FATIGUE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF LOW CARBON MARTENSITE AND MARTENSITE/BAINITE DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN STEEL 20CrMnMo

Fatigue crack propagation rate,da/dN,and threshold stress intensity range,ΔK_(th),of steel20CrMnMo containing low carbon martensite or low carbon martensite/bainite(LCM/B)duplex structure,obtained by oil quenching and austempered at 360℃,have been measuredusing specimens under four-point bending.Observation was also made of the crack path andfracture morphology with relation to microstructure.The formation of LCM/B duplexstructure,which caused by 20% lower bainite after short-time isothermal treatment,may re-markably increase ΔK_(th)and considerably decrease da/dN.The effect of microstructure onda/dN and ΔK_(th)was discussed with the emphasis on the crack propagation path.     

EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENT ON CRACK PROPAGATION RATE IN STEEL GC-4 UNDER CORROSION FATIGUE AND STRESS CORROSION

Comparative investigations were carried out of the effect of heat treatment regimes Jor steelGC-4(40CrMnSiMoVA)on its crack propagating rates,from corrosion fatigue,(da/dN)_(CF),or stress corrosion cracking,(da/dt)_(SCC),in media with various constituentsand pH values.Both(da/dN)_(CF) and(da/dt)_(SCC) accelerate with the increase of yield stressof the steel,yet the former is far less than the later.In comparison with media,the(da/dt)_(SCC) in distilled water is slightly greater than that in 3.5% NaCl solution,and the(da/dN)_(CF) in distilled water is far less than that in 3.5% NaCl solution.With the pH valueincreasing in 3.5% NaCl solution,the(da/dN)_(CF) lowers down and the(da/dt)_(SCC) speedsup.An explanation was also proposed with concept of the cyclic hardening and softening atcrack tip,as well as the crack closure and occluded cell effect.     

含氢NZ2锆合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为

利用板材标准M(T)试样研究了4种不同氢含量(0,200,450,730 (g/g) NZ2锆合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.发现不论含氢量的高低,裂纹稳态扩展区的裂纹扩展行为均符合Paris幂律关系,即 da/dN=C((K)n,但随着氢含量的增加,n值不断减小;含氢量增加导致NZ2合金塑性变形能力降低,疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加,尤其是氢含量较高时表现更为明显.     

在氢环境中16Mng钢的短裂纹低频疲劳特性

研究了在氢环境中１６Ｍｎｇ钢的低频短裂纹扩展规律。应用弹塑性断裂力学和△Ｊ参数,用ｄａ／ｄＮ＝Ｃ（△Ｊ）ｎ计算裂纹的扩散速率。结果表明ｄａ／ｄＮ～△Ｊ关系曲线分三个阶段;并得到了在氢环境中裂纹扩展的门槛值△Ｊ（ｔｈ）。用金相法考察了裂纹扩展的途径。     

Quantitative models on corrosion fatigue crack growth rates in metals: Part II. application of fatigue crack growth rate modeling for nickel-based superalloys at elevated temperatures

Approaches to predict da/dN-àK for environmental situations; including empirical interpolative equations, linear superposition of mechanical fatigue and time-based environmental cracking, and mechanism-based models; are presented. For several material-environment systems, these models were incorporated in fracture mechanics life prediction methods, and successes have been reported in evaluating the corrosion fatigue contribution. Considerable uncertainties are, however, associated with these models. The linear superposition analysis is emphasized; material-environment systems that are severely environment-sensitive should be adequately described by this method. Direct and indirect methods exist to define time-based crack growth rates for use in linear superposition predictions of da/dN. The linear superposition approach is effective, but only for those cases where K_ISCC is high relative to typical flawed component stress intensity levels. Empirical curve-fit models require an extensive environmental crack growth rate data base, which are costly to develop, and are effective for interpolations but not predictions of fatigue crack growth data. Mechanism-based models for broad predictions of cycle-time dependent da/dN versus àK, and other variables such as frequency or hold time, are in an infant state.     

