,形成了V2B3相,在950℃时渗硼层组织中出现了Fe2Si0.4B0.6相;渗硼层的显微硬度随温度的升高先增后降低,其最小显微硬度值为810 HV,为基体的(235 HV)3.5倍;渗硼层最小摩擦系数为0.12,为基体的1/3。磨损机制在750℃时发生转变,由粘着磨损为主转变为磨料磨损为主。     

TC4合金表面TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层的组织形成及耐磨性能

目的 在TC4钛合金表面制备扩散渗层以提高其耐磨性能.方法 采用包埋渗的方法,首先对TC4合金样品进行950～1100℃下4～8 h渗B,然后再进行950～1100℃下4 h渗Al制备TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层.通过分析复合渗层的组织结构、表面粗糙度、硬度和磨损率等,结合对包埋渗B和Al过程的热力学分析,阐明TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层的组织形成机理和耐磨性能.结果 采用包埋渗的方法,可在TC4钛合金表面制备厚度约37～108μm的TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层,其表面粗糙度约为5.485～9.320μm.复合渗层由硼化物相和Ti-Al金属间化合物相组成,TiAl3层为复合渗层的主体,硼化物主要分布在复合渗层的表层区域,形成TiB2连续层或弥散分布于TiAl3层最外部.通过调整渗Al的温度和时间可调控复合渗层中硼化物的形态和分布.室温干摩擦条件下,TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层与GCr15对磨时磨损率最低为2.65×10–5 g/(N·m),较相应渗B层可最多降低约75.0％.结论 可采用扩散渗的方法,在TC4钛合金表面实现TiB2强化TiAl3复合渗层的可控制备,复合渗层表现出了比渗B层更优异的耐磨性能.     

TC4钛合金熔盐电解法渗硼

采用熔盐电解法对TC4钛合金表面渗硼以提高其表面硬度。选用硼砂和碳酸钠的混合盐作电解质,施加1.49 V电压进行渗硼实验,研究熔盐温度对渗层微观形貌及物相的影响,并对熔盐电解渗硼的反应机理进行了探讨。对不同组分的混合熔盐进行示差扫描热量(DSC)-热重(TG)分析,利用X射线衍射(XRD)仪对渗层表面及熔盐进行物相分析,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)仪分析渗层断面的形貌和元素成分。结果表明:在900℃时渗硼110 min,可获得均匀密实的渗层,主要物相是TiB_2和TiB;渗硼后试样的表面硬度为7.1 GPa;渗硼后熔盐中的主要产物是NaBO_2;渗层中先有TiB_2相生成,TiB在TiB_2相的下层形成。     

ZG1Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢的渗硼

对ZG1Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢进行了渗硼处理,渗硼剂采用含双活化剂(氟硼酸钾和氯化铵)的粉末渗硼剂:碳化硼+碳粉+碳化硅+氟硼酸钾+氯化铵,渗硼温度为950 ℃,渗硼时间为7 h.在金相显微镜下观察渗层组织致密,齿型平坦,并测得渗层的厚度为38～42 μm;经X射线衍射分析以及扫描电镜观察表明,渗层主要由FeB相组成,在过渡区有明显的增铬现象,说明硼化物层有一定的排铬作用.利用显微硬度计测得渗后形成的硼化物层的硬度可达2000 HV0.1.沿硼化物-过渡区-基体方向,硬度值呈逐渐下降趋势.渗层的脆性较小,脆性级别为2级.ZG1Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢通过含双催渗剂的渗硼剂渗硼,组织均匀且与基体结合紧密,硬度明显提高.     

TC4钛合金硼碳共渗层的组织和性能研究

通过在900℃进行固体渗碳10 h,后于950℃(低于β转变温度)在由供硼剂B_4C和无水Na_2B_4O_7、催化剂氧化镧以及一定量石墨组成的介质中进行固体渗硼12 h,在TC4钛合金试样表面制备了硼碳共渗层。检测了渗层的形貌、相组成、亲水性、硬度和耐摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,渗层由TiB_2、TiB和TiC三相组成,外层以TiB_2为主,表面较光亮、光滑和平整,粗糙度R_a为0.216,结构与多孔陶瓷类似,硬度约为2 637 HV0.1,亲水性良好;次表层以TiB为主,硬度约为1 600 HV0.1;内层以TiC为主,硬度约为802 HV0.1。渗层韧性良好,且与基体金属结合牢固,耐摩擦磨损性能明显优于基体。     

