铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究铁尾矿砂混凝土简支梁与普通混凝土简支梁受剪性能的差异,完成了12根铁尾矿砂混凝土梁和3根普通河砂混凝土梁的受剪承载力试验,试验梁变化参数为混凝土强度等级（C30、C40和C50）、剪跨比（2.0和2.5）和配箍率（0.14%、0.19%和0.28%）;分析了铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪破坏形态和斜截面受力特点,探讨了ACI 318-08和GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》普通混凝土梁受剪承载力计算式对铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力的适用性。结果表明：铁尾矿砂混凝土梁与普通混凝土梁的受剪破坏形态相同;相同混凝土强度等级下铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力比普通混凝土梁受剪承载力高;在相同荷载作用下,铁尾矿砂混凝土梁的箍筋应变大于普通混凝土梁;普通混凝土梁受剪承载力计算式适用于铁尾矿砂混凝土梁,具有一定安全储备;提出的适用于集中荷载作用下剪压破坏的铁尾矿砂混凝土梁受剪承载力计算算式,其精度高于GB 50010—2010的计算结果。     

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of a modified direct shear apparatus for the measurement of residual shear strengths

The simulation of large-strain geotechnical laboratory tests with conventional Lagrangian finite element method(FEM) techniques is often problematic due to excessive mesh distortion. The multiple reversal direct shear(MRDS) test can be used to measure the residual shear strength of soils in a laboratory setting. However, modelling and simulation generally require advanced numerical methods to accommodate the large shear strains concentrated in the shear plane. In reality, when the standard direct shear(DS) apparatus is used, the MRDS method is prone to two major sources of measurement error: load cap tilting and specimen loss. These sources of error make it difficult or even impossible to correctly determine the residual shear strength. This paper presents a modified DS apparatus and multi-reversal multi-stage test method, simulated using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL) method in a finite element environment. The method was successful in evaluating equipment and preventing both load cap tilting and specimen loss, while modelling large-deformation behaviour that is not readily simulated with the conventional FEM or arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) analysis. Thereafter, a modified DS apparatus was created for the purpose of analysing mixtures of organic materials found in an Australian clay. The results obtained from the modified DS CEL model in combination with laboratory tests show a great improvement in the measured residual shear strength profiles compared to those from the standard apparatus. The modified DS setup ensures that accurate material residual shear strengths are calculated, a factor that is vital to ensure appropriate soil behaviour is simulated for numerical analyses of large-scale geotechnical projects.     

破碎性堆石料单剪试验研究

介绍了自行研制的叠环式大型单剪试验仪。对两种不同岩性的堆石料进行了不同竖向应力条件下大变形的单剪试验,分别研究了竖向应力施加过程(压缩过程)及单剪过程中颗粒破碎的变化。试验结果表明:颗粒破碎与颗粒抗压强度及施加的竖向应力有关,颗粒抗压强度小及施加的竖向应力大,压缩过程与剪切过程中颗粒破碎率大;无论是压缩过程还是剪切过程,颗粒破碎均存在一个临界值;颗粒破碎主要发生在压缩或剪缩过程中。     

卸载对粗砂抗剪强度影响的直剪试验研究

采用粗砂试样进行一系列卸载后的室内直剪试验,分析卸载作用、超固结比OCR、先期固结压力和剪胀性对粗砂抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明：对于同样的卸载后竖向应力,OCR越大,相同剪切位移对应的剪应力越大;当OCR较小时,峰值强度基本上随超固结比的增加而增加,当OCR较大时,其对峰值强度的影响较小;当卸载后竖向应力较小时,峰值强度随竖向应力几乎线性增加,当竖向应力增加到一定数值以上时,竖向应力变化对峰值强度几乎没有影响;当卸载后竖向应力较小时,与正常固结砂样相比,超固结砂土试样均有一定的剪胀性,其中在低竖向应力下这种现象尤为明显,摩擦强度和剪胀强度均对剪胀性砂土的峰值强度有所贡献;根据试验结果,得到粗砂的峰值内摩擦角与最大剪胀角之间的线性拟合关系。     

