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1.
L. A. Johnson J. T. Farnsworth N. Z. Sadek N. Chamkasem E. W. Lusas B. L. Reid 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1986,63(5):647-652
The practical feasibility of using methylene chloride to extract oil, aflatoxin and gossypol simultaneously from cottonseed
flakes was demonstrated in a 56-hr experimental run using a pilot-scale, continuous extractor. Nine different trials varying
in extraction time, solvent:flake ratio, flake preparation method and blending with 5% ethanol were evaluated. Residual oil
contents were lower than typically achieved in extraction with hexane. Aflatoxin contents of the meals were reduced by 73–92%
of the level in cottonseed meats, making possible the upgrading of a large portion of cottonseed meal that otherwise would
exceed current action levels. Because gossypol also was extracted, it was possible to produce cottonseed meal that was well
suited for use in poultry feeds, especially when a blend of 5% ethanol in methylene chloride was used. Meal desolventized
easily, and residual levels of methylene chloride were generally less than 12 ppm. The oil was refined and bleached to acceptable
quality standards, and no residual aflatoxin was detected in alkali-refined oil. 相似文献
2.
For several decades, scientists in the field of vegetable oils tried unsuccessfully to detoxify cottonseed by a practical
method. By using 20-30% (by wt) of ethyl alcohol (90% in vol) with commercial hexane as a mixed solvent, we were able to extract
effectively both gossypol and oil from cottonseed prepressed cake or flakes. Free gossypol in meal was reduced to ca. 0.013-0.04%;
total gossypol was reduced to 0.32-0.55%; residual oil was reduced to ca. 0.5% or less. Any aflatoxin present also can be
eliminated by this process. The detoxified cottonseed meal can be used as animal feed. Cottonseed protein can be used to substitute
for soy protein. The extracted oil is of better quality than that obtained by the usual hexane extraction method, and gossypol
is a valuable byproduct. 相似文献
3.
W. H. King Vernon L. Frampton A. M. Altschul 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1957,34(5):247-249
Summary In connection with a study of methods of eliminating traces of “free” gossypol from cottonseed meals a procedure for isolation
of gossypol from the 70% acetone extracts of the meals by transfer to benzene solution has ben developed. A procedure is also
given for quantitative determination of the isolated gossypol. Analysis of four samples of cooked cottonseed meats and meal
by the method showed that in each instance substances other than gossypol are measured by the A.O.C.S. method for “free” gossypol
in meals containing low concentrations of residual “free” gossypol. This procedure promises to provide another analytical
tool for the study of residual material in processed cottonseed meal that causes egg discoloration when fed to laying hens.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
4.
Cottonseed extraction with mixtures of acetone and hexane 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cottonseed flakes were extracted with mixtures of n-hexane and acetone, with the concentration of acetone varying between 10 and 75%. Adding small amounts of acetone (≤25%)
to n-hexane significantly increased the extraction of free and total gossypol from cottonseed flakes. Sensory testing detected
no difference in the odor of cottonseed meals produced either by extraction with 100% n-hexane or by extraction with a 10∶90 (vol/vol) mixture of acetone/hexane. More than 80% of the free gossypol was removed
by the 10∶90 mixture of acetone/hexane, whereas pure n-hexane extracted about 47% of the free gossypol from cottonseed flakes. A solvent mixture containing 25% acetone removed
nearly 90% of the free gossypol that was removable by extraction with pure acetone; the residual meal had only a minimal increase
in odor. In contrast, cottonseed meals produced by extraction with pure acetone had a much higher odor intensity. The composition
of the cottonseed crude oil was insignificantly affected by the acetone concentration of the extraction solvent. The results
indicate that mixtures of acetone and n-hexane can be used as extraction solvents to produce cottonseed crude oil without the concomitant development of odorous
meals. 相似文献
5.
A solvent system, consisting of isohexane and 5 to 25% alcohol, either ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA), was tested
for extracting gossypol and oil from cottonseed. The test results indicate that this new solvent system not only is effective
in removing free and total gossypol but also is as efficient as n-hexane when extracting oil. The amino acid analysis of cottonseed meal, produced by the new solvent system, is similar to
that produced by commercial n-hexane. Present commercial cottonseed extraction and downstream processing of cottonseed oil refining may need little change
to adopt this new solvent system. This new solvent system may lead to a solution to the gossypol problem of cottonseed extraction. 相似文献
6.
