橡木桶微氧陈酿技术对葡萄酒品质的影响

采用橡木桶微氧陈酿技术对葡萄酒进行快速陈酿,比较其与传统橡木桶陈酿对葡萄酒高级醇含量、总酚含量及电化学参数的影响。结果显示,橡木桶微氧陈酿与传统橡木桶陈酿相比,能显著降低葡萄酒中高级醇含量。同时,橡木桶微氧陈酿葡萄酒中总酚含量下降明显,且色度值、氧化还原电势和电导率显著增加,色调值小幅增加。表明微氧陈酿能有效加速葡萄酒中的熟化反应,促进酚类物质的氧化聚合反应。橡木桶微氧陈酿技术在快速熟化葡萄酒的应用前景非常广阔。     

橡木桶陈酿对干红葡萄酒花色苷和颜色的影响

本文以河北昌黎2010年赤霞珠陈酿干红葡萄酒为试材,置于3种纹理、两种烘烤度法国橡木桶及不锈钢罐中陈酿12个月,利用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术,对陈酿过程中葡萄酒花色苷进行检测分析,同时通过CIELAB法测定红葡萄酒的颜色。试验结果表明:陈酿前样品中检测到4种非酰化花色苷、8种酰化花色苷、6种聚合花色苷;花色苷总含量、非酰化花色苷含量、酰化花色苷含量随着陈酿过程逐渐降低,橡木桶陈酿葡萄酒花色苷下降速率大于不锈钢罐,聚合花色苷中4-乙烯基苯酚二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量增加。与轻度烘烤橡木桶相比,中度烘烤橡木桶陈酿葡萄酒颜色深,红色调高,黄色调低。粗纹理橡木桶样品颜色深,同时黄色调高。     

延庆产区“美乐”干红葡萄酒在不同橡木桶陈酿过程中的香气变化

为了分析不同类型橡木桶陈酿对“美乐”干红葡萄酒香气构成的影响,该研究以2013年产自延庆（北京）的“美乐”干红葡萄酒在不同种、产地、烘烤度的6种橡木桶中分别陈酿不同时间（0、3、9、12个月）,采用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）和液液萃取（LLE）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术,对其香气物质进行分析。结果表明：橡木板材品种和产地主要影响酚醛类物质和愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、紫丁香酚、4-甲基紫丁香酚等挥发性酚类物质浓度。橡木板材烘烤度主要影响呋喃类和大部分挥发性酚类物质。与轻度烘烤的板材相比,陈酿结束后酚醛类物质的总浓度在中度烘烤的板材中可提高9 520 μg/L以上。不同橡木桶陈酿处理的样品中,来源于葡萄果实和发酵过程中产生的香气物质成分相似,而与橡木桶陈酿有关的部分香气物质则能用于辨别不同橡木桶的类型。香气值（OAV）分析发现,花香、焦糖、化学、烘烤和烟熏等香气主要受橡木桶烘烤度影响,而用于区别不同橡木种和产地的香气则为橡木、烟熏和皮革等。本研究可为干红葡萄酒陈酿过程中橡木桶的选择和使用提供一定理论依据。     

橡木桶陈酿对葡萄酒质量的影响

橡木桶对葡萄酒的香气、色泽和稳定性有重要的影响,同时,橡木桶也使葡萄酒经历一个自然的澄清过程.陈酿型的葡萄酒质量受诸多因素的影响,主要是橡木桶的成分、葡萄酒成分及陈酿时间.总结了橡木桶贮藏对葡萄酒质量的影响因素;提出橡木桶贮藏过程中对葡萄酒造成不愉快味道的主要成分是乙烯基苯酚类物质;提出橡木桶和酵母酒泥对葡萄酒香味成分吸附作用及葡萄酒陈酿的一些新技术.     