高强冷弯型钢骨架墙体抗剪性能试验研究

对550MPaC型冷弯型钢立柱、550MPa带肋钢板和石膏板组成的高强冷弯型钢骨架墙体进行了16块足尺试件(宽2.4m,高3m)的抗剪试验研究。对带肋钢板+石膏板双面板、单面带肋钢板、单面石膏板和双面无板带交叉扁钢拉条支撑4类墙体试件进行了无竖向力水平单调加载、无竖向力水平低周反复加载和有竖向力水平低周反复加载的试验,得到了各类墙体试件的受剪承载力指标和位移延性系数μ等性能指标。试验结果表明:各类墙体单调加载试件抗剪强度均比反复加载试件高;单面石膏板墙体试件与0.8倍的单面带肋钢板墙体试件的承载力指标之和与双面板墙体试件承载力指标接近;双面无板带交叉扁钢拉条支撑墙体试件抗剪强度是双面板墙体试件的60%~67%;双面板墙体试件延性系数在1.731~2.384之间。     

Evaluation of liquefaction strength of Japanese natural sandy soil using triaxial and simple shear tests

The aim of this note is to reexamine the stress and strain conditions of cyclic triaxial and cyclic simple shear tests for evaluating the liquefaction strength of natural sandy soil. The conventional method of determining the liquefaction strength relies on the shear stress components. However, the use of stress invariants eliminates the need to specify the stress components, thereby making it a more rational approach for determining the liquefaction strength. A comparison of the results using the conventional stress ratio and the stress invariant ratio is done in this study. A strong correlation is seen between the liquefaction strengths obtained from the triaxial and the simple shear tests when using the stress invariant ratio. Despite this strong correlation, large scattering still remains due to the effects of the soil fabric of the natural sandy soil. A torsional hollow cylindrical device is used here to perform simple shear tests on undisturbed natural sandy soil.     

Cyclic shear behavior of GMB/GCL composite liner

The composite liner system consisting of geomembrane (GMB) and geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) has been widely used in landfills. Although there have been a lot of studies on the monotonic shear behavior of GMB/GCL composite liner, the dynamic test data are still very limited and consequently, the dynamic shear mechanism is not clear. A series of displacement-controlled cyclic shear tests were conducted to study the shear behavior of GMB/GCL composite liner, including the shear stress versus horizontal displacement relationships, backbone curves, and shear strengths. Hysteretic loops in the shape of parallelogram were obtained and equivalent linear analyses revealed that the secant shear stiffness decreased and the damping ratio increased with the rise in loading cycles. According to the test results, it is generally acceptable to predict the dynamic peak strength of a GMB/GCL composite liner with its static strength envelope. Furthermore, the dynamic softening mechanism and rate-dependent shear stiffnesses were well described by the proposed equations, which also facilitate the accurate modeling of the cyclic shear behavior.     

边坡岩土体抗剪强度原位试验研究

针对碟子沟风井场地边坡特征,在边坡典型位置的岩石与土层界面和软弱泥岩夹层处分别进行了原位剪切试验,获得了相应的抗剪强度指标。通过与滑带土相同工况下的室内试验强度指标对比,发现室内试验指标较原位剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角低,并分析了室内外试验结果差异的原因。试验研究表明,边坡岩土体的大型原位剪切试验对边坡稳定性分析和工程治理优化具有重要价值。     

