微氧化气氛下二氧化铀芯块低温烧结

试验研究了微氧化气氛下二氧化铀芯块的低温烧结.试验结果表明当烧结温度固定时,烧结块的密度随烧结时间的延长而升高;在相同的烧结时间内,提高烧结温度,烧结块的密度随之提高,且提高程度比延长烧结时间提高的程度更为显著.     

ADU型UO2芯块低温烧结研究

UO2燃料芯块通常可以由高温国和低温烧结工艺来制备。在这些烧结工艺中其原料是采用AUC型UO2粉末和ADU型UO2粉末。本项研究工作的目的是探索在氧化气氛低温烧结所制备的ADU型UO2芯块的理论密度（TD）和晶粒大小。在1150℃烧结，其理论密度可达95％。在氧化气氛烧结所获得的ADU型UO2芯块，其晶粒结构是单峰分布的，而不像AUC型UO2芯块的晶粒结构是双峰分布的，但是与铀酸铵（AU型）UO2芯块一致。对AUC荆UO2芯块和AU型UO2芯块比较了其晶粒结构、分布和大小。研究证明晶粒结构取决于粉末性能和烧结气氛。     

二氧化铀芯块的低温烧结工艺与高温蠕变研究

介绍二氧化铀芯块的低温烧结技术,研究使用低温烧结技术所制备芯块的高温蠕变性能。试验中芯块的烧结温度分为1073、1273、1473、1673 K,烧结时间为1、2、3 h。烧结温度为1673 K,烧结时间为3h时,获得的的芯块烧结密度最大,密度为10.41g/cm3。由低温烧结工艺获得的芯块晶粒尺寸为9.0μm,而采用传统工艺制得的芯块晶粒尺寸达到23.8μm。。在应力20~50 MPa,温度1673 K和1773 K,氮气氛保护的条件下进行蠕变试验,研究这2种芯块的高温蠕变性能。由试验结果可知,在堆芯环境下(10 MPa应力)2种晶粒尺寸的芯块蠕变速率有一定差异,比值约为3。晶粒尺寸9.0μm的芯块其蠕变速率可以由Nabarro-Herring和Hamper-Dorn模型计算,而晶粒尺寸23.8μm的芯块其蠕变速率可以由Hamper-Dorn模型计算。     

二氧化铀芯块的低温烧结工艺与高温蠕变研究

介绍二氧化铀芯块的低温烧结技术,研究使用低温烧结技术所制备芯块的高温蠕变性能。试验中芯块的烧结温度分为1073、1273、1473、1673 K,烧结时间为1、2、3 h。烧结温度为1673 K,烧结时间为3h时,获得的的芯块烧结密度最大,密度为10.41g/cm3。由低温烧结工艺获得的芯块晶粒尺寸为9.0μm,而采用传统工艺制得的芯块晶粒尺寸达到23.8μm。。在应力20~50 MPa,温度1673 K和1773 K,氮气氛保护的条件下进行蠕变试验,研究这2种芯块的高温蠕变性能。由试验结果可知,在堆芯环境下(10 MPa应力)2种晶粒尺寸的芯块蠕变速率有一定差异,比值约为3。晶粒尺寸9.0μm的芯块其蠕变速率可以由Nabarro-Herring和Hamper-Dorn模型计算,而晶粒尺寸23.8μm的芯块其蠕变速率可以由Hamper-Dorn模型计算。     

UO_2-多壁碳纳米管复合燃料芯块的制备工艺

分别采用热压烧结与无压烧结工艺制备了掺杂5%~20%多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)的UO2复合燃料芯块,分析了芯块的性能。结果表明:乙醇湿法球磨可将MWNTs均匀分散到UO2基体中;热压烧结芯块随MWNTs含量的增加,芯块密度逐渐下降,MWNTs含量为5%的芯块密度为96.7%TD;无压烧结芯块随MWNTs含量的增加,芯块密度先升高后降低,MWNTs含量为12.5%的芯块密度最高,为97.2%TD;1 400℃、50 MPa热压烧结工艺,MWNTs与UO2基体未发生反应;1 750℃无压烧结工艺,MWNTs与UO2基体产生微弱反应生成少量UC相;SEM显示,MWNTs在UO2基体以沿晶和穿晶状态分布;在250℃,热压烧结UO2-10%MWNTs芯块热导率为6.76 W/(m·K),提高了20.28%;无压烧结UO2-12.5%MWNTs芯块热导率为6.65 W/(m·K),提高了18.33%。     