激光参数对Ti6Al4V钛合金激光冲击成形的影响

研究在Ti6Al4V合金激光冲击成形过程中,不同激光参数对板料弯曲角及表层硬度的影响。结果表明:当激光功率密度小于3GW/cm2时,弯曲角随着激光功率密度线性增加,激光功率密度超过3GW/cm2时,由于表面熔化现象的出现,弯曲角出现减小的趋势;板料弯曲角随冲击次数的增加也呈线性增长,但弯曲阻力的增加使得弯曲角的增长速度逐渐减慢;随着激光功率密度的增加,材料表面冲击区的硬度增高,表面硬化层的显微硬度最高达HV490,硬化层厚度约为1.0mm。     

Microstructure and formation mechanism of titanium matrix composites coating on Ti-6Al-4V by laser cladding

Laser cladding experiments were done on a 5-kW continuous wave CO2 laser to synthesize TiC and TiB rein- fowed titanium matrix composite coatings on Ti-6AI-4V alloy with a mixture of Ti and B4C precursor powder. The ther- modynamics of the reactions were calculated and analyzed. The microstructure and phase evolution of TiB and TiC com- posites were investigated. The results showed that the chemical reaction between Ti and B4C would release much heat, and these compounds, TiC, TiB, and small amount of TiB2, can be formed on the surface of Ti-6AI-4V alloy if the supplied en- ergy is sufficient to excite the reaction among the initial products. A good metallurgical bond between the coating and the substrate can be achieved. The microhardness of coating was irregular and the maximum value was approximately HV600.     

Characteristics and wear performance of borided Ti6Al4V alloy

In this study, a 10 µm thick uniform boride layer, composed of TiB₂ and TiB phases, was formed on the surface of a Ti6Al4V alloy using a pack boriding technique. The hardness of the boride layer was over 2000 HV. Beneath the boride layer, a boron diffusion zone (BDZ) appeared with a thickness of about 50 µm. The microstructure of the BDZ was composed of randomly oriented TiB whiskers mixed with the structure of the base metal. In the BDZ, hardness decreased gradually towards the base metal owing to the reduction of the TiB volume fraction. The borided alloy exhibited excellent wear resistance along with a lower coefficient of friction against sapphire ball under both dry and smear lubricated sliding conditions when compared to the as-received state.     

Microstructure and properties of TiB/Ti-6Al-4V coatings produced with laser treatments

TiB/Ti-6Al-4V metal-matrix composite (MMC) layers were produced on Ti-6Al-4V substrates by laser cladding. A TiB₂/Ti powder mixture was used as a precursor to obtain a dispersion of TiB needles in the Ti alloy matrix, with the aid of an exothermic reaction between TiB₂ and Ti. A eutectic microstructure was obtained that consisted of an extremely homogeneous dispersion of TiB eutectic needles in the Ti alloy matrix, having a volume fraction as high as 0.33. Also, an equilibrium-like microstructure was found, consisting of a dispersion of both primary and eutectic TiB needles inside the Ti alloy matrix. An analysis of the geometry of the layers was performed and proved successful in determining the percentage of B. Further, it correctly predicted the variation of atomic B content as a function of laser power. The relative wear resistance coefficient, defined as the wear coefficient of the uncoated matrix divided by that of coating, shows an improvement by a factor as high as 1500 for the eutectic microstructure. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September 15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appeared on pp. 411–18 of the Proceedings.     

HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti

The HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6A1-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti using pure Ni as intermediate layer was studied. Bonding joint with complex bonding interface was obtained by HIPing pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders and stainless steel 1Crl 8Ni9Ti in a vacuum canning. The joint strengths were examined and the characteristics of bonding joint were observed. The result shows that the maximized strength of HIP diffusion bonding between P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti can be up to 388 MPa and the microstructure of bonding joint is acceptable.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金渗氮层的生物腐蚀行为

采用真空感应快速渗氮技术对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行表面渗氮,将渗氮前后的试样置于SBF溶液中探究其耐蚀性。利用维氏硬度计、光学显微镜、电化学工作站、光学3D表面轮廓仪、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对渗氮层进行测量和观察。试验结果表明:820 ℃下对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行真空感应渗氮处理后,渗氮层厚度达20 μm,其氮化物层硬度得到明显提高。同时,经过感应渗氮处理后样品的表面粗糙度增加。电化学试验表明经感应渗氮后Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的耐蚀性明显增强。     

