非氧化物陶瓷光固化增材制造研究进展及展望

目前光固化3D打印技术因打印成型精度高而被广泛应用于陶瓷增材制造, 其中非氧化物陶瓷如碳化硅、氮化硅等因打印材料粉体折射率和吸光度比较高, 光固化陶瓷浆料存在分散稳定性差、入射光难穿透并产生光固化反应的固化层厚度低等问题, 导致其固含量很难提高甚至于无法打印成型。高固含量的非氧化物陶瓷打印成型成为光固化3D打印的主要难点, 吸引了广大学者对其光固化机理、粉体调控等机制进行研究。本文系统地总结了几种非氧化物陶瓷光固化浆料的制备、光固化成型、有机物去除及烧结致密化的研究工作, 并就如何对光敏树脂组成进行调节、对陶瓷粉体进行改性的几种方法进行分析与讨论, 针对性地提出创新方案来改善非氧化物陶瓷的浆料性能、光固化打印优化和致密化缺陷修复及性能提升, 最终推动大尺寸、复杂结构的非氧化物陶瓷部件光固化增材制造高精度制备技术的进步。     

立体光刻增材制造中固含量对Al2O3陶瓷性能的影响

对于陶瓷立体光刻增材制造技术, 光敏树脂浆料的固含量发挥着重要的作用。本工作首先制备了不同固含量的Al₂O₃陶瓷浆料, 并采用立体光刻增材制造技术, 制备了Al₂O₃陶瓷, 并研究了Al₂O₃浆料的固含量与陶瓷性能的关联关系。其次, 探索了固含量对Al₂O₃浆料的流变行为、固化性能, 以及对Al₂O₃陶瓷的微观结构、力学性能的影响规律。结果表明, 随着固含量增加, 浆料的粘度和剪切应力均增大。在光固化增材制造过程中, 高固含量导致浆料的粘度高于其自流平的临界值, 且Al₂O₃浆料的固化性能与固含量高度相关。此外, 固含量明显影响光固化增材制造的Al₂O₃陶瓷的缺陷。这些制造缺陷对于Al₂O₃陶瓷的力学性能有重要影响。最后, 本工作总结了光敏Al₂O₃浆料的流变行为、固化性能与Al₂O₃陶瓷的微观结构和力学性能之间的关联关系。浆料的高粘度造成陶瓷的微观结构不均匀, 最终导致其力学强度较差。本研究结果可为陶瓷的光固化增材制造提供一定的参考。     

烧结温度对3D打印硅基陶瓷型芯表面形貌及粗糙度的影响

单晶高温合金空心叶片是航空发动机的重要部件, 其内腔结构是采用陶瓷型芯制备的。随着航空发动机推重比提高, 型芯结构越来越复杂, 传统制备工艺受限, 光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯技术为复杂结构型芯的制备提供了一种可行方案。为了改善光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯因台阶效应导致的表面粗糙度较大的问题, 本研究利用固含量体积分数63%的硅基型芯浆料进行光固化3D打印型芯, 并在1100~1300 ℃对型芯素坯进行烧结, 对烧成的硅基陶瓷型芯的微观结构、元素分布、相组成、型芯打印面和打印堆积方向的表面形貌和粗糙度进行分析。研究发现型芯打印面平整, 无明显表面缺陷, 1100、1200和1300 ℃烧结型芯的打印面粗糙度分别为1.83、1.24和1.44 μm; 片层堆积方向的表面有片层结构特征, 片层间出现微裂纹, 1200 ℃以上烧结的型芯表面粗糙度达到空心叶片使用要求(R_a≤2.0 μm)。结果表明不同烧结温度会改变型芯烧结过程中的液相含量、莫来石生成量、莫来石生成形态和颗粒间玻璃相的分布, 从而对光固化3D打印硅基陶瓷型芯的表面粗糙度产生明显影响。光固化3D打印陶瓷型芯技术结合烧结工艺能制备出满足先进空心叶片用硅基陶瓷型芯表面要求的粗糙度。     

