辽河流域水污染治理和水环境管理技术体系构建 ——国家重大水专项在辽河流域的探索与实践

水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项是国家中长期科技发展规划的16个重大专项之一,辽河流域是国家水污染治理的重点流域。在总结辽河流域水环境问题的基础上,阐述了水专项在辽河流域构建水污染治理和水环境管理两大技术体系的目标、思路、框架和内容。通过"十一五"的实施,水专项已经在辽河流域成功实施了流域水生态功能分区、水质基准制定、流域水生态承载力、控制单元水质目标管理、重点工业行业水污染治理以及水环境风险预警与风险管理等关键技术示范。两大技术体系的构建与实施对辽河流域的水质改善和生态恢复发挥了积极明显的作用。辽河流域已经初步形成流域统筹、"分区、分类、分级、分期"的水环境管理新模式,为流域水质目标管理在全国的推广起到了很好的示范作用。     

浅析水源地水环境的水质调查与评价方法

为防治水污染,保护地表水水质,保障人体健康,维护良好的生态系,对水源地地表水开展水质调查及评价。本文以彭州市龙门山镇回龙沟流域水源地为例,结合实际调查情况,探讨水源地水环境的水质调查与评价方法。     

基于公用电话网的水环境质量在线监测系统

在水环境控制工程中,为了监控水污染的排放情况以及提高水处理装置的工作效率,保证水处理效果,必须对水质参数进行迅速、准确的在线监测.本文提出了一种基于公用电话网的水环境质量在线监测系统.介绍了系统的工作原理、水质参数检测仪表的选择、硬件结构和软件流程.实际应用表明,这种检测系统能够实时检测水质参数,准确提供水环境状态信息,因而具有广泛的应用前景.     

控制单元水质目标管理技术及应用案例研究

在研究国内外流域水环境管理技术的基础上,提出了控制单元水质目标管理技术方法,剖析了其内涵、特征,并全面阐述了控制单元划分、控制单元水质目标核定、控制单元水环境问题诊断、控制单元水质响应特征分析、控制单元允许纳污量计算与总量分配、控制单元污染物减排方案制订、控制单元污染物总量监控与评估7项核心技术环节。在此基础上,将控制单元水质目标管理技术方法在辽河流域南沙河控制单元进行技术示范,形成完整的技术方案,为流域水环境管理提供技术支撑。     

浅析松花江哈尔滨段源水中的微生物变化特点

目的：探讨松花江哈尔滨段源水在各年度、季节中微生物的变化特点。方法：2004—2007年松花江哈尔滨段源水细菌总数、总大肠菌群测定资料分类整理,采用数据分析的方法添加趋势线,来分析其变化。结果：总的来看我省的水质情况有所好转。结论：松花江哈尔滨段源水存在一定生物性污染,各季度水样污染情况不同。     

基于公用电话网的水环境质量在线监测系统

在水环境控制工程中，为了监控水污染的排放情况以及提高水处理装置的工作效率，保证水处理效果，必须对水质参数进行迅速、准确的在线监测。本文提出了一种基于公用电话网的水环境质量在线监测系统，介绍了系统的工作原理、水质参数检测仪表的选择、硬件结构和软件流程，实际应用表明，这种检测系统能够实时检测水质参数，准确提供水环境状态信息，因而具有广泛的应用前景。     

湖库水质无线远程监测与水华预测方法研究

水体富营养化和水华是目前比较典型的水环境问题,如何获取水质信息并进行水华预测是研究人员普遍关注的问题.利用传感器技术、嵌入式技术、远程无线传输技术,集成GPS地理定位模块和GPRS远程数据通信模块,设计了湖库水质的无线远程监测系统——基于灰色-神经网络的水华预测模型,实现了湖库水华的智能预测.     