新旧橡木桶陈酿对干红葡萄酒花色苷和颜色的影响

本研究利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC—MS）技术及CIELab法,比较了新橡木桶及使用过一年的旧橡木桶陈酿对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒花色苷含量及颜色变化的影响。结果显示：新橡木桶陈酿的红葡萄酒中单体花色苷、酰化花色苷及总花色苷的含量均低于旧橡木桶,其颜色比旧橡木桶深,红色色调较高,而黄色色调较低,但新旧橡木桶陈酿对葡萄酒花色苷及颜色的影响没有统计学上的显著性差异。研究结果为葡萄酒生产中橡木桶的合理应用提供了参考。     

陈酿过程对猕猴桃酒多酚及其抗氧化活性的影响

为探究陈酿期间猕猴桃酒中酚类物质与体外抗氧化活性之间的相关性,分析了猕猴桃酒酚类物质种类及其含量、总酚含量以及体外抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明:猕猴桃酒中共检测出11种单体酚,其中儿茶素与表儿茶素的含量较高。随着陈酿时间的延长,猕猴桃酒的抗氧化能力及酚类物质含量均有所降低。原儿茶酸、根皮苷与ABTS+·清除力之间呈显著正相关(P0.01),原儿茶酸、鞣花酸、根皮苷与还原能力之间呈显著正相关(P0.01),阿魏酸与羟基自由基清除能力显著相关(P0.01),而没食子酸、原儿茶酸与DPPH·清除力之间的相关性较低。酚类物质与体外抗氧化活性之间的相关性表明酚类物质对猕猴桃酒体外抗氧化能力起主导作用。     

气质联用法测定分析不同地域橡木屑的香气成分

橡木桶是贮存和陈酿葡萄酒的常用容器,经橡木桶贮存后,葡萄酒的颜色、香气都会发生一系列变化。本研究采用pH3.5、酒精含量12%的模拟酒对中国和法国产的橡木屑进行浸提,用无水乙醚提取橡木中香气成分,GC/MS分离鉴定其化学组成,以面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果表明,法国橡木中检测到28种香气成分,中国长白山橡木中检测到23种香气成分,两者的共同特点是酚类物质的含量高。     

橡木桶会增加红酒的抗癌能力

红葡萄酒是公认的健康食品,主要是因为其中的具有抗氧化能力的多酚。现在那些喜爱具有橡木香味的葡萄酒的人们可以确信,橡木桶陈酿不仅给葡萄酒带来了更好的风味还赋予了它很多其它的东西。最近,法国一科学研究小组研究发现,没有橡木红酒就不会拥有一种可以有效抗肿瘤的多酚物质——acutissiminA。这种名为acutissiminA的多酚物质是最近在红葡萄酒酒中发现的。在葡萄酒酿造过程中,当葡萄汁与橡木接触后就会生成该物质。位于法国的欧洲化学和生物研究院的St巔haneQuideau及其研究小组称,要产生这种物质,就需要来自橡木中一种名为栎木鞣花素…     

数学模型分析电场对白兰地陈酿中非酚类香气物质的影响

本文研究了电场作用于5 L和2 L法国中度烘烤的橡木桶强化白兰地陈酿中非酚类香气物质的变化规律,并建立了相应的数学模型。结果显示,所建数学模型中电场E的系数均要大于橡木桶容积V的系数,说明对于每种香气物质,电场的促进作用要大于橡木桶容积的作用,由于所有物质的模型中电场E的系数均为正值,说明电场作用对橡木桶陈酿白兰地中香气物质的含量变化有正面的促进作用。通过计算发现,电场作用可提供白兰地中氧化还原反应、酯化反应和缩合等化学反应所需能量。研究表明,电场作用有利于白兰地中化学反应的发生,可促进白兰地的陈酿。     

橡木桶陈酿处理对沙田柚蒸馏酒挥发性风味成分的影响

采用主成分分析方法对沙田柚蒸馏酒在橡木桶陈酿期间的挥发性风味成分进行了系统的分析。结果表明,陈酿期间柚子果酒色度、总酸和总酚含量显著增加(p0.05)。沙田柚蒸馏酒在橡木桶陈酿过程中共分析检测到75个挥发性风味成分,其中酯类是沙田柚蒸馏酒最主要的挥发性风味成分,其次是醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、萜烯类、酚类。沙田柚蒸馏酒在橡木桶陈酿期间,也产生了新的风味物质:乙酸、异丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、2-糠酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯、茴香酸乙酯、5-甲基呋喃醛、邻异丙基甲苯、(E)-壬烯醛、trans-香芹醇、癸酸、佛术烯、新异长叶烯,赋予了沙田柚蒸馏酒新的口感与风格。     

