金刚石砂带超精密研磨细长脆硬材料的工艺参数研究

基于线性磁带开放协议的第三代磁头的关键部件之一是一种由复合脆硬材料组成的具有特殊外形轮廓的微小细长杆件,由于其长径比大,弯曲变形要求严,使得加工较为困难。本文用固着磨料研磨方法进行外形轮廓研磨,通过测量工件的直线度误差、材料去除率和表面粗糙度,研究研磨压力、速度、磨料粒度以及夹紧力等工艺参数对研磨质量和效率的影响。结果表明,当研磨压力为4.59kPa、速度80次/min、夹紧力9.8N、用粒径1μm的金刚石砂带时效果最优,同时表明工件变形随研磨压力及夹紧力的增大而增大。     

Influence of WC addition in Co-Cr-W-Ni-C flame sprayed coatings on microstructure, microhardness and wear behaviour

In present paper the influence of the tungsten carbide (WC) particle addition on the microstructure, microhardness and abrasive wear behaviour of flame sprayed Co-Cr-W-Ni-C (EWAC 1006) coatings deposited on low carbon steel substrate has been reported. Coatings were deposited by oxy-acetylene flame spraying process. Wear behaviour of coatings was evaluated using pin on flat wear system against SiC abrasive medium. It was observed that the addition of WC particle in a commercial Co-Cr-W-Ni-C powder coating increases microhardness and wear resistance. Wear behaviour of these coatings is governed by the material parameters such as microstructure, hardness of coating and test parameters (abrasive grit size and normal load). Addition of WC in a commercial powder coating increased wear resistance about 4-9 folds. WC modified powder coatings showed better wear resistance at high load. Heat treatment of the unmodified powder coatings improved abrasive wear resistance while that of modified powder coating deteriorated the wear resistance. SEM study showed that wear of coatings largely takes place by microgroove, crater formation and scoring. Electron probe micro analysis (E.P.M.A.) of unmodified and WC modified powder coating was carried out for composition and phase analysis.     

Study on cylindrical magnetic abrasive finishing using unbonded magnetic abrasives

The process principle and the finishing characteristics of unbonded magnetic abrasive within cylindrical magnetic abrasive finishing are described in this study. The unbonded magnetic abrasive is a mechanical mixture of SiC abrasive and ferromagnetic particles with a SAE30 lubricant. Iron grit and steel grit, for which three various particle sizes were prepared for both, were used as ferromagnetic particles, each of them being mixed with 1.2 and 5.5 μm SiC abrasive, respectively. Also, the finishing characteristics on surface roughness and material removal as well as their mechanisms were investigated. Experimental results indicate that steel grit is more suitable for magnetic abrasive finishing because of its superior hardness and the polyhedron shape. The variations of material characteristics on the work surface both before and after finishing were also investigated. Si content was increased obviously, however its corrosion resistibility decreased on a surface that was finished via steel grit mixed with SiC abrasive.     

Taguchi’s optimization of process parameters for production accuracy in ultrasonic drilling of engineering ceramics

This paper presents a study of the effect of process parameters on production accuracy obtained through ultrasonic drilling of holes in alumina based ceramics using silicon carbide abrasive. Production accuracy in ultrasonic drilling involves both dimensional accuracy (hole oversize) and form accuracy (out-of-roundness and conicity). The parameters considered are workpiece material, tool material, grit size of the abrasive, power rating and slurry concentration. Taguchi’s optimization approach is used to obtain the optimal parameters. The significant parameters are also identified and their effect on oversize, out-of-roundness and conicity are studied. The results obtained are validated by conducting the confirmation experiments.     