基于光固化增材制造技术的陶瓷成形方法

目的 利用光固化增材制造技术成形复杂形状陶瓷零件。方法 以光敏树脂和陶瓷粉体混合得到氧化铝和氧化硅陶瓷浆料,浆料固体含量体积分数均超过55%。采用基于数字光处理技术的光固化增材制造设备,设计了一种栅栏式刮刀,可实现打印过程中高固含量浆料的均匀涂层和搅拌。光源波长为405 nm,面光源像素尺寸为50 μm,最小分层厚度为10 μm。在5 mW/cm2光强下分层曝光,分析在不同粉体的浆料固化性能,得到陶瓷坯体,经过脱脂烧结,完成陶瓷成形。结果 氧化硅浆料的透光性明显强于氧化铝浆料,氧化铝浆料的临界曝光强度更容易引发固化反应,测试件最小壁厚为0.2 mm,最小可成形孔为0.1 mm,并对氧化铝齿轮、螺钉、镂空摆件及氧化硅陶瓷型芯等复杂结构的陶瓷零件进行了验证。结论 基于光固化成形的增材制造可以实现高精度的复杂陶瓷零件成形,对拓展陶瓷成形方法具有重要意义。     

核用氧化锆耐火材料光固化增材制造工艺及性能研究

目的 为提高精密铸造效率,缩短制模周期,利用光固化增材制造技术制备适合活泼金属铸造用的ZrO₂陶瓷模具。方法 将光敏树脂与纳米级ZrO₂陶瓷粉体混合得到具有光固化性能的陶瓷浆料,采用数字光投影增材制造设备对陶瓷浆料进行逐层曝光,揭示不同固含量对陶瓷浆料固化性能的影响规律;利用光固化3D打印制备ZrO₂陶瓷生坯,经过干燥、脱脂和烧结处理,获得所需陶瓷样件,并对成型后的ZrO₂陶瓷进行微观组织表征、力学性能(压缩和弯曲)和抗热震性能测试。结果 在相同固化强度的基础上,随着ZrO₂陶瓷浆料固含量的增加,固化深度逐渐减小,固化宽度无明显变化。光强度越高,固化深度和宽度均越大。选用固含量(体积分数)为50%的陶瓷浆料,在紫外光波长405 nm、光强度25 mW/cm²、曝光时间2 000 ms、层厚30μm的工艺条件下制备ZrO₂陶瓷生坯,经过最高温度450℃脱脂和最高温度1 525℃烧结处理,获得了无变形和开裂的ZrO₂...     

光固化3D打印磷酸钙基生物陶瓷支架的研究进展

磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架是临床中实现骨缺损再生修复的常用骨移植物。光固化3D打印技术以其优异的打印精度和复杂结构成形特性能够精确地控制支架孔尺寸、孔形状、孔连通率,在制备生物陶瓷多孔支架领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而,利用光固化3D打印技术制备磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架仍面临亟需克服的挑战,如缺乏性能优异的磷酸钙基陶瓷打印浆料、打印及后处理工艺不成熟、制备的磷酸钙基陶瓷多孔支架的性能还有待提升。本文首先介绍了几种常用的光固化3D打印技术基本原理与特征,然后从3D打印成形工艺、力学性能、生物活性、支架结构及功能化等方面系统探讨了光固化3D打印技术在制备磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架领域的研究进展及存在的问题,最后展望了光固化3D打印磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架的发展趋势和突破点,为利用光固化3D打印技术制备成本低、综合性能优异的磷酸钙基生物陶瓷多孔支架提供参考。     

陶瓷3D打印技术及材料研究进展

综述了陶瓷3D打印技术和材料的特性及其研究进展与应用现状,重点讨论了喷墨打印技术、熔化沉积成型技术、光固化成型技术、分层实体制造技术、激光选区熔化技术/激光选区烧结技术、三维打印成型技术、浆料直写成型技术的特性和研究进展,分析了磷酸三钙陶瓷、氧化铝陶瓷、陶瓷先驱体、SiC陶瓷、Si_3N_4陶瓷、碳硅化钛陶瓷的特性和应用现状,最后指出了陶瓷3D打印技术的发展方向是与传统陶瓷工艺相结合,实现陶瓷制品的快速生产及生物陶瓷制品、高性能陶瓷功能零件的制造。     