不锈钢薄腹梁受剪性能试验研究

通过对7根不锈钢薄腹梁进行受剪性能试验研究,分析了梁腹板的剪切屈曲和屈曲后强度。结果表明：所有梁均发生剪切屈曲破坏,薄腹板中形成拉力带,上翼缘和横向加劲肋中出现塑性铰;根据腹板表面应变和侧向鼓曲变形测得的剪切屈曲应力均低于理论计算的弹性剪切屈曲应力;梁的受剪承载力显著高于腹板剪切屈曲时的荷载,具有较高的屈曲后强度;梁端设置封头肋板可以提高梁的受剪承载力。基于得出的试验结果及现有其他试验数据,对两种考虑腹板屈曲后强度的受剪承载力计算方法进行评估,我国GB 50017—2017《钢结构设计标准》中的公式仅考虑了腹板的受剪承载力,其计算结果总体偏于保守,但是对腹板高厚比较小(λs<1.5)的不锈钢薄腹梁,受剪承载力计算偏于不安全,且计算结果离散性较大;EN 1993-1-4中的计算公式中同时考虑了腹板和翼缘的受剪承载力,其计算结果偏于保守且离散性较小。     

UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪试验及湿接缝直剪承载力统一公式

为得到UHPC键齿湿接缝的直剪受力性能及直剪承载力统一公式,开展17个UHPC试件的直剪推出试验,考察键齿形状、侧向应力等对UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪破坏模式、裂纹发展情况、直剪强度以及剪切滑移性能的影响,并结合前期24个UHPC整体浇筑试件和24个UHPC平(湿)接缝试件的试验结果对UHPC界面直剪承载力计算方法进行研究。结果表明：UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切破坏过程可分为线弹性阶段、裂纹发展阶段、破坏阶段和残余应力阶段;各键齿接缝直剪破坏界面与剪切界面几乎重合;梯形(键齿夹角113°)、矩形、倒梯形(键齿夹角65°)等三种键齿形式的直剪性能基本相同,为方便施工,工程中键齿宜选用梯形;键齿接缝试件的初裂强度、峰值强度提升值(相对于平接缝)与整体试件相应强度提升值之比远小于两者剪切面的整体面积之比;无侧向应力下,UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度和峰值强度均大于平接缝试件,逊于整体试件,且差距较大;键齿接缝试件峰值强度为整体试件的52.5%;在5MPa侧向应力下,平接缝试件与各键齿接缝试件剪切刚度已差别不大,峰值强度差值变小;键齿接缝试件的峰裂比(峰值强度与初裂强度之比)为1.173～1.319;键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度、延性系数、初裂强度、峰值强度及剪切滑移能力均随着侧向应力的增大而增大;UHPC湿接缝试件初裂强度和峰值强度随侧向应力的增长规律符合库伦准则,其摩擦系数可取1.26。最后,建立物理意义明确、形式简单、精度较高的可适用于未配抗剪钢筋UHPC整体界面、平湿接缝界面和键齿湿接缝界面的直剪承载力计算统一公式。     

Undrained Monotonic and Cyclic Shear Behaviour of Sand Under Low and High Confining Stresses

Monotonic and cyclic loading tests have been carried out on a silica sand over a wide range of stresses in order to compare non-crushing and crushing behaviour. Samples were sieved at several stages of testing to theoretically determine the increase in particle surface area and hence degree of crushing. Undrained shear behaviour was compared for crushing and non-crushing regions above 3 MPa. Samples consolidated to 0.1 MPa demonstrated strong dilative behaviour, while above the yield stress of 3 MPa dilation was suppressed and considerable particle crushing occurred. Shearing caused a marked increase in particle crushing particularly after the phase transformation point. Crushing at the steady state was similar for isotropic and anisotropically consolidated sands. At high confining pressures the cyclic strength curves were similar to those for loose sands except for confining pressure dependency due to particle crushing. For low confining stresses cyclic strength increased with initial stress ratio, while for high confining stresses it decreased with initial shear stress ratio. In the cyclic tests there was no significant crushing for 0.1 MPa. Crushing was seen to increase rapidly after the phase transformation point, where high strains developed and where particle rotation and translation contributed to the crushing process.     