Effects of mixed abrasive grits in slurries on free abrasive machining (FAM) processes

Effects of mixed abrasive grits in slurries on free abrasive machining (FAM) processes are studied using a single-sided lapping machine. Impacts of mixing abrasives on various parameters such as amount of material removed, material removal rate, surface roughness, particle size distribution and relative angular velocity are studied. The material removed is monitored as a function of time. The experimental results suggest that (i) mixing abrasive grits can increase the amount of material removed, (ii) smaller abrasives can directly or indirectly affect the material removal process, (iii) slurries undergo severe grain size transition during lapping, and (iv) the surface roughness did not change significantly under different loading. The results of this study may have profound implication on the FAM processes that practitioners use today because the mixed abrasive grits increase material removal rate and reduce the grain size transition, while rendering similar surface roughness.     

Surface characterization of 6H-SiC (0001) substrates in indentation and abrasive machining

Surface characterization of 6H-SiC (0001) substrates in indentation and abrasive machining was carried out to investigate microfracture, residual damage, and surface roughness associated with material removal and surface generation. Brittle versus plastic deformation was studied using Vickers indention and nano-indentation. To characterize the abrasive machining response, the 6H-SiC (0001) substrates were ground using diamond wheels with grit sizes of 25, 15 and 7 μm, and then polished with diamond suspensions of 3 and 0.05 μm. It is found that in indentation, there was a scale effect for brittle versus plastic deformation in 6H-SiC substrates. Also, in grinding, the scales of fracture and surface roughness of the substrates decreased with a decrease in diamond grit size. However, in polishing, a reduction in grit size of diamond suspensions gave no significant improvement in surface roughness. Furthermore, the results showed that fracture-free 6H-SiC (0001) surfaces were generated in polishing with the existence of the residual crystal defects, which were associated with the origin of defects in single crystal growth.     

磨料射流铣削工艺参数优化

目的对表面粗糙度和材料去除率作为输出参数的磨料水射流铣削45#钢过程进行研究,旨在寻找最优加工参数。方法对射流去除材料机理进行了分析,设计并进行了以磨料粒度、射流压力、横向进给距离、靶距为加工工艺参数的田氏正交实验。采用Minitab对不同实验参数组合下磨料水射流加工45#钢的表面粗糙度、材料去除效率进行了数据分析,并从材料去除机理方面,对4种加工工艺参数对于铣削表面质量和材料去除效率的影响程度和影响趋势,以及各因素之间的交互作用进行了分析。结果对射流铣削面表面粗糙度影响较显著的因素是横向进给距离,射流压力次之;对于材料去除效率,磨料粒径的影响最显著,横向进给距离次之。结论综合材料去除效率和表面粗糙度值,选出最优加工参数:磨料粒径2000目,射流压力120~160 MPa,喷嘴横移距离1.0~1.5 mm,靶距约30 mm。     

磨削对氧化膜去除质量影响的稳定性与敏感性

目的研究磨削参数对电化学加工氧化膜去除质量的影响规律,以及各参数对氧化膜去除质量影响的稳定性和敏感性。方法在试件表面形成均匀一致,无缺陷电化学加工氧化膜的前提下,借助自主搭建的机械磨削实验平台,分别研究磨粒尺寸、工件速度、磨削压强和加工时间对氧化膜去除质量的影响,使用精密电子天平和扫描电子显微镜对实验前后的试件进行测量,结合稳定性与敏感性分析理论对实验结果进行分析。结果不同的加工参数对氧化膜去除程度的影响不尽相同,氧化膜既存在不完全去除的现象,也存在完全去除的现象。扫描电子显微镜结果也显示,不同尺寸的磨粒对氧化膜的破坏程度不同,其表面氧化膜的沟槽深浅不同。结论受氧化膜硬度低、容易去除和基体金属硬度高、不容易去除的影响,氧化膜去除质量随着工件速度和加工时间的增加呈现三次曲线的规律增加,随磨削压强和磨粒尺寸的增大呈线性增加趋势。磨削参数对氧化膜去除质量影响的稳定性与敏感性不同,而且在电化学机械加工生产应用中不改变磨削工具,所以在磨削参数相对值较低的区间,其对去除质量影响的稳定性由大到小(敏感性由小到大)为:磨粒尺寸、加工时间、磨削压强、工件速度。在磨削参数相对值较高的区间,稳定性由大到小(敏感性由小到大)为:磨粒尺寸、磨削压强、工件速度、加工时间。加工中优先选择稳定性高(敏感性低)的参数作为调整电化学机械加工效果的主要因素,可在提升经济性的同时,提高加工精度。     