大晶粒UO2-SiC燃料芯块制备及高温氧化性能研究

通过在UO2基体中添加第二相来提高燃料热导率是耐事故燃料的一个重要研究方向.该研究以大晶粒UO2颗粒为原料,采用放电等离子烧结(Spark Plasma Sintering,SPS)工艺在较低烧结温度下获得高密度的大晶粒UO2-SiC复合燃料芯块,对复合燃料芯块的性能进行了表征,并研究了其在空气环境中的抗高温氧化性能....     

UO_(2+x)芯块预氧化工艺以及低温烧结致密化机理研究

为实现二氧化铀(UO2)粉末的低温活化烧结,使用综合热分析仪对UO2粉末表面进行预氧化处理,之后结合比表面积仪、X射线衍射仪以及扫描电镜分析粉末的相变点、比表面积、物相成分以及粉末微观形貌。通过以上试验得到:空气中224.6℃加热8 h后,在UO2粉末中出现了少量U3O7,而367.0℃加热8h后,UO2粉末将转变为U3O8。使用热膨胀仪对表面预氧化粉末制备的芯块进行模拟烧结试验发现:经过预氧化处理后,UO2芯块的烧结收缩温度从1200℃降低至580℃,致密速率(ΔL/L)从1.52×10-4 K-1增加到3.08×10-4K-1。基于简化点缺陷模型以及致密化方程,阐述了预氧化处理UO2+x芯块低温烧结的机理,即:UO2+x的扩散系数由于过量氧的存在,与UO2相比呈指数级别增加,该值远大于UO2的扩散系数;而芯块致密化方程中,烧结参数A与UO2+x的扩散系数正相关,其值可表示为温度T的二次多项式的指数形式;多项式参数为:a=16.23658,b=0.04247,c=-2.18802×10-5。     

烧结温度对B4C-AISi共晶合金显微组织结构与抗压强度的影响

用粉末冶金法制备了基于Al-Si共晶合金的B4C中子吸收材料芯块,研究了烧结温度对烧结坯的显微组织结构、抗压强度和塑性的影响规律及机理。结果表明,烧结温度显著影响烧结坯的性能,以550、555、560℃和565℃烧结,烧结坯分别呈现出欠烧结、最佳烧结、过烧结及熔融等不同状态。550℃烧结时,颗粒之间未发生明显的冶金结合;高于560℃烧结,芯块材料发生过烧结或熔融;555℃为最佳烧结温度,在此温度下,芯块材料发生局部熔化,颗粒彼此结合,成为较为致密的连续体,烧结坯具有良好的塑性。     

发泡聚苯乙烯测氡新方法

利用易溶解于液体闪烁体中的高分子材料作为吸附放射性核素的吸附剂,研制成功了吸附型高分子溶解液体的闪烁测量方法。对吸附氛的适宜时间和发泡聚乙烯材料大小,以及测氛定量等关键技术进行了研究。其结果表明,截面积为10 mmxlomm的棱柱形发泡聚苯乙烯吸附氛的平衡时间是24h,发泡聚苯乙烯的平衡氛吸附量与其质量和氛分压成正比,发泡聚苯乙烯的氛分配系数约为130,该方法的优点是测量过程简单,能控制有害物质的产生,并对水样无污染。发泡聚苯乙烯测氡新方法@张淼     

掺钛UO2微球烧结行为研究

采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备掺钛UO2微球,并通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)等观察掺钛微球的微观组织、气孔分布、晶粒大小、钛元素分布以及用水浸渍法测量其密度.实验结果表明:在一定烧结温度下,掺入少量钛可明显提高烧结性能.在实验条件下,最佳掺钛量为0.3％(质量分数)以内、烧结温度为1250-1350...     