二氧化钛陶瓷浆料的制备及其直写成型3D打印

直写成型技术是一种基于浆料挤出的3D打印技术,具有设备简单、投入低,可在温和条件下制备出精细复杂的三维结构的优点,在先进陶瓷制备领域潜力巨大。但直写成型技术目前面临材料缺乏、浆料制备困难等难题。为此,首先自主研发了一种基于气压式的新型直写成型3D打印机。在此基础上,以二氧化钛为原料,选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为流动助剂和粘结剂,制备了适用于直写成型的二氧化钛陶瓷浆料,研究了PVA含量对浆料流变行为及其直写成型可打印性的影响。在此基础上,打印加工了具有复杂形状和结构的二氧化钛制件,考察了其断面形貌、打印精度,并进一步分析了其烧结后的性能等。结果表明PVA的加入有效的降低浆料的黏度,提高其流动性,有助于其3D打印,改善了打印制件层与层之间的粘结情况,但PVA含量大于10wt%后,会导致浆料在沉积阶段出现坍塌现象。此外,PVA含量增加后,会导致烧结件硬度降低,收缩率增加。     

粉体性质对树脂基氧化锆光固化浆料流变行为的影响

合适的树脂基陶瓷浆料的制备对陶瓷光固化成型技术而言至关重要。本文研究了氧化锆粉体的性质, 包括比表面积、粒度与粒径分布、颗粒形貌等因素对树脂基浆料流变行为的影响。研究发现: 粉体的比表面积是影响浆料粘度的最主要因素。选择低比表面积、形貌接近球形的粉体更容易制备出低粘度的浆料。利用Krieger-Dougherty模型研究了粉体固含量对浆料流变行为的影响。在1550 ℃烧结得到了相对密度为(97.83±0.33)%的氧化锆陶瓷, 未发现明显的晶粒异常长大, 表明基于流变学表征方法对浆料制备参数进行优化后, 采用光固化技术可以制备出复杂结构、高质量的氧化锆陶瓷。     

基于光固化技术增材制造陶瓷和金属的研究进展

增材制造是目前极具发展潜力的前沿技术之一。光固化增材技术作为增材制造的一个分支,具有高效、低能耗和成型精度高等优点,可解决传统工艺制备复杂结构金属和陶瓷存在的周期长、加工困难和成本高等问题,具有良好的经济和技术优势。光固化成型致密/多孔氧化物陶瓷已被广泛开发,并成功应用于微电子组件、光子晶体和骨科植入物等领域,但光固化非氧化物陶瓷和金属材料的应用基础理论和成型技术还未十分成熟,适宜于光固化工艺的陶瓷和金属浆料的制备仍面临很多挑战。本文综述了光固化增材制造氧化物陶瓷、非氧化物陶瓷和金属材料的研究进展,从浆料制备、光固化成型和后处理三个阶段分析了光固化增材制备三种材料的主要技术难点和可能的解决方案,最后指出了光固化陶瓷和金属材料的未来发展方向。     

HEMA-TBA凝胶体系制备多孔氧化铝陶瓷

采用HEMA-TBA凝胶体系制备具有高气孔率, 高强度的多孔氧化铝陶瓷, 研究多孔氧化铝陶瓷的浆料和坯体制备工艺, 并系统研究了分散剂含量和固相体积分数对浆料粘度和悬浮稳定性的影响、干燥和单体含量对生坯性能的影响以及固相体积分数和烧结温度对烧结体微观结构的影响。结果表明: 加入柠檬酸可以使浆料粘度降低, 稳定性提高, 柠檬酸加入量达到2wt%后浆料粘度和稳定性趋于稳定; 固相体积分数的增加会导致浆料粘度和稳定性的增加; 生坯在干燥过程中的收缩比水基体系小很多, 干燥时间也相对更短; 单体含量对生坯强度影响较大, 当单体含量为25wt%时, 生坯强度较高; 通过选择不同的固相体积分数和烧结温度, 可以有效地控制烧结体的微观结构, 气孔率的变化范围在40%~65%, 同时烧结体强度也会随之发生变化, 变化范围在5.7~91.2 MPa。     

A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing

Since most starting materials for tissue engineering are in powder form, using powder-based additive manufacturing methods is attractive and practical. The principal point of employing additive manufacturing (AM) systems is to fabricate parts with arbitrary geometrical complexity with relatively minimal tooling cost and time. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and inkjet 3D printing (3DP) are two powerful and versatile AM techniques which are applicable to powder-based material systems. Hence, the latest state of knowledge available on the use of AM powder-based techniques in tissue engineering and their effect on mechanical and biological properties of fabricated tissues and scaffolds must be updated. Determining the effective setup of parameters, developing improved biocompatible/bioactive materials, and improving the mechanical/biological properties of laser sintered and 3D printed tissues are the three main concerns which have been investigated in this article.     