变曲率沟槽精密球研磨加工优化实验研究

目的获得变曲率沟槽加工方法研磨精密轴承钢球的最优工艺参数。方法应用田口法对变曲率沟槽加工方法研磨球体的参数进行实验和优化,以研磨压力、磨料粒径、磨料浓度为主要影响参数设计正交实验,以材料去除率、表面粗糙度和球度误差为评价指标,通过平均响应分析和方差分析得到最优研磨参数组合。结果对于材料去除率,研磨压力的影响最显著,磨料粒径的影响次之,磨料浓度影响最小;对于表面粗糙度,磨料粒径的影响最大,磨料浓度的影响次之,研磨压力影响最小;对于球度误差,压力的影响最大,其他因素的影响较小。结论在每球的研磨压力为5 N、磨料粒径为3000~#(5μm)、磨料质量分数为25%的条件下,球体的材料去除率最大,可达到0.28 mg/h。在磨料粒径为5000~#(3μm)、磨料质量分数为25%、每球研磨压力为2.5 N的条件下,球体的表面质量最佳,表面粗糙度最小达到12 nm。在每球研磨压力为0.5 N、磨料粒径为3000~#(5μm)、磨料质量分数为50%的条件下,球度误差小。     

Experimental investigations into abrasive flow machining (AFM)

A new non-traditional finishing process known as abrasive flow machining (AFM) is used to deburr, radius, polish and remove recast layer of components in a wide range of applications. The process is relatively new, although around 2000 machines are in use worldwide. Material is removed from the workpiece by flowing a semisolid visco-elastic/visco-plastic abrasive-laden medium across the surface to be finished. Areas inaccessible to traditional methods, and complex passages, can be finished to high quality by this process. The process embraces a wide range of feasible applications including aerospace, dies and moulds, automotive parts, medical components, etc.In the present work, the effects of different process parameters, such as number of cycles, concentration of abrasive, abrasive mesh size and media flow speed, on material removal and surface finish are studied. The dominant process parameter found is concentration of abrasive, followed by abrasive mesh size, number of cycles, and media flow speed. Experiments are performed with brass and aluminum as work materials. Experimental and theoretical results are compared. The machined surface texture is studied using scanning electron microscopy.     

面向工程陶瓷的单颗金刚石磨粒划擦磨损规律

为了研究工程陶瓷平面磨削中金刚石砂轮的磨粒磨损规律,制备圆锥形单颗粒金刚石磨具模拟实际磨粒切削刃。以金刚石磨粒的尖端圆弧半径表征磨粒切削刃锋利程度与磨削能力,并用圆弧半径的磨损规律等效描述切削刃磨损特性。采用基于扫描电镜与数据拟合的技术测量单颗磨粒金刚石尖端圆弧半径。运用单因素试验及正交试验分析了金刚石颗粒尖端形状、材料种类与加工参数对磨粒磨损规律的影响。实验结果表明,当顶锥角2θ为120°、磨削深度ap0.01 mm时,金刚石磨粒具有较高划擦寿命。各因素的影响主次顺序为:顶锥角>磨削深度>工作台速度。本研究为金刚石砂轮磨粒规格和磨削用量的选取提供了重要参考。     

Dynamic multiphase modeling and optimization of fluid jet polishing process

Fluid jet polishing is a machining process used increasingly in the ultra-precision manufacture of optical components and replication molds. While the process bears some similarities with abrasive water jet machining, it operates at much lower pressure and grit size. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics model based on latest multiphase turbulent flow computational methods, simulating dynamically the interface between fluid and air. The model is then used to optimize surface texture performance down to 1 nm Ra on electroless nickel plated optical dies, while removing diamond turning marks. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of the removal mechanism.     