In-plane shear behaviour of fibre composite sandwich beams using asymmetrical beam shear test

The in-plane shear behaviour of a new generation composite sandwich beam made up of glass fibre skins and modified phenolic core material was investigated to determine its application as shear loading component in a structural beam. Iosipescu shear test was conducted to characterise the shear properties of the fibre composite skins and the phenolic core material. The fibre composite sandwich beams were then tested under asymmetrical beam shear to determine its behaviour under in-plane shear loading. The results show that the in-plane shear behaviour of the composite sandwich beam is similar to that of the skins. A theoretical prediction of the in-plane shear strength of the composite sandwich beam was proposed and showed a good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the results of the study, the asymmetrical shear test is recommended as a test method for determining the shear properties of sandwich structures with high strength core materials.     

闭孔泡沫铝材料的穿孔法剪切试验

为获取泡沫铝材料的抗剪强度,采用穿孔剪切方法对2种不同相对密度、不同孔径尺寸的铝硅闭孔泡沫铝材料进行了试验测试。结合抗压强度试验结果,分析并验证2种材料剪切试验过程中不同的破坏过程,给出了抗剪强度的确定方法。试验结果表明：穿孔法用于泡沫铝材料的抗剪强度测试是可行的,但应合理确定穿孔器直径和试件厚度,避免在剪切过程中出现试件的压缩破坏。所得结论可为其他泡沫金属材料的剪切性能试验提供参考。     

冷弯薄壁型钢混凝土剪力墙受剪性能试验研究

通过7个冷弯薄壁型钢混凝土(CTSRC)剪力墙的拟静力水平往复试验,研究了其破坏过程和破坏模式,分析了混凝土强度、剪跨比、轴压比、水平分布筋和竖向型钢量等参数对其受剪性能的影响。试验结果表明：随着水平配筋率、轴压比和混凝土强度的增加受剪承载力提高;随着剪跨比提高,墙体受剪承载力降低;轴压比增加可提高墙体刚度,推迟墙体裂缝的出现,但不利于墙体延性;增加水平配筋可使墙体峰值后的承载力保持稳定。研究表明：CTSRC剪力墙与传统钢筋混凝土剪力墙的破坏特征和受力性能不同,在水平力作用下将出现沿冷弯薄壁型钢的竖向裂缝,经历整体墙到分缝墙的演变,避免了脆性剪切破坏。通过合理设计,CTSRC剪力墙可实现正常使用阶段有较高的刚度、峰值后有较好的延性、破坏时仍具有较高的竖向承载能力的目标。     

Effects of openings on the punching shear strength of RC flat‐plate slabs without shear reinforcement

Openings in RC flat‐plate slabs are one of the critical factors that influence the punching shear strength of the slab and determine its thickness in the vicinity of the slab‐column joint. This study experimentally investigates the effects of openings on the punching shear strength of flat‐plate slabs without shear reinforcement. Tests were performed on eight flat‐plate slab specimens considering the layout and number of openings as test variables. The failure characteristics of each specimen are examined, and the effects of the test variables on the punching shear strengths of the test specimens are investigated. The measured punching shear strengths of the test specimens are compared with the predictions of several concrete design codes, including the American Concrete Institute (ACI), Comité Euro‐International du Béton and Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte (CEB‐FIP) model and fédération internationale du béton (fib) model codes. This indicates that the reductions in punching shear strength due to the existence of openings are generally proportional to the loss of effective critical sections, and an L‐shaped opening layout around the corner of the column may further reduce the punching shear strength and may contribute to the loss of effective critical sections due to the existence of openings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高性能混凝土有腹筋梁受剪性能及受剪承载力研究

为了研究超高性能混凝土（UHPC）有腹筋梁的受剪性能,对7根UHPC梁进行了受剪性能试验,变化参数包括剪跨比、纵筋配筋率、配箍率、钢纤维掺量等。试验结果表明：UHPC有腹筋梁的破坏形态有弯曲屈服后的剪切破坏和剪压破坏,破坏时梁表面呈现斜向多条裂缝形态;箍筋可以提高UHPC梁开裂后刚度,钢纤维和箍筋均可以提高UHPC梁的变形能力和受剪承载力,足够的箍筋和钢纤维共同作用可以进一步提高UHPC梁的延性;配箍率增加,梁腹部会出现较密的短斜裂缝。提出了UHPC有腹筋梁受剪承载力计算模型,其中包括剪压区混凝土、斜裂缝处钢纤维、箍筋及纵筋销栓作用对于梁受剪承载力的贡献,模型计算值与试验值吻合良好。     