In-situ investigation of deformation behavior and fracture forms of Ti/Al/Mg/Al/Ti laminates

In-situ bending and stretching were conducted on hot-rolled and annealed Ti/Al/Mg/Al/Ti laminates, with a focus on crack initiation and propagation of intermetallics and component layers, which helps to clarify their deformation behavior and fracture forms. The results show that delamination is the early fracture form of laminate with or without intermetallics at Al/Mg interface, so Al/Mg interfacial bonding strength determines the mechanical properties of laminate. Various and irregular intermetallics cracks lead to Al/Mg interface delamination in annealed laminate and help to release stress. Necking and fracture of component layers are observed at the late deformation stage, and the sequence is Al, Mg and Ti layers, resulting from their strength. Angle between crack propagation direction and stretching direction of Mg layer both in rolled and annealed laminates is around 45° due to the effect of shear deformation, and crack convergence leads to final complete fracture of Mg layer.     

热处理和环境对GC-4钢CF及SCC裂纹扩展的影响

本文对热处理制度、介质成分及 pH值三种影响因素对GC-4(40CrMnSiMoVA)钢的腐蚀疲劳(CF)裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)_(CF)与应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)裂纹扩展速率(da/dt)_(SCC)的影响进行了对比研究。结果表明,这些因素对(da/dN)_(CF) 和(da/dt)_(SCC)有着不同的影响规律.(da/dN)_(CF)和(da/dt)_(SCC)均随σ_s的提高而提高,但(da/dN)_(CF)提高的幅度远小于(da/dt)_(SCC)提高的幅度.蒸馏水中的(da/dt)_(SCC)略大于3.5％NaCl溶液中的(da/dt)_(SCC),但蒸馏水中的(da/dN)_(CF)却远小于3.5％NaCl溶液中的(da/dN)_(CF).在 3.5%NaClI溶液中,随pH值增加,(da/dN)_(CF)下降,(da/dt)_(SCC)却增加.本文分别从裂尖材料的循环软化与硬化、裂纹闭合及闭塞电池效应等方面对上述现象进行了解释。     

TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展规律及疲劳剩余寿命

首先通过试验取得母材及焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,然后结合TC17钛合金电子束焊接接头CTOD试验结果及裂纹容限计算值,以估算其疲劳剩余寿命.结果表明:在低应力水平或低△K下,TC17电子束焊缝的da/dN数据与母材的基本相当;然而随着应力水平的增加,焊缝的da/dN值越来越大.在初始裂纹尺寸相同的情况下,TC17合金电子束焊缝与母材疲劳裂纹扩展寿命曲线存在交叉点.当应力幅大于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材疲劳裂纹扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要高于相应焊缝的剩余寿命;当应力幅小于交叉点应力幅时,TC17母材扩展到临界裂纹尺寸的剩余寿命要低于相应焊缝的剩余寿命.     

Environment‐sensitive fracture of aluminium alloy 6013

The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the reasons of the fatigue behaviour in corrosive environment of aluminium alloys used in aircraft industry. Fatigue crack propagation experiments were carried out at various test frequencies on CCT specimen of Al 6013T6 in air and in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The rate of crack propagation is accelerated in sodium chloride solution, and the da/dN‐ΔK curve for Al 6013T6 shows characteristics which differ from the curve in air. In order to clarify the influence of the corrosion medium the composition and the pH value of the electrolyte were varied. In this way the crack propagation was inhibited or accelerated during fatigue test. During the fatigue test in corrosive environment the dissolution of aluminium occurs and at the same time hydrogen evolves. Hydrogen embrittlement means a loss of ductility caused by the incorporation of hydrogen into the lattice. For the fatigue behaviour in corrosive medium it is decisive how atomic hydrogen is generated and which conditions allow the absorption of the hydrogen into the material. The results show that chloride ions and an acid pH value are necessary for the absorption of hydrogen. Besides the hydrogen embrittlement a second process of mechanical degradation occurs. Secondary cracks were determined after finishing the fatigue crack propagation test. These cracks could be observed as well in air as in corrosion medium. But in corrosion medium the occurrence of secondary cracks was more pronounced. The degradation mechanism in the presence of corrosion medium and cyclic stresses is discussed. It is shown that superposition of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen absorption and formation of secondary cracks plays an important role in the fatigue behaviour of Al 6013T6 in corrosive medium.     