磨料尺寸对固结金刚石聚集体磨料垫研磨石英玻璃加工性能的影响

石英玻璃的研磨加工是其超光滑抛光加工的前道工序,对其加工效率和最终表面质量影响甚大。针对石英玻璃的硬脆特性,采用固结金刚石聚集体磨料研磨垫,对其高效低损伤研磨加工工艺进行了研究。探索了金刚石聚集体磨粒的一次颗粒尺寸、二次颗粒尺寸、研磨压力和研磨液流量4因素对研磨石英玻璃加工性能的影响,综合优化得到加工效率高和表面质量优的工艺参数。实验表明:采用固结金刚石聚集体磨料研磨垫,当一次颗粒尺寸和二次颗粒尺寸分别为1.0~2.0 μm和20~25 μm,研磨压力为14 kPa,研磨液流量为60 mL/min时,材料去除率达到2.64 μm/min,平均表面粗糙度值R_a为54.2 nm。      

磨料对磁流变工作液性能及加工效果的影响

本文研究了磁流变工作液中添加磨料种类、含量、粒度对其性能的影响,以及对磁流变效应微砂轮加工效果的影响。结果表明:添加磨料对磁流变效应的影响程度以氧化铈、碳化硅、金刚石、氧化铝的顺序增大,随着添加磨料含量增加、粒度增大,磁流变效应均被削弱。磁流变效应微砂轮加工微沟槽过程中,添加磨料对微砂轮加工性能的影响受到添加磨料对磁流变效应和磁流变效应微砂轮加工性能正反两方面的影响而出现最优加工效果。当磨料含量为3%时沟槽的宽度、深度和材料去除率都达到最大;当磨料粒度为W3.5时,加工沟槽的宽度最大;当磨料粒度为W7时,加工沟槽的深度和材料去除率最大。     

Erosive abrasive wear behaviour of stainless steel surface produced by plasma transferred arc hardfacing

Abstract

Erosive abrasive wear is caused by high speed impact of particles entrained in a fluid system on the surfaces of components such as boilers and furnaces. Erosive abrasive wear in boilers results from the impact of hard particles such as ash or clinker entrained in flue gases and can lead to serious damage. The life of boiler and furnace components encountering erosive abrasive wear in service, which are most commonly fabricated from carbon steels, can be improved by hardfacing with a wear resistant material. The effects of wear parameters such as particle size, flux and velocity on the erosive abrasive wear behaviour of a stainless steel surface produced by the plasma transferred arc hardfacing have been investigated using an experimental design approach. The wear resistance of the stainless steel surface was found to be twice that of the carbon steel substrate.     

应用弹性砂轮对铝合金镜面磨削工艺研究

目的解决铝合金手机外壳传统抛光工艺中存在的抛光效率低等问题。方法采用聚氨酯弹性砂轮对6061铝合金进行了磨削加工,使用正交试验研究了磨料粒度、进给速度、切削深度、砂轮线速度对加工表面粗糙度及材料去除率的影响。试验中使用折线走刀方式进行加工,可减轻磨料分布不均带来的影响。使用白光干涉仪测量了加工后表面的粗糙度,通过计算单位时间内工件的质量变化得出了去除率,并通过对结果的综合优化得出了最优工艺参数。结果在选取的16组磨削工艺参数中,可获得的最低表面粗糙度为44.87 nm,最大去除率为0.329 g/min。对表面粗糙度影响最大的因素为磨料粒度,影响最小的因素为进给速度;对材料去除率影响最大的因素为切削深度,影响最小的为进给速度。经过综合优化,最佳工艺参数组合为:砂轮600#,转速2000 r/min,切削深度0.04 mm,进给速度20 mm/min。结论弹性聚氨酯砂轮应用于铝合金磨削可提高加工表面质量,可简化工艺流程,节省备料和安装调整时间,从而提高效率。     