Development of Bioimplants with 2D, 3D,and 4D Additive Manufacturing Materials

Over the past 30 years, additive manufacturing (AM) has developed rapidly and has demonstrated great potential in biomedical applications. AM is a materials-oriented manufacturing technology, since the solidification mechanism, architecture resolution, post-treatment process, and functional application are based on the materials to be printed. However, 3D printable materials are still quite limited for the fabrication of bioimplants. In this work, 2D/3D AM materials for bioimplants are reviewed. Furthermore, inspired by Tai Chi, a simple yet novel soft/rigid hybrid 4D AM concept is advanced to develop complex and dynamic biological structures in the human body based on 4D printing hybrid ceramic precursor/ceramic materials that were previously developed by our group. With the development of multi-material printing technology, the development of bioimplants and soft/rigid hybrid biological structures with 2D/3D/4D AM materials can be anticipated.     

Three‐Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Nanocomposites: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications

The integration of nanotechnology into three‐dimensional printing (3DP) offers huge potential and opportunities for the manufacturing of 3D engineered materials exhibiting optimized properties and multifunctionality. The literature relating to different 3DP techniques used to fabricate 3D structures at the macro‐ and microscale made of nanocomposite materials is reviewed here. The current state‐of‐the‐art fabrication methods, their main characteristics (e.g., resolutions, advantages, limitations), the process parameters, and materials requirements are discussed. A comprehensive review is carried out on the use of metal‐ and carbon‐based nanomaterials incorporated into polymers or hydrogels for the manufacturing of 3D structures, mostly at the microscale, using different 3D‐printing techniques. Several methods, including but not limited to micro‐stereolithography, extrusion‐based direct‐write technologies, inkjet‐printing techniques, and popular powder‐bed technology, are discussed. Various examples of 3D nanocomposite macro‐ and microstructures manufactured using different 3D‐printing technologies for a wide range of domains such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), lab‐on‐a‐chip, microfluidics, engineered materials and composites, microelectronics, tissue engineering, and biosystems are reviewed. Parallel advances on materials and techniques are still required in order to employ the full potential of 3D printing of multifunctional nanocomposites.     

A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing

Abstract

Since most starting materials for tissue engineering are in powder form, using powder-based additive manufacturing methods is attractive and practical. The principal point of employing additive manufacturing (AM) systems is to fabricate parts with arbitrary geometrical complexity with relatively minimal tooling cost and time. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and inkjet 3D printing (3DP) are two powerful and versatile AM techniques which are applicable to powder-based material systems. Hence, the latest state of knowledge available on the use of AM powder-based techniques in tissue engineering and their effect on mechanical and biological properties of fabricated tissues and scaffolds must be updated. Determining the effective setup of parameters, developing improved biocompatible/bioactive materials, and improving the mechanical/biological properties of laser sintered and 3D printed tissues are the three main concerns which have been investigated in this article.     

Frontiers of 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing: from Human Organs to Aircraft Fabrication

It has been more than three decades since stereolithography began to emerge in various forms of additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Today these technologies are proliferating worldwide in various forms of advanced manufacturing. The largest segment of the 3D printing market today involves various polymer component fabrications, particularly complex structures not attainable by other manufacturing methods.Conventional printer head systems have also been adapted to selectively print various speciated human cells and special molecules in attempts to construct human organs, beginning with skin and various tissue patches. These efforts are discussed along with metal and alloy fabrication of a variety of implant and bone replacement components by creating powder layers, which are selectively melted into complex forms(such as foams and other open-cellular structures) using laser and electron beams directed by CAD software. Efforts to create a "living implant" by bone ingrowth and eventual vascularization within these implants will be discussed briefly. Novel printer heads for direct metal droplet deposition as in other 3D printing systems are briefly described since these concepts will allow for the eventual fabrication of very large and complex products, including automotive and aerospace structures and components.     

精铸型壳的增材制造技术研究进展

增材制造技术用于精密铸造领域,可以满足市场对精密铸件的短周期、个性化、多样化、柔性制造的需求.增材制造技术可以制作树脂模型代替蜡模进行精密铸造,但更高效的方法是用增材制造技术直接制备精铸型壳.目前可用于制备精铸型壳的增材制造技术主要有三维打印法(3DP)、选择性激光烧结法(SLS)、光固化成形法(SLA)以及浆料挤出法...