Keith J. Smith 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1970,47(11):448-450
It has been recognized that gossypol has a limiting effect on the usage of cottonseed meal in nonruminant rations. Extensive
research supported by practical experience has shown that cottonseed meal may be a major oilseed supplemental protein source
in nonruminant rations when care is taken to accept and adjust for gossypol limitations. Scientifically derived gossypol limitations
will not significantly restrict cottonseed meal usage in practical nonruminant rations.
Presented at the Carl M. Lyman Memorial Symposium on Gossypol, AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970. 相似文献
7.
L. E. Castillon C. M. Hall C. H. Boatner 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1948,25(7):233-236
Summary Cottonseed pigment glands, produced from whole cottonseed meal and defatted cottonseed meal by the gland flotation process,
have been investigated as a raw material for the production of gossypol.
Methods based on the previously reported properties of gossypol and cottonseed pigment glands have been developed for the
relatively rapid isolation of gossypol from pigment glands.
Extraction of gossypol from pigment glands with acetone followed by precipitation of gossypol acetic acid from the extract
was found to be the preferable method for obtaining pure gossypol in good yields.
The precautions which must be applied in order to produce gossypol on a large scale by the acetone-acetic acid method are
discussed together with methods for the purification and preservation of gossypol.
Presented at the Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemsits' Society, October 20–22, 1947.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
8.
Acidic ethanol extraction of cottonseed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. J. Hron Sr. G. Abraham M. S. Kuk G. S. Fisher 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(9):951-952
Ethanol (EtOH) is being evaluated as an alternate solvent to hexane for the extraction of glanded cottonseed. Hot EtOH, needed
for efficient oil and aflatoxin extraction, binds gossypol to protein. However, this binding can be minimized by acidifying
aqueous EtOH with a tribasic acid, such as phosphoric or citric. While this solvent extracts oil and gossypol, it does not
affect EtOH’s ability to extract aflatoxin. The defatted cottonseed meals produced from this process contained 0.03% total
gossypol (which is lower than meal prepared by most other processes) and the aflatoxin content was reduced from 69 to 2.9
ppb. These are preliminary results and additional research is needed to determine commercial feasibility. The removal of essentially
all gossypol from an extracted meal has the potential to expand the use of cottonseed meal as a feed, increasing its value
to both the cotton farmer and the seed processor.
Presented in part at the 40th Oilseed Processing Clinic, March 4, 1991, New Orleans, LA. 相似文献
9.
G. E. Mann F. L. Carter V. L. Frampton A. B. Watts Charles Johnson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(2):86-90
Eleven cottonseed meals have been prepared by batch extractions of a given lot of cottonseed with various acetone-hexane-water
mixtures using several different extraction schedules. These meals, together with eight meals of commercial origin and a commercial
soybean meal, have been subjected to chemical evaluation and assayed for protein quality using the growing chick as a test
animal. In general the acetone-hexane-water meals were superior to the commercial cottonseed meals for promoting the growth
of the chicks and, considering all the meals, a linear correlation was obtained between the logarithm of the weight gains
and the available lysine contents of the meals. The free and total gossypol contents of the cottonseed meals appeared to have
little or no influence on the growth rates.
Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1–3, 1961.
One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
10.
Combined Production of Biodiesel and Nontoxic Cottonseed Meal Using Two‐Step Two‐Phase Solvent Extraction 下载免费PDF全文
The preparation of biodiesel and nontoxic cottonseed meal from cottonseed by two‐step two‐phase solvent extraction (TS‐TSE) combined with the transesterification reaction was investigated. The TS‐TSE process could significantly reduce the biodiesel production costs when compared with the two‐phase solvent extraction (TSE) process due to the reduction in methanol. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of some factors on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield and free gossypol (FG) content. These conditions resulted in a maximum FAME yield and reduced the FG content in the cottonseed meal far below the Food and Drug Administration standard. The nontoxic cottonseed meal could be used as animal feed protein source. 相似文献
11.
Edward Eagle H. F. Blalek D. L. Davies J. W. Bremer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1956,33(1):15-21
Summary 1. Toxicological evaluation of 68 cottonseed meals in rats failed to show a direct correlation between their toxicity and
their free, total or combined gossypol content. The common practice of considering the free gossypol content of cottonseed
meal as a yardstick for its toxicity is questioned.