微型DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法动态监测从红酒中分离得到的不同种类多酚化合物的抗氧化活性

本文确定了微型1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力测定法(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2-联氮基双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐总抗氧化能力测定法(2,20-Azino-bis(3-ethylben zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS)和铁离子还原/抗氧化力测定法(ferric reduction ability plasma assay,FRAP)测定从红酒中分离得到的不同种类多酚化合物抗氧化活性的最佳反应时间以及抗氧化活性的大小。以抗氧化剂Trolox和Vc为对照,动态监测红酒中不同种类多酚化合物在三种体系中的反应过程,计算不同浓度下红酒多酚类化合物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,三种反应体系的最佳反应时间分别是100 min、240 min和370 min。不同种类的红酒多酚类化合物与抗氧化剂一样,其样品浓度与抗氧化活性呈明显的量效关系。从相关性分析得出,表儿茶素、多聚体、低聚体、花色苷是影响葡萄酒抗氧化活性的主要成分,可以将其确定为葡萄酒质量控制的指标。本文建立的微型DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法操作简单,重复性好,样品消耗少。     

Astringency,bitterness and color changes in dry red wines before and during oak barrel aging: An updated phenolic perspective review

To understand effects of using oak barrels on the astringency, bitterness and color of dry red wines, phenolic reactions in wines before and after barrel aging are reviewed in this paper, which has been divided into three sections. The first section includes an introduction to chemical reactivities of grape-derived phenolic compounds, a summary of the phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines before barrel aging, and a discussion of the effects of these reactions on wine astringency, bitterness and color. The second section introduces barrel types that determine the oak barrel constituents in wines (primarily oak aldehydes and ellagitannins) and presents reactions between the oak constituents and grape-derived phenolic compounds that may modulate wine astringency, bitterness and color. The final section illustrates the chemical differences between basic oxidation and over-oxidation in wines, discusses oxygen consumption kinetics in wines during barrel aging by comparing different oxygen consumption kinetics observed previously by others, and speculates on the possible preliminary phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines during oak barrel aging that soften tannins and stabilize pigments via basic oxidation. Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) addition during barrel aging and suitability of adopting oak barrels for aging wines are briefly discussed.     

橡木桶在高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒生产中的优化应用

橡木桶陈酿过程是酿造高品质葡萄酒最基本、最重要的环节。在生产高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒过程中,结合原料、发酵状况及陈酿过程中的酒体变化,分析研究陈酿过程中橡木桶的选择与陈酿管理等实际问题。由此制定出椽木桶优化应用方案,开发高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒系列产品。     

枳椇山楂果酒酿酒工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

以山楂和枳椇为原料,根据果酒酿造工艺酿造枳椇果酒,通过单因素试验及正交优化试验,确定枳椇山楂果酒的最佳发酵工艺,同时测定其DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力,以此评价复合果酒的抗氧化活性。结果表明,最佳酿造工艺为山楂果汁与枳椇果汁体积比为60∶100、初始糖度21.0%、接种量2.0%、发酵温度25 ℃、发酵时间9 d。在此条件下得到的果酒酒体金黄,酒香浓郁,口感糖酸比协调,酒精度为11.34%vol、总酸含量为14.69 g/L、总酚含量为280.59 mg/100 mL。抗氧化能力测定结果表明,DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力均随样品体积的增加而增大,DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力最大分别可达96.3%、96.5%,且山楂枳椇复合果酒抗氧化能力优于枳椇发酵果酒。     

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Primitivo Wine: Comparison among Winemaking Technologies

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching‐down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic‐skin‐seed tannins, heating of must‐wine, cryo‐maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, β‐carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1‐y‐aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to β‐carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and β‐carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their shelf life.     