超声振动辅助研磨单晶碳化硅晶片工艺研究

针对传统研磨方法加工单晶碳化硅晶片存在的材料去除率低、磨料易团聚等问题,本文提出超声振动辅助研磨方法,并探究不同工艺参数（转速、磨料质量分数、抛光压力、磨料粒径）对单晶碳化硅晶片研磨效率和表面质量的影响规律。试验结果和理论分析表明:超声振动有效提高了单晶碳化硅晶片研磨的材料去除率;在研磨盘转速为50 r/min,磨料质量分数为2.5%,压力为0.015 MPa,磨料粒径为0.5 μm时超声振动对材料去除率的提升效果最明显,分别提升23.4%,33.8%,72.3%,184.2%。同时,通过对研磨过程中表面粗糙度的追踪检测,能确定不同粒径磨料超声振动辅助研磨的最佳时间。      

大尺寸硅片自旋转磨削的试验研究

利用基于自旋转磨削原理的硅片超精密磨床,通过试验研究了砂轮粒度、砂轮转速、工件转速及砂轮进给速度等主要因素对材料去除率、砂轮主轴电机电流以及磨削后硅片表面粗糙度的影响关系。研究结果表明,增大砂轮轴向进给速度和减小工件转速,采用粗粒度砂轮有利于提高磨削硅片的材料去除率,砂轮轴向进给速度对材料去除率的影响最为显著;适当增大砂轮转速,减小砂轮轴向进给速度,采用细粒度砂轮可以减小磨削表面粗糙度;在其它条件一定的情况下,砂轮速度超过一定值会导致材料去除率减小,主轴电机电流急剧增大,表面粗糙度变差;采用比#2000粒度更细的砂轮磨削时,材料去除率减小,硅片表面粗糙度没有明显改善。     

Machining Performance and Surface Integrity of AISI D2 Die Steel Machined Using Electrical Discharge Surface Grinding Process

The aim of this study is to establish optimum machining conditions for EDSG of AISI D2 die steel through an experimental investigation using Taguchi Methodology. To achieve combined grinding and electrical discharge machining, metal matrix composite electrodes (Cu-SiC_p) were processed through powder metallurgy route. A rotary spindle attachment was developed to perform the EDSG experimental runs on EDM machine. Relationships were developed between various input parameters such as peak current, speed, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, abrasive particle size, and abrasive particle concentration, and output characteristics such as material removal rate and surface roughness. The optimized parameters were further validated by conducting confirmation experiments.     

加工电熔锆刚玉砖用电镀金刚石磨轮的研制和应用

电熔锆刚玉砖是玻璃熔窑最重要的耐火材料,该砖结构致密、热稳定性高、耐磨性好、抗蚀能力强,只有超硬磨料才能对锆刚玉砖表面进行有效磨削。本文通过复合电镀方法研制和生产金刚石磨轮,并给出了复合电镀金刚石磨轮的工艺流程。在研制过程中,对金刚石磨轮的基体和胎体进行了优化设计,分析了金刚石质量、金刚石浓度、金刚石粒度对磨削过程的影响,采用两种品级、四种粒度的金刚石按一定比例混合使用,扩大了磨轮的适用范围,提高了磨轮的自锐性,研制的电镀金刚石磨轮用于磨削锆刚玉砖耐火材料,其平均使用寿命达到168．36m^2,与热压焊接金刚石磨轮比较,平均寿命和磨削效率分别提高16．5％和20％。使用结果表明：电镀金刚石磨轮是最适合磨削加工电熔锆刚玉砖的金刚石工具,加工后的锆刚玉砖具有精确的几何形状和高光洁度的表面,同时,选择合适的金刚石磨轮和合理的磨削参数,对电镀金刚石磨轮的使用寿命和磨削效率以及锆刚玉砖的加工质量有重要影响。