离心研磨工艺对Ti-6 Al-4 V钛合金表面组织性能的影响

目的改善Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的组织性能。方法使用离心研磨工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行表面处理,通过显微硬度计、X射线应力分析仪、金相显微镜,对不同加工时间下试样表层的显微硬度、残余应力、金相组织进行测试。结果离心研磨加工后,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面的显微硬度得到提高,试样最表面的显微硬度随加工时间的延长呈现逐渐增大的趋势,加工时间为40 min时,显微硬度达到最大值385HV,比试样基体硬度值提高了55HV;在加工深度方向上,随着深度的增加,显微硬度值逐渐降低,在深度为400μm附近,显微硬度值已与基体硬度值相差不大,并且基本不再下降。加工完成后,试样表面产生了有益的残余压应力,最大残余压应力值为436 MPa。金相组织分析结果表明,试样表层组织形成了剧烈塑性变形层,其深度约40μm,在变形层内,组织的晶粒得到明显细化。结论离心研磨抛光工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面组织性能改善效果明显,验证了使用该工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行表面强化的可行性。     

Mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/TiB composites with randomly oriented and aligned TiB reinforcements

In situ Ti-6Al-4V/TiB discontinuously reinforced composites, containing 20 and 40% of TiB whiskers by volume, were produced by blending Ti, Al/V, and TiB₂ powders. The consolidated powder blends were annealed to transform the TiB₂ particles to TiB. The microstructural evolution of the composite was studied as a function of heat treatment duration at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/TiB composites were established in tension and compression at room temperature and 300 °C, and by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), for the two volume fractions of TiB, and for randomly oriented and aligned arrays of TiB whiskers. The average Young’s modulus of the composite with 20% of randomly oriented TiB whiskers was 153 GPa, compared to 109 GPa for unreinforced Ti-6Al-4V. The average Young’s modulus of composites with 20 and 40% of aligned TiB whiskers was measured along the extrusion axis as 169 and 205 GPa, respectively. The stiffness of TiB whiskers was determined from bulk measurements with the Halpin-Tsai equation to be 482 GPa. Yield and ultimate strengths near 1200 MPa were measured. The strength and ductility of the materials were limited in the present study by non-optimal matrix microstructure and inadequate particulate distribution, and approaches for properties improvements are provided.     

550 ℃表面渗氧对Ti-6Al-4V合金耐磨性能的影响

对Ti-6Al-4V合金550 ℃的空气中渗氧60 h后的表面形貌、显微组织、成分、硬度、划刻性能和耐磨性进行研究,并与未处理的钛合金进行了比较。结果表明,渗氧后的钛合金表面粗糙度有所增加,表层形成约3.5 μm厚的渗氧层,X射线衍射(XRD)检测到了锐钛矿相、金红石相、板钛矿相TiO₂和Al₂O₃相。渗氧层的显微硬度和纳米硬度分别为804.6 HV0.025和14.5 GPa,比未处理的基体提高了143.7%,且压痕周围未见裂纹;渗氧后钛合金表面最大划痕深度由12 μm降至4 μm,磨损率由354.33×10^-6mm³/Nm降至1.44×10^-6mm³/Nm,渗氧层的主要磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。表面渗氧显著提高了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面硬度和耐磨性,同时其内部组织粗化和软化不明显,可作为提高钛合金表面耐磨性能的潜在方法。     

快速多重旋转碾压诱导Ti-6Al-4V表面纳米晶及性能研究

目的 使Ti-6Al-4V能更好地应用于海洋领域.方法 采用快速多重旋转碾压技术(FMRR)对Ti-6Al-4V表面进行冷变形处理,研究其力学性能.然后,对其进行低温等离子渗氮,渗氮温度为550℃,保温时间4 h.利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电子显微硬度计等测试设备,对FMRR处理后的Ti-6Al-4V表层组织结构和性能以及等离子渗氮处理后表层组织结构进行表征.结果 经15、30、45 min的FMRR处理后,Ti-6Al-4V表层晶粒细化并获得了纳米结构,对应的平均晶粒尺寸为65～90、45～70和20～40 nm.此时,晶界明显增多,局部存在孪晶、小角度晶界和高密度位错等结构缺陷,电子衍射环连续.同时,Ti-6Al-4V表层结构未出现新相,晶粒细化导致衍射峰略有变宽,也提高了Ti-6Al-4V表面的显微硬度,显微硬度为325～453HV,比处理前提高了约41％.FMRR预处理的试样经过低温等离子渗氮后,基体表面的渗氮层主要包括白色化合物层和过渡层两个区域.结论 FMRR处理为后续低温渗氮提供了能量条件和结构条件,提高了渗氮的速度,最终的渗氮层厚度约为100μm.