2. There was poor correlation between biologically evaluated protein quality of cottonseed meals and their nitrogen solubility
in 0.02N sodium hydroxide. Application of this chemical test for indicating the protein quality of cottonseed meals is likewise
questioned on the basis of existing evidence.
Presented at the Conference on Cottonseed Meal Quality as Related to Processing, Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New
Orleans, La., January 24–25, 1955. 相似文献
12.
W. J. Miller 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1955,32(1):29-33
Summary A modification of the Pons and Guthrie method for determining free gossypol in cottonseed materials is presented. The use
of aniline, rather than p-anisidine, as the color-producing reagent is necessary if meals containing dianilinogossypol are
to be analyzed correctly. Increasing the reaction temperature eliminates a serious weakness in the method and results in greater
accuracy. The proposed method is applicable to all types of cottonseed meal now marketed.
A slight modification of the Pons method for total gossypol is also presented. By doubling the strength of the oxalic acid
used to hydrolyze bound gossypol and by using aniline to develop the color, the method is made applicable to chemically treated
meals containing dianilinogossypol.
Presented at 45th annual meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, San Antonio, Tex., Apr. 12–14, 1954. 相似文献
13.
S. P. Clark 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1969,46(12):673-677
Continuous extrusion cooking produces a short time pressure cooking of the material in process. The Wenger extruder-cooker
has been successfully applied by others to soybeans for manufacture of full fat flour. This is a report of an investigation
of the extruder-cooker applied to glanded cottonseed kernels and to partially defatted cottonseed meal. The purpose was production
of cottonseed flour for human food. The principal objective in extruder processing was lowering of free gossypol to 0.12%
of protein. On full fat kernels the extruder system was effective in lowering free gossypol. Most of the binding occurred
in the preconditioner, and the extruder itself was relatively ineffective in binding gossypol. However the contribution of
the extruder was necessary to allow free gossypol levels of 0.12% of protein to be reached. Flaked kernels cooked in this
manner and then dried were successfully screwpressed. The extruder system was effective also in binding gossypol in ground,
screened (through 30 mesh) meal but not in ground, unscreened meal.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969. 相似文献
14.
Summary Twenty-four cottonseed meals fed to chicks in practical feeding rations for eight weeks led to good growth performance and
favorable feed efficiency in many cases, despite the unusually high free gossypol content of the rations.
The results from replicated, protein-quality evaluations in chicks fed for eight weeks at the 15% protein level were closely
parallel to those from similar experiments in rats fed at the 9% protein level and showed that the percent nitrogen solubility
in 0.02N sodium hydroxide of cottonseed meals is a poor indicator of protein quality.
Constant gossypol levels of 0.1%, supplied by additions of different amounts of cottonseed pigment glands, caused greater
body-weight depressions than did the same gossypol level supplied by pure gossypol.
The toxicity of cottonseed pigment glands and of cottonseed meals cannot be accounted for solely on the basis of analyzed
gossypol content. 相似文献
15.
Ethanol extraction of oil,gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
R. J. Hron Sr. M. S. Kuk G. Abraham P. J. Wan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(4):417-421
Commercial processing of cottonseed requires hexane to extract and recover edible oil. Gossypol and aflatoxin are not removed
from extracted meals. A bench-top extraction process with 95% (vol/vol) aqueous ethanol (EtOH) solvent has been developed
that extracts all three of the above materials with a much less volatile solvent. In this process, cottonseed is pretreated
and extracted with ambient 95% EtOH to remove gossypol and then extracted with hot 95% EtOH to extract oil and aflatoxin.
Membranes and adsorption columns are used to purify the various extract streams, so that they can be recycled directly. A
representative extracted meal contained a total gossypol content of 0.47% (a 70% reduction) and 3 ppb aflatoxin (a 95% reduction).
Residual oil content was approximately 2%. Although the process is technically feasible, it is presently not economical unless
a mill has a continual, serious aflatoxin contamination problem. However, if a plant cannot meet the hexane emission standards
under the Clean Air Act of 1990, this process could provide a safer solvent that may expand the use and increase the value
of cottonseed meal as a feed for nonruminants.
Presented in part at the AOCS annual meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 1992. 相似文献
16.