亚化学计量UO2-x燃料芯块的制备机理

亚化学计量UO_2-x芯块是一种设计新颖的特殊核反应堆用核燃料,很难采用传统压水堆超化学计量UO_2+x+U芯块工艺进行制造。本工作采用UO_2+x+U混合粉末为原料制备了UO_2-x芯块,研究了铀粉表面包覆处理方法、铀粉含量、成型压力、烧结气氛等工艺参数对芯块O/U比、烧结密度和微观结构的影响,探讨了UO_2-x环形芯块的亚化学计量形成机理。研究表明,当铀粉加入量（质量分数）分别为0、3%、6%时,芯块O/U比分别为2.010、1.991、1.982,平均晶粒尺寸分别为10、15、20μm;当铀粉加入量为50%时,O/U比为1.943,样品发生熔化。亚化学计量UO_2-x芯块必须在干燥惰性气氛中密封保存。     

环形薄壁Al-UO2弥散芯块的制备工艺

本文研究了环形薄壁Al-20%UO₂弥散芯块的热压烧结和无压烧结工艺,分析了芯块的性能。研究发现：真空热压烧结弥散芯块的密度较低,且易出现开裂问题;真空无压烧结能制备合格的Al-20%UO₂弥散芯块。对Al粉进行PVA湿法造粒,再与UO₂粉末进行两步均匀混合,在550 MPa成型,Al-20%UO₂压块的成型相对密度达93.45%,外径和内径的弹性后效分别为0.455%和0.194%。在490 ℃、4×10^-2Pa真空无压烧结1 h,Al-20%UO₂弥散芯块的烧结相对密度达94.54%;外径为（53.230±0.006） mm,膨胀率为0.415%;内径为（45.506±0.017） mm,膨胀率为0.278%。芯块不经研磨加工,可直接装管密封制成靶件。     

掺杂Cr2O3对UO2芯块烧结行为的影响

提高燃料燃耗的一个有效手段是通过增大UO₂晶粒尺寸来减少元件内部气体压力，在大晶粒UO₂芯块中，裂变气体到达晶界表面的距离增加，因而裂变气体的释放速率降低，元件内部气体压力的增高缓慢。本文研究了添加Cr₂O₃对UO₂晶粒尺寸的影响。对纯UO₂、添加0.5% Cr₂O₃及5% Cr₂O₃ 3种配方的芯块进行了试验，在5%H₂Ar保护下，以10 ℃/min和5 ℃/min的升温速率升温至1 700 ℃，然后烧结2 h或4 h，对比纯UO₂芯块与添加Cr₂O₃的芯块发现，添加Cr₂O₃可有效增大晶粒尺寸；较长的烧结时间可促进晶粒长大；较低的升温速率也使晶粒长大。烧结过程产生液相烧结，液相浸润晶粒边界，促进晶粒长大。     

Fabrication of Sintered Annular Fuel Pellet for HANARO Irradiation Test

The fabrication method of an annular pellet with highly precise diametric tolerances, same dimensions, and various sintered densities has been investigated. To examine the in-pile densification and swelling of the annular pellet, 5 different types of annular pellet were prepared for a HANARO irradiation test. In order to obtain annular fuel pellets with the same dimensions and various sintered densities, we control the green density of an annular compact, the sintering temperatures, and the sintering time. For a diametric tolerance control, we have introduced a new compaction process that combines the usual double-acting pressing and cold isostatic pressing. Annular fuel pellets with the same dimensions and various sintered densities were fabricated successfully, and all the pellets satisfied the pellet specification of the HANARO irradiation test. Sintered annular pellets show an excellent inner diametric tolerance of less than ±12 μm without an inner surface grinding.     