我国水环境监测存在的问题及对策分析

目前,我国水环境正面临极大威胁,水污染状况不断加重。作为环境治理和保护的技术前提,水环境监测通过监测分析水中污染物,将污染源和污染因素找出,并对水污染级别进行评价,随时监测水质量以及对水生态产生影响的各种因素。文章就我国水环境监测现存问题进行了大致分析,并就此提出了相应的解决对策,以期为我国水环境监测技术的发展提供参考。     

水质自动监测系统的设计要点与建设经验

随着工业生产的迅猛发展,工业废水的排放量逐年增大,严重威胁下游所需的生活用水和农业灌溉安全,为全面加强对水污染的监控,各地的流域、水系、湖泊都在兴建水质自动监测站,但由于诸多原因,到目前为止,能够正常运行、发挥其功效的水质自动监测站的比例并不高,主要介绍水质自动监测系统的设计要点、注意事项等,总结经验,供大家借鉴参考。     

东昌湖流域生态补水管理模式探讨

目前国际上已将湖泊水环境研究的重心转向湖泊流域生态系统管理,即从流域尺度对湖泊进行污染治理、生态恢复以及生态系统管理,实现湖泊流域内社会经济协调与湖泊生态系统健康的可持续发展。笔者在对东昌湖流域生态补水管理概念界定的基础上,提出了东昌湖流域生态补水管理概念模式、东昌湖流域社会经济协调发展优化模式、东昌湖水质水量保障和生态环境改善的环境管理体系。它涵盖了流域管理、水环境管理和生态系统管理的思想和内容。     

基于北斗通信的河道水质监测系统设计

针对当前水污染监测费时费力的问题,为了实现实时在线检测水质信息,提出了一种基于北斗通信的浮标监测系统,该系统包括浮标体数据采集系统和岸基接收站系统。以新型设计的浮标为载体的数据采集系统,采用STM32芯片,通过RS485协议读取传感器数据后发送并保存至SD卡中;同时通过北斗模块将数据发送至岸基,岸基上位机可远程浏览浮标状态数据、水质数据以及位置信息。整个系统采用太阳能供电方式,以此完成从数据采集、数据保存到数据传输、数据处理。经测试,整个系统运行状况良好,可实现水质自动化监测,达到预期设计要求。     

长江水质综合评价与预测的数学模型

本文针对2005年“高教社杯”全国大学生数学建模竞赛的A题“长江水质评价和预测”问题。首先概括地介绍了这个问题的立意与背景，然后给出了解决这个问题的一种可行的解决方案及结果，最后根据评卷情况、对评卷要点、问题的解决方法和答卷中存在的问题做了综合评述。     

Nanostructures in environmental pollution detection,monitoring, and remediation

We present preliminary results of our joint investigations to monitor and mitigate environmental pollution, a leading contributor to chronic and deadly health disorders and diseases affecting millions of people each year. Using nanotechnology-based gas sensors; pollution is monitored at several ground stations. The sensor unit is portable, provides instantaneous ground pollution concentrations accurately, and can be readily deployed to disseminate real-time pollution data to a web server providing a topological overview of monitored locations. We are also employing remote sensing technologies with high-spatial and spectral resolution to model urban pollution using satellite images and image processing. One of the objectives of this investigation is to develop a unique capability to acquire, display and assimilate these valuable sources of data to accurately assess urban pollution by real-time monitoring using commercial sensors fabricated using nanofabrication technologies and satellite imagery. This integrated tool will be beneficial towards prediction processes to support public awareness and establish policy priorities for air quality in polluted areas. The complex nature of environmental pollution data mining requires computing technologies that integrate multiple sources and repositories of data over multiple networking systems and platforms that must be accurate, secure, and reliable. An evaluation of information security risks and strategies within an environmental information system is presented. In addition to air pollution, we explore the efficacy of nanostructured materials in the detection and remediation of water pollution. We present our results of sorption on advanced nanomaterials-based sorbents that have been found effective in the removal of cadmium and arsenic from water streams.     