复杂层状结构岩石抗剪强度试验方法研究

岩石的抗剪强度是边坡稳定性、地基强度和稳定性评价中的一项非常重要的指标,不同类型的岩体,岩石的抗剪强度特性是不同的,其中复杂层状结构岩石的抗剪强度是岩土工程研究的重点内容之一。工程中经常采用的岩石剪切试验方法包括室内试验和现场原位试验,由于试验约束条件不同,试验结果存在一定的差异。本文以某核电工程为例,该项目分别采用了室内试验和原位试验获取抗剪强度指标,通过对比分析试验结果及工程实践反演分析证明,对于地层组合复杂的沉积岩石,采用现场原位剪切试验,充分考虑了尺度效应和样品的代表性问题,所获取的成果更符合工程实际。     

钢管高强混凝土剪力墙受剪性能试验研究

为研究钢管高强混凝土剪力墙的受剪性能,设计制作了两批共32个小剪跨比（λ为0.3、0.56、0.8）钢管高强混凝土剪力墙试件并进行单向静力加载试验,分析了剪跨比、管外混凝土强度、轴压比、截面类型、水平分布筋配筋率和竖向分布筋配筋率对各试件受剪承载力、变形能力及其对试件破坏形态的影响。试验结果表明：钢管高强混凝土剪力墙作为组合构件,通过钢管外的抗剪环筋传递界面剪力,能够很好地协同受力,且具有初始刚度大、承载能力高的特点;剪跨比为0.56、0.80的试件,其破坏始于管外混凝土的斜压破坏;剪跨比为0.30的试件,其破坏形态为管外混凝土斜裂缝发展、贯通,墙体受压侧底部水平分布筋处混凝土错动、脱落,具有直剪破坏的特征;各试件破坏时均具有一定的变形能力。基于对试验结果的统计分析,提出了钢管高强混凝土剪力墙的受剪承载力计算式,计算值与试验值吻合良好,可为工程设计提供参考。     

不同剪切速率下格栅–土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

 为了研究剪切速率对砂土与土工格栅界面剪切特性的影响,采用室内大型直剪仪对土工格栅加筋砂土试样分别进行不同剪切速率下的单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验,并在循环直剪试验结束后接着对试样进行单调直剪试验,研究了剪切速率对筋土界面剪切应力、剪切体变的影响,对比分析不同剪切速率下单调直剪试验的结果与经受过循环剪切后的单调直剪试验结果的差异。试验表明：剪切速率对单调直剪条件下筋土界面的剪切特性影响不大;循环剪切过程中,低剪切速率和高剪切速率下分别发生循环剪切软化和循环剪切硬化现象;剪切速率对循环剪切后的筋土界面直剪特性影响较明显,受循环剪切后筋土界面的抗剪强度比不受循环剪切作用的要低。     

一种考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度准则

动荷载(不同剪切速率)下的节理岩体结构稳定性是目前工程建设亟待解决的问题之一。以黄岛国家石油储备库地下水封石油洞库工程为工程背景,采用JAW-600岩石剪切流变–渗流耦合试验机对4种粗糙度下的类岩石粗糙结构面进行不同剪切速率下的常规剪切试验,对结构面的强度特性进行了基础性研究。研究结果表明:剪切速率和粗糙度对结构面剪切强度都有较为明显的影响;同一结构面的剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,并不受粗糙度系数的影响;同时结构面剪切强度随粗糙度系数增加呈现出线性增加的趋势,但不受剪切速率的影响。最后,基于试验结果与Barton模型,提出考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度模型。Barton标准粗糙剖面线结构面及粗糙结构面的试验结果与新模型预测值误差保持在20%之内,平均误差为10.539%,能够较好的预测粗糙结构面动荷载条件下剪切强度。