ATIGUE CRACK GROWTH FEATURE OF Fe-Cr-Ni MATRIX COMPOSITE REINFORCED BY TITANIUM CARBIDE PARTICULATE AT 1023K

1.IntroductionRecently,thefabricati0nofcastFe-26Cr-14Nimatrixcomp0sitesreinf0rcedbytitaniumcarbideparticulatesynthesizedwithTi Cpowdersinhightemperaturemelthasbeenin-vestigatedbythepresentauth0rs[1-3].ThemicrostructureiscomposedofausteniteanduniformlydispersedtitaniumcarbidewithasizeofO.5-5pm-Fineinterfacialstructureisobtainedduetotheadvantageofinsitusynthesisoftitaniumcarbideinhightemperaturemelt.Theexperimentalresultsofthemechanicalpropertieshaveshownthatthecom-positewith10vol.%titaniumca…     

Ti／Al2O3梯度功能材料热疲劳裂纹扩展机理

对Ti／Al2O3梯度功能材料进行了物相分析，研究了在热应力作用下的热疲劳裂纹产生的根源及其扩展方式和形态。结果表明：该体系主要有Ti，Al2O3，还有少量的TiAl，Ti3Al，AlNb2组成。Ti/Al2O3界面处生成的Ti3Al相以及Ti3Al周围的气孔是热疲劳裂纹的主要萌生和扩展地；随着成分的变化，裂纹的扩展由沿晶开裂转变为穿晶断裂，裂纹扩展的路线并不是直线，在各梯度层间发生了裂纹的偏转。     

EFFECT OF CRACK CLOSURE ON SLOW PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEEL

The effect of ferrite content in ferrite-martensite dual-phase steel on the initiation and prop-agation of fatigue crack and the plastic deformation at crack tip has been studied.In the rangeof ferrite content from 24.2 to 41.5％,the optimum seems to be 33.8％,of which the crack ini-tiation will be prolonged,the threshold value increased,the propagation rate decreased and theclosure stress intensity factor increased.As the propagation force is described by effectivestress intensity factor,three steels with various ferrite contents will show the same propagationbehaviour on da/dN vs △ K_(eff)curve.It is shown that the closure effect increases with thedecrease in △K at the fatigue crack tip.When △K equals to △K_(th),the closure effect reachesa maximum value of0.7 in a dual-phase steel with 33.8％ferrite.     

阳极电位下小幅载荷在腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展中的作用

研究了A537钢在3.5%NaCl水溶液中,阳极溶解条件下以不同方式叠加在主载荷ΔP上的小幅载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展da/dN～ΔK曲线的影响,并与空气中的结果进行比较,讨论了阳极溶解影响小幅载荷行为的机理.结果表明:空气中幅度小于30%ΔP的小载荷叠加在主载荷底部时对裂纹扩展没有影响,而阳极溶解能使这些主载荷底部的小幅载荷对裂纹扩展过程产生重要作用,在阳极溶解条件下,即使是幅度为零的保持载荷(B0)对裂纹扩展也具有明显的加速作用;虽然阳极溶解对主载荷顶部的幅度为30%ΔP(T30)和70%ΔP(T70)的小载     

应力比和频率对GC-4钢CF裂纹扩展特性的影响

研究了五种应力比和四种频率对ＧＣ－４（４０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＭｏＶＡ）钢在３５％ＮａＣｌ中性溶溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展（ＣＦＣＧ）特性的影响．结果表明,在高应力比时,ＣＦＣＧ的ｄα／ｄｔ－Ｋｍａｘ曲线存在两个平台区ＰⅠ和ＰⅡ,且（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅡ＜（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅠ．ＣＦＣＧ的ｄａ／ｄＮ－△Ｋ曲线的平台区起始值面△Ｋｐ随频率升高呈幂函数关系而降低．从表面电化学反应动力学、裂尖表面形变动力学以及裂尖材料内部氢的扩散动力学三个方面综合考虑,导出了△ＫＰ－ｆ的理论函数关系．该函数关系与ＣＦＣＧ试验数据所显示的函数关系十分一致．     