Study on Water Pollution Control of Huaihe River and Countermeasures

Huaihe River is one of three major rivers in China with a large population and developed e-conomy. By the 1970s, the water quality of Huaihe River was deteriorating daily and more than a hundred serious pollution accidents of water quality happened and caused the inestimable losses in the production,life and health of residents along the river and terribly damaged the ecological system of the river. Through the continuous large-scale treatment for more than 10 years, the deterioration of water quality in Huaihe River has been basically inhibited. Nevertheless, the water pollution in Huaihe River is, on the whole, still very serious for many reasons, including special climatic conditions, terrible lack of water resource, obsolete industrial structure and unsound management system for the river, etc. This essay deeply analyzes the rea-sons why the water pollution of Huaihe River is "chronic" and puts forward the corresponding countermea-sures for how to continuously improve the water quality of the river. In the end, this essay argues that it still takes 30-50 years or even a longer period, even if every measures are implemented smoothly and strictly,to actually make the water of Huaihe River clean and gradually restore its normal ecological and environ-mental functions.     

Using principal component analysis to monitor spatial and temporal changes in water quality

Chemical, biological and physical data monitored at 12 locations along the Passaic River, New Jersey, during the year 1998 are analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used: (i) to extract the factors associated with the hydrochemistry variability; (ii) to obtain the spatial and temporal changes in the water quality. Solute content, temperature, nutrients and organics were the main patterns extracted. The spatial analysis isolated two stations showing a possible point or non-point source of pollution. This study shows the importance of environmental monitoring associated with simple but powerful statistics to better understand a complex water system.     

Assessment of retention basin volume and outlet capacity in urban stormwater drainage systems with respect to water quality

The quality of river water or other surface waters is detrimentally affected by the contaminants carried by the rainfall runoff in urban areas. The control of pollution moved by rainfall runoff is achieved by installing outlets and small retention basins in stormwater collection systems, thereby allowing only a certain amount of rainfall water to overflow and leading the remaining to treatment plants. This study analyses the effect of concentration time on surface water pollution caused by rainfall runoff. For this purpose, a linear S-curve is assumed for the flow hydrograph arising from the collection system, based on parameters of rainfall considered and the catchment area. An independent code is developed to analyse such a system and this is applied to an urban area using nine-year single-discrete rainfall records of Izmir Station, Turkey. The system is capable of tackling situations where there is only a basin or a basin with outlet.     

Environmental management plan for port and harbour projects

Port activities can cause deterioration of air and marine water quality in the surrounding areas due to multifarious activities. Hence, for the determination of levels of pollution, identification of pollution sources, control and disposal of waste from various point and non-point sources and for prediction of pollution levels for future, regular monitoring and assessment are required during the entire construction and operation phase of a major port. It is extremely essential that port and harbour projects should have an environmental management plan (EMP), which also incorporates monitoring of air and marine water quality along with the collection of online meteorological data throughout the life of the project. This paper presents the environmental impacts due to various port activities and their sources and also discusses the EMP for different pollution prevention, protection and control measures.     

三峡库区及其上游水质保护管理体制问题探讨

管理体制是影响流域水质保护、水防治污染的一个关键问题。文章从三峡库区及其上游流域水质保护与经济社会协调发展的战略高度，阐述了流域管理的基本特点和基本内涵，分析了三峡库区及其上游水质保护管理体制的现状和存在的主要问题，比较了国家相关部门目前提出的流域水质保护管理体制改革的主要观点和方案，在此基础上提出了基于流域协调发展的水质保护管理体制的构建设想。     

基于回归分析的长江水质预测与控制

本文采用频度统计和标准化方法对长江近并两年多的水质情况进行了分析和评价。并根据污染物氨氮和高锰酸盐污染源在时间和空间上的分布特点，采用一维河道水质模型计算给出了主要污染源的分布。最后讨论了水质的两类特性以及长江水污染的预测与控制。     

基于鱼群运动特征和XGBoost的异常水质监测

使用鱼群运动行为特征与XGBoost分类器相结合的方法实现水质监测。根据水质变化对鱼群运动行为的影响,引入从鱼群的运动行为中提取出来的一些具有代表性的特征参数,如中心距指数、离散度、分布面积 3个特征参数;其次分别提取正常和异常水质中鱼群游动距离、速度、加速度、曲率、邻近特征5个特征参数,建立水质异常评价因子数据库;最后将不同评价因子输入到XGBoost分类器中进行分类识别。实验结果表明:中心距指数、离散度、分布面积 3个特征参数能够高效、准确地反映水质状况。