基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的重力坝变形参数反演

针对利用位移实测资料对大坝坝体和基岩的变形力学参数进行优化反演时存在效率低、精度差等问题,通过对鲸鱼优化算法进行并行化改进,并引入权重因子,结合有限元计算,提出一种基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法。利用该方法对某混凝土重力坝坝体和基岩弹性模量进行反演,并与粒子群算法的反演结果进行比较。结果表明:在相同迭代次数的情况下,改进的鲸鱼优化算法比粒子群算法耗时更少,且反演得到的坝体、基岩力学参数比粒子群算法得到的更为准确。表明利用多核处理器对该方法进行并行计算,可大幅度缩短计算时间。基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法具有搜索能力强、收敛速度快和精度高等特点,合理可行,可推广应用于混凝土拱坝等其他坝型的力学参数反演。     

基于GRU-WPA法的重力坝地基力学参数反演分析方法

利用位移实测资料对大坝地基力学参数进行反演时,常规反演算法存在收敛速度慢、精度差等问题。基于GRU神经网络代理模型和狼群算法,提出了一种新的反演方法GRU-WPA法,该方法在保证计算精度情况下能提高计算效率。将此方法应用于某碾压重力坝工程中的地基力学参数的反演,以典型断面中测点的观测数据为依据,反演分析寻优得到地基弹性模量,同时将反演弹性模量的有限元计算位移与实测位移相比较以分析精度,并与常规粒子群算法的反演分析结果进行对比。计算结果表明,GRU-WPA法计算速度更快,反演弹性模量有限元计算位移与实际位移的整体误差更小,表明GRU-WPA法在大坝地基力学参数反演分析中具有良好应用效果。     

基于Jaya-BP神经网络的混凝土坝参数反演

针对混凝土坝等大体积混凝土结构性能参数高效反馈问题，提出一种基于Jaya-BP神经网络的新型参数反演算法。采用Jaya算法优化BP神经网络的权值和阈值，克服其迭代收敛速度偏慢、易陷入局部最优解等缺点，提高BP神经网络的全局寻优能力和稳定性。引入正交设计法以及拉丁超立方法设计参数组合，通过有限元分析得到较为准确的训练样本，形成基于Java-BP神经网络结合有限元分析的大体积混凝土结构参数高效反演算法。以典型混凝土重力坝和拱坝为例，对坝体和坝基弹性模量进行反演分析，并与传统的BP神经网络反演结果进行对比表明，Jaya-BP神经网络反演精度明显提高。     

大坝及岩基物理力学参数优化反演分析研究

根据大坝原型观测资料识别大坝结构力学参数是典型的非线性反问题,而反问题往往具有Hadamard意义下的不适定性。基于位移反分析方法的基本原理,依据大坝原型观测数据和有限元数值计算成果,建立了优化目标函数后,应用遗传模拟退火算法实现了对大坝及岩基物理力学参数的反演分析。对反演原理、算法及流程进行了研究。将遗传算法和模拟退火算法相结合,既提高了优化问题全局收敛速度,同时克服了传统方法求解病态方程的困难。实例分析表明,该优化反演方法对抵抗噪音有较强的能力,且与正分析形成的闭合环路可以高精度的完成大坝工作性态的分析。     

基于数据同化参数反演的华光潭拱坝结构分析

针对华光潭拱坝整体结构状态难以进行准确安全评估的问题,建立拱坝有限元模型,基于拱坝混凝土与基岩材料力学参数敏感性分析结果,采用数据同化算法进行材料参数反演,最后使用参数反演结果校准有限元计算的材料参数。结果表明：有限元位移仿真结果与监测数据的残差符合正态分布,经过数据同化参数反演后的残差标准差减小了81.2%,提高了有限元计算的准确性。该方法可实现自动化运行并为拱坝结构安全评估提供一条合理且可靠的新思路。     

河道堤防力学参数反演计算模型研究

结合ANFIS模型对河道堤防力学参数进行反演,并结合试验测定值对模型计算精度进行验证。验证结果表明:ANFIS模型基于有限元原理可实现反演参数优化计算,相比于传统力学参数反演方法,该方法的反演误差可降低20%左右。研究成果对于河道堤防力学参数确定具有重要的参考价值。     

量子遗传算法与有限元联合反演模型

全局优化算法是解决工程反演分析这一类典型复杂非线性函数优化问题的理想求解途径。利用ABAQUS高效内核求解器,建立基于量子遗传算法的有限元反演模型,利用MATLAB编程实现ABAQUS命令调用接口,以典型测点的反演计算值与实测值建立适应度函数,通过函数智能优化实现了工程物理力学参数的反演分析,解决了传统遗传算法因选择、交叉及变异操作方式选取不当造成的迭代次数、收敛速度不佳,且易产生局部极值的问题。通过某水闸工程数值算例对反演问题进行求解,求解结果精度及反演速度较传统遗传算法明显提高,说明应用此法的合理性与实用性。     

量子遗传算法在混凝土重力坝综合弹性模量反演中的应用

复杂运行条件下水工建筑物结构物理力学参数往往会随着服役时间的增长发生变异,及时了解更新这些参数对于掌握水工建筑物工作性态,指导水工建筑物安全监控具有十分重要的意义。基于量子遗传算法QGA建立坝体有限元力学参数反演模型,通过MATLAB编程建立有限元软件命令调用接口,利用工程实测值与有限元计算结果建立目标适应度函数,并通过量子遗传算法智能寻优,实现水工建筑物结构参数反演。为验证本算法的有效性,特以混凝土重力坝为例对坝体及基岩综合弹性模量进行反演分析,并与传统遗传算法反演结果进行对比,结果表明本算法反演精度及运行速度均较高于传统遗传算法,具有一定的科学和实践应用价值。     

大坝观测资料的优化反分析及其应用

本文提出了大坝变形观测点位移计算值与实测值的最佳结合准则,借助于有限元数值法与复合型优化求解法的耦合计算,将坝体及坝基材料参数的反演归结为数学上的极小值优化问题。进而得到逆问题的最优解。此法所用的数学及力学概念明确,可应用于各种线性及非线性的反演求解。本文所举二例均得到满意的解答,其中例2对某重力拱坝的18~#坝段的统计回归模型成功地进行了反分馈识别,评估及修正。     

贝叶斯框架下大坝渗流参数反演组合代理模型研究

渗流参数贝叶斯反演的关键在于解决对渗流正演模型大量调用而导致的计算耗时问题.现有提高贝叶斯反演计算效率的研究大多采用基于单一机器学习算法的代理模型,计算精度较低.针对上述问题,本文提出一种贝叶斯框架下大坝渗流参数反演组合代理模型.该方法在贝叶斯框架下集成支持向量回归(SVR)、Kriging和多元自适应回归样条(MAR...     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。