钛/铝/镁爆炸焊复合板波形界面及力学性能

文中提出以薄的铝合金板作为过渡层,采用爆炸焊接技术成功制备钛/铝/镁层状复合材料. 对钛/铝接合界面、铝/镁接合界面及钛/铝/镁爆炸复合板的整体力学性能进行了分析研究. OM和SEM试验结果表明,钛/铝接合界面和铝/镁接合界面均为波状接合界面,在铝/镁界面出现了局部熔化区;钛/铝接合界面为小尺寸波(λ=160 μm,h=26 μm),铝/镁接合界面为大尺寸波(λ=1 740 μm,h=406 μm);拉-剪试验表明,复合板沿着铝/镁接合界面断裂;弯曲性能测试表明,钛板一侧受拉时复合板弯曲强度和塑性均优于镁合金板一侧受拉,断裂始于铝/镁接合界面,最终从镁合金板一侧剪切断裂失效.     

The effects of gas nitriding on fatigue behavior in titanium and titanium alloys

Fatigue behavior has been studied on gas-nitrided smooth specimens of commercial pure titanium, an alpha/beta Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and a beta Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy under rotating bending, and the obtained results were compared with the fatigue behavior of annealed or untreated specimens. It was found that the role of the nitrided layer on fatigue behavior depended on the strength of the materials. Fatigue strength was increased by nitriding in pure titanium, while it was decreased in the Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloys. Based on detailed observations of fatigue crack initiation, growth, and fracture surfaces, the improvement and the reduction in fatigue strength by nitriding in pure titanium and both alloys were primarily attributed to enhanced crack initiation resistance and to premature crack initiation of the nitrided layer, respectively.     

Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料的组织与性能研究

利用箔-纤维-箔（FFF）法结合真空热压（VHP）技术制备新型的Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料。借助扫描电镜（SEM）,能谱分析（EDS）,X射线物衍射物相分析测试（XRD）,弯曲实验,压缩实验等对不同热压工艺参数下材料的组织及性能进行研究。结果表明,最佳热压工艺为700℃-30MPa-1h,材料弯曲强度可达469MPa,抗压强度可达324MPa。新型Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料结构为韧-脆相交替的叠层,该结构可有效阻碍裂纹扩展并延长其扩展路径,吸收大量的断裂能,以此提高材料的性能。在Ti/Al界面处生成Al3Ti和Ti5Si3强化相;在Al/Cf界面处形成了Al4C3和SiC相。Si元素促进Ti、Al结合及强化相Ti5Si3的析出,并提高Al、C润湿性。     

基于全场法的航空Ti-2Al-1.5Mn钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展各向异性研究

准确定量表征航空重要承载结构材料抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力是实施结构件服役寿命评估的基础。本文针对航空用Ti-2Al-1.5Mn钛合金,沿着板材不同取向制备CT试样开展疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,分别基于全场法及传统方法定量表征了裂纹扩展各阶段应力强度因子幅DK。结果表明：疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN-DK关系及裂纹扩展路径显著受到材料取向的影响。相比较于传统表征应力强度因子幅方法,基于全场法一方面能够直接考虑裂尖塑性变形引起裂纹闭合的影响,另一方面能够有效避免因裂纹扩展路径偏折带来的有效裂纹长度测量偏差,从而不能准确获取有效应力强度因子幅的问题,其具有显著优势。基于全场法的疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子幅表征具有广泛应用全景。     

焊接残余应力对7N01铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展影响

焊接残余应力作为平均应力影响裂纹扩展. 将残余应力与外载平均应力分离,通过构建典型焊接残余应力场,借助扩展有限元计算焊接残余应力场的应力强度因子. 开展了紧凑拉伸（CT）试样的疲劳扩展试验,基于Walker公式将裂纹尖端平均应力强度因子K_m（静态量）和应力强度因子幅值ΔK（动态量）分离,获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与K_m及ΔK的非线性关系. 结果表明,不同外载荷下,应力比与裂纹长度为非线性关系;残余应力对裂纹扩展存在尺度效应:CT试样裂纹长度小于2 mm时,残余应力场明显影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率;当裂纹长度大于2 mm,外载荷为主导因素.