Robert J. Miravalle 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(1):24-26
Gossypol is well known to be responsible for the troublesome dark color of cottonseed oil. It may depress growth, cause discoloration
of eggs, and create metabolic disturbances when fed to nonruminant animals in excessive amounts. All but a trace of seed gossypol
is contained in pigment glands present in the cottonseed kernel. Genetical research conducted by USDA scientist, S.C. McMichael,
led to his discovery of a glandless seeded cotton in 1953. Glandless cottonseed are essentially free of gossypol. Using McMichael’s
genetic lines as gene sources, cotton breeders have developed breeding programs in the last 10 years from which three commercial
glandless cotton varieties have so far been released. More glandless cotton varieties are on the way. Due to the elimination
of gossypol, the color of the oil and utility of the meal from glandless cottonseed is distinctly superior to that from glanded
cottonseed. The advent of glandless cottonseed, its potential value in the field of human protein nutrition, and the success
in breeding improved oil and protein quality in other oilseeds, have recently caused cotton geneticists to become interested
in the possibility of genetically manipulating lipid and amino acid composition in cottonseed. However specialized genetic
techniques involving interspecific gene transfer or use of wild photoperiodic uplands may be required in making such improvements.
One of seven papers presented at the Symposium, “The Plant Geneticist’s Contribution Toward Changing the Lipid and Amino Acid
Composition of Oilseeds,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971. 相似文献
17.
Walter A. Pons Jr. Mildred D. Murray Marion F. H. LeBlanc Jr. Leah E. Castillon 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1953,30(3):128-132
Summary The processing of cottonseed by five commercial mills has been systematically examined with reference to free gossypol reduction,
nitrogen solubility, thiamine reduction, material balances of total gossypol, and the distribution of gossypol in processing.
One hydraulic mill reduced the free gossypol in the meal to a low level, approximating the level obtained in screw pressing.
For a given mill the free gossypol contents of the meals were found to be fairly uniform.
Low free gossypol content of hydraulic-pressed meals depends on the thoroughness with which the gossypol is bound in the cooking.
Gossypol is bound in both the cooking and pressing in the production of screw-pressed meals.
A relatively small amount of total gossypol is lost or destroyed in processing cottonseed by either hydraulic- or screw-pressing
methods. This small loss occurs while the meats are being prepared for pressing. No significant loss was found which could
be attributed to the pressing operations.
Serew-pressed oils appear to contain several times as much gossypol as hydraulic-pressed oils, with the amount dependent on
the extent of the binding of gossypol in the cooking and mechanical preparation of the meats for pressing.
The high temperatures developed in screw pressing contributed to a higher reduction in thiamine and nitrogen solubility than
was observed for hydraulic pressing.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
18.
R. J. Hron Sr. M. S. Kuk G. Abraham 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(3):182-187
Existing HPLC methods determine only pure gossypol whereas the official AOCS method determines both gossypol and other physiologically
active gossypol-like compounds that react with 3-amino-1-propanol and aniline. The feed industry uses the official AOCS method,
which is complex and produces results that do not correlate well among laboratories. HPLC methods were developed, using 3-amino-1-propanol
as a complexing agent, for the quantitative determination of free and total gossypol in cottonseed meal, oil, and ethanolic
miscella. These methods are simple, sensitive, and provide reproducible results. In addition the use of toxic aniline is eliminated. 相似文献
19.
Charlotte H. Boatner 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1944,21(1):10-15
Summary A method for the purification of gossypol has been developed which yields material differing in optical properties from those
previously reported for gossypol preparations. A colorimetric test for extractable gossypol has been described.
It has been shown that cottonseed contains at least three pigments in addition to gossypol. Some of the properties of the
three pigments have been reported. One of these newly detected pigments, gossypurpurin, has been shown to be the substance
which, mixed with gossypol, constitutes the so-called “red gossypol” of Podol’skaja.
The frequently reported water-dispersable blue pigment of cottonseed has been shown to be either a complex of gossypol, gossypurpurin
and protein or a mixture of two protein-pigment complexes. Its dissociation into the two pigments and protein has been accomplished.
Presented before the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 12–14, 1943. 相似文献
20.
Conclusions Extraction with trichloroethylene was found to be an effective method of reducing the free gossypol content of flaked cottonseed
meats. The reduction was found to be a function of both extraction temperature and residual extractables in the extracted
meal. Because of the low temperatures involved the meal produced by this method has a higher soluble protein content than
a meal in which the free gossypol is reduced by heat treatment. 相似文献