A mechanism for the sintered density decrease of UO2–Gd2O3 pellets under an oxidizing atmosphere

A mixture of UO₂ and Gd₂O₃ powders was pressed into compacts and sintered under various atmospheres ranging from reducing to oxidizing gases. The sintered density of UO₂–10 wt% Gd₂O₃ pellets decreases with increasing oxygen potential of the sintering atmosphere. Dilatometry and X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the delay of densification takes place between 1300°C and 1500°C, along with the formation of (U,Gd) O₂. A very large solubility of Gd₂O₃ in UO₂ relative to the reverse solubility might cause Gd ions to diffuse into UO₂ so directionally that new pores are produced at the places of Gd₂O₃ particles. The new pores may be difficult to shrink and thus lead to the density decrease under an oxidizing atmosphere but not under a reducing atmosphere, because a driving force for the shrinkage of new pores may be smaller under an oxidizing atmosphere than under a reducing atmosphere.     

Densification behaviour of UO2–50%PuO2 pellets by dilatometry

The sintering behaviour of UO₂–50%PuO₂ pellets has been studied using a dilatometer in inert, reducing and oxidising atmospheres. The shrinkage begins at a much lower temperature in oxidising atmosphere such as CO₂ and commercial N₂. The shrinkage rate was found to be maximum for pellets sintered in N₂ atmosphere. The mechanism for the initial stage of sintering was found to be volume diffusion for both oxidising and reducing atmospheres. The activation energy for the initial stages of sintering was found to be 365 and 133 kJ/mol for Ar–8%H₂ and CO₂ atmospheres, respectively. The activation energy obtained using the Dorn method matches well with that obtained using the rate controlled sintering process. The lower activation energy obtained in the oxidising atmosphere is explained with the help of models available in the literature.     

Fabrication of DUPIC fuel pellets using high burn-up spent PWR fuel

Technology for the direct usage of a spent PWR fuel in CANDU reactors (DUPIC) was developed in KAERI to reduce the amount of spent fuel. DUPIC fuel pellets were fabricated using a dry processing method to re-fabricate CANDU fuel from spent PWR fuel without any intentional separation of fissile materials or fission products. The DUPIC fuel element fabrication process satisfied a quality assurance program in accordance with the Canadian standard. For the DUPIC fuels with various fuel burn-ups between 27,300 and 65,000 MWd/tU, the sintered pellet density decreased with increasing fuel burn-ups. Fission gas releases and powder properties of the spent fuel also influenced the DUPIC fuel characteristics. Measurement of cesium content released from green pellets revealed that their sintered density significantly depended on sintering temperature history. It was useful to establish a DUPIC fuel fabrication technology in which a high-burn-up fuel with 65,000 MWd/tU was treated.     

Gd2O3-UO2芯块晶粒尺寸的影响因素研究

用光学显微镜和图象分析仪研究了影响Gd2O3-UO2芯块晶粒尺寸的因素。对烧结气氛、混料方式、芯块在烧结炉中的位置、以及在UO2芯块中添加U3O8、草酸铵和助烧剂（Al、Ti、V的氧化物）等给Gd2O3-UO2芯块晶粒尺寸带来的影响进行了研究。结果表明,球磨工艺、添加助烧剂和微氧化气氛烧结等都有利于芯块的晶粒生长,晶粒大小分布均匀;添加U3O8和草酸铵对芯块的晶粒生长无明显的影响。     

Fabrication and basic characterization of silicon nitride ceramics as an inert matrix

Silicon nitride ceramics containing cerium as a simulating element of americium were fabricated to clarify proper sintering conditions. Basic properties of sintered specimens were evaluated for utilization to an inert matrix. Commercial powders of silicon nitride and cerium dioxide (16 or 24.6 wt%), and a powder of aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide as a sintering additive (5 wt%) for some specimens were mixed by ball milling in ethanol. Small amounts of stearic acid as a lubricant were also added. The mixed powder was uniaxially pressed into cylindrical pellets. Then, the pellets were embedded in a packing powder composed of 50 wt%-Si₃N₄ and 50 wt%-BN, and sintered at 2023 or 2073 K for 2 h in a 0.1 MPa N₂ atmosphere. Most of the sintered specimens had high densities (>95% TD). Sintered bodies consisted of columnar silicon nitride grains and grain-boundary phase. XRD analysis clarified that the grain-boundary phase contained crystalline compounds of cerium. The thermal conductivities of sintered specimens except for specimens containing aluminum oxide were about 40 W/m K at room temperature.