葡萄酒陈酿新技术研究进展

葡萄酒作为全世界最受欢迎的饮品之一,其感官特性（如气味、口感和颜色）在很大程度上取决于所使用的陈酿技术。橡木桶是陈酿红葡萄酒常用的容器,但是用橡木桶陈酿周期较长,人力、物力消耗大,且产量也有限,所以亟待寻求替代橡木桶的陈酿方法。作者探究了橡木桶陈酿葡萄酒的原理,并比较了不同葡萄酒陈酿新方法的原理、优劣及可行性,同时,结合我国国情对未来寻求新材料替代橡木桶的可行性进行了展望,为新兴技术与葡萄酒行业的结合提供理论支持。     

Comparison of the total antioxidant status of Bohemian wines during the wine-making process

The total antioxidant status (TAS) of two white and two blue wine varieties from the ?ernoseky wine region (North Bohemia, Czech Republic) during the wine-making process was assessed by measurement with different radical scavenging assays: ABTS, DPPH and DMPD. Significant differences in the antioxidant activity between white and red wines were confirmed and changes of TAS during the wine production process were demonstrated. Moreover, differences were ascertained between individual varieties of red wine. No statistically significant relationship between the results provided by the ABTS and DPPH assays was found, obviously due to the fact that each phenolic substance in wine gives a different response to each specific radical used in the assay. The results obtained supported the assumption that variety plays a considerable role in TAS; the blue wine varieties showed a much higher TAS than did the white wines. The ABTS assay showed higher EQA (equivalents of ascorbic acid, mg/ml) values than the DPPH assay.     

Phenolic compounds in a Spanish red wine aged in barrels made of Spanish,French and American oak wood

A red Rioja wine was aged in barrels made of Spanish oak wood for 21 months. The evolutions of colour percentage intensity, families of phenolic compounds and low molecular weight phenolic compounds were studied in these wines and compared with those of the same wine aged in barrels made of French and American oak. The analysis of chromatic parameters and total anthocyanins indicates that the wines aged in Spanish and French oak wood barrels have similar chromatic characteristics, but are significantly different to those of wines aged in barrels made of American oak wood, indicating a different degree of modification of the colour. The ageing process also had an important influence on the low molecular weight polyphenols composition of wine. The evolution of these components allowed the production of wines with different characteristics, in relation to the type of wood used in barrel making process. On the other hand, Spanish oak wood can be considered suitable for barrel production for quality wines, since a wine aged in barrels made of Spanish oak wood showed similar and intermediate characteristics to those of the same wine aged in French and American oak woods.     

双酶法提取赤霞珠酿酒葡萄皮渣白藜芦醇工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

以赤霞珠酿酒葡萄皮渣为原料,研究双酶法（纤维素酶和果胶酶）辅助浸提白藜芦醇工艺的最佳条件及其体外抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验及正交试验考察纤维素酶添加量、果胶酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间、液固比对白藜芦醇浸提工艺的影响。结果表明,最佳白藜芦醇浸提工艺为纤维素酶和果胶酶添加量分别为2.5%和1.2%,酶解温度为45 ℃,酶解时间为100 min,液固比为30∶1（mL∶g）。在此优化条件下,白藜芦醇得率为927 μg/g干质量。体外抗氧化试验结果可知,在质量浓度0.1～0.5 mg/mL的范围内,白藜芦醇对DPPH·和·OH的清除作用较好,最大清除率分别达到83.1%和74.0%。     

山茱萸果酒澄清工艺的优化及其抗氧化活性

采用果胶酶对山茱萸果酒进行澄清处理,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了果胶酶的最佳澄清工艺参数;并利用DPPH自由基（DPPH·）、ABTS自由基（ABTS+·）及羟基自由基（OH·）清除能力测定了山茱萸果酒的抗氧化活性。结果表明,对山茱萸果酒澄清度影响的次序为酶解温度＞酶解时间＞酶添加量;果胶酶用量0.04%、酶解温度40 ℃、酶解时间120 min为最佳澄清工艺条件,在该优化条件下,果酒的澄清度为92.3%,澄清效果较好,果酒感官评分为96分。山茱萸果酒对DPPH·、ABTS+·及OH·的清除率分别为80.62%、82.22%和85.07%,表明其具有一定的抗氧化活性。