铝材挤压生产能力最大的10个国家与地区

据笔者对一些相关资料的汇总与调查，截止到2005年底可生产挤压铝材的国家与地区有90个，共有2012个厂，生产能力18500kt／a，平均生产能力9．2kt/a；全球保有挤压机约8000台；2005年世界铝挤压材总产量11000kt，产能利用率约59．5％，日本的最高达到88％；全球铝板带产量与挤压材产量之比为58：42，建筑挤压铝材与工业挤压铝材之比为55.5：44．5。     

对中国发展工业铝挤压材的探讨

在中国把挤压铝材按用途分为建筑及结构材（简称建筑材）与工业材（除建筑材以外的其他一切挤压铝材）。中国已跨过铝挤压强国门槛，自2001年成为挤压材净出口国以来，2005年的净出口量324．56kt。铝挤压工业的地区结构合理，与经济发展相适应；全球21个工业发达国家2004年的平均工业材与建筑材之比为54：46，没有一个国家工业材的比例达65％以上，中国2005年工业材的比例占34％，2012年的这个比例可达45％。截止到2006年底中国拥有16台大挤压机，总挤压力1170MN，总生产能力约140kt／a，但高速铁路与磁悬浮铁路车辆制造所需要的大挤压材仍不能满足需求，需要进口相当大的一部分。不是生产能力与产量不够，而是在品质方面存在诸多不尽人意之处。大挤压工业型材面临的最大挑战是市场与技术，是自主创新力量薄弱。中国还需要增建200MN与150MN的工业材挤压机各1台。     

2003年-2005年上半年日本挤压铝材的需求结构及工业挤压材与建筑挤压材之比

日本对挤压铝材的需求近15年来已处于平稳阶段，各年度的国内需求量约为1005kt，其产量也是平稳的。据日本Nalk公司报道，2003年-2005年上半年挤压材的需求如下表所列（kt）：     

世界最大航空航天挤压铝材为美国独占

关国独占世界最大航空航天挤压铝材生产，而它又为两家公司所统有：美国铝业公司（Alcoa），有2台挤压力分别为150MN（15500 USff．）和131．5MN（14500 USff、）的挤压机，而且是当今唯一能提供有最大承栽表（bearingsurface）型材的企业；另一个是通用舍金公司（UAC），有1台147MN的挤压机，是由一台125MN的水压机改造而成的，于2005年1月投产。     

世界最大铝材挤压企业出炉

自2007年9月美国铝业公司（Alcoa）的铝材挤压部分并入瑞典萨帕集团（SAPA）后,萨帕公司旗下的铝挤压集团便成为世界上最大的铝挤压材生产企业。这是迄今为止全球进行的最大的一次挤压企业兼并,是全球性的强强联合,从而形成了世界上最大的铝材挤压公司。新的公司集原来的两家企业的优点于一体,将以更多的创意、更新的思路、更强的开拓能力、更雄厚的资金与更稳固的资源保证来提高企业的竞争力。合并后的萨帕挤压集团的企业及办事机构遍布全球18个国家,有40家生产企业,有111台挤压机,12400名员工,挤压材生产能力约1000kt／a,2006年的产量889kt,销售收入4,2亿英镑。     

忠旺集团四台新挤压机正在制造或安装

忠旺集团铝挤压厂是全球拥有现代化铝材挤压机最多的单独铝挤压厂，现正在制造与安装四台新挤压机。除一台31．5MN的外，其他都是大于50MN的大型挤压机，其中：125MN的一台，双动，西安重型机械研究所设计，上海重型机械集团制造，可于9月制造完毕，11月开始安装，2006年3月投产；75MN的一台，单动，     

德国挤压铝材产量持续上升

近几年来德国挤压铝材产量处于持续稳定上升阶段,主要是型材与管材。各年的产量如下：2003年418．5kt,2004年476．8kt,2005年486．8kt,2006年536．1kt,2007年564．4kt。2007年的产量比2003年的增长35．8％。德国是一个铝挤压材净进口国,2007年的市场容量为710kt。     

对中国铝挤压工业若干问题的探讨

经过48年来的发展中国铝挤压工业成就辉煌，举世瞩目，已成为全球最大的铝材挤压大国与消费大国，成为挤压铝材强国的时日也为期不远了。2003年中国挤压铝材的产量2335kt，消费量1980kt；中国是一个挤压铝型材净出口国，2003年的净出口量为219．24kt。尽管如此，但仍存在一些具有挑战性的问题，诸如：产业结构不合理，研发力量薄弱，能源消费大，低水平重复建设仍在发展，伪劣产品屡禁不止等等。这些问题当然会在今后不断完善的中国社会主义市场发展中得到解决，如果对它们的不足之处有充分的认识并加以妥善解决，就会缩短问题存在的期限，使中国早日跻身世界铝材挤压强国之林。     

日本2007年上半年对铝材的需求及趋势

据日本铝业协会（JAA）公布的统计数据,2007年上半年（1月-6月）,日本对铝材的需求（含出口的）总量为2214．584kt,仅比上年度同期的增加0．2％,其中国内需求2096．999kt,同比持平,出口（主要是平轧产品）为117．585kt,同比上升4．6％。日本国内对铝材需求处于高度平稳状态。食品工业、电力工业、交通运输业对铝材需求有较大增加,而建筑与结构工业（building＆construction）、电子装备工业对铝材需求有较大下降。铝材出口量在下降。     

兴发铝业60MN挤压机今年投产

广东兴发集团有限公司是我国改革开放以来组建的最早的一批铝材挤压企业之一，20多年来为中国铝挤压工业的发展作出了重大贡献。现有在产的挤压机29台：32．4MN（3600 UStf．）的2台，24．8MN（2750 UStf．）的1台，20MN（2200 UStf．）的1台，16．2MN（1800 UStf．）的6台，10．4MN（1150 UStf．）的1台，8MN（800 UStf．）的12台，6．3MN（700 UStf．）的1台，5MN（550 UStf．）的3台，4．1MN（450 UStf．）的2台。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.