从比较的角度看中国高等教育的发展趋势

作者从比较的角度对中国高等教育的改革与发展提出一些意见和建议。作者认为，发达国家高等教育发展的经验为中国提供了若干启示，但是发达国家的高等教育植根于特定的环境之中，中国不能简单地照搬发达国家的高等教育发展模式。作者认为，比较是教育研究的一个重要视角，比较研究的成果可以为一国教育改革与发展提供某些参照。     

民国之前女子高等教育的回顾与审视:男性主义与女性主义的比较

文章就民国之前的女子高等教育，从女子接受高等教育的权利、目标、内容和途径，以及女子高等教育的作用等方面，对女性主义和男性主义的不同看法进行了比较，通过比较，发现两者在对中国女子高等教育的看法存在很大差异，由此获得一些发展女子高等教育的启示。     

中国同欧洲高等教育的比较与借鉴

高等教育是一项有特点和规律的系统工程，二战后，各国都更加注重发展和挖潜本国的高等教育，以发挥其促进社会全面发展的特点作用，中国同欧洲一些国家的高等教育有一定的可比性和互补性。笔者有幸在波兰华沙大学公派留学，通过对东西方高等教育一些层面及视角上的比照，有了一些感受和思考。     

从分配正义到承认正义：高校专项计划生的教育经历研究

高校专项计划的实施对提升中国高等教育入学机会公平发挥重要作用，然而入学机会的公平分配只是实现高等教育公平的一环。研究基于承认正义视角审视高校专项生的高等教育过程公平问题发现，这些学生进入重点大学后在情感、权利及个体价值方面都有着非正义的经历，制约平等的受教育权利的实现，阻碍学业与能力的发展以及健全人格的形成。研究认为，进入高等教育普及化阶段，对高等教育公平的认识亟需从入学机会的分配正义进一步深入到教育过程的承认正义，更加关注弱势学生在教育过程中的经历与体验，关注人的平等承认，通过制定更加完善的补偿性政策，营造更加包容开放的校园文化氛围，实现更加公平和更高质量的高等教育。     

紧扣发展主题、重在学术反思——评《现代高等教育发展论纲》

从发展学的角度研究教育问题，肇始于20世纪中叶，发轫于比较教育学的发展教育研究；至21世纪初，随着教育发展问题日益重要，我国有学者进而提出从教育学原理的角度构建发展教育学，以逐渐提升教育发展研究的理论水平。在发展教育学逐渐受到重视的同时，有关高等教育的发展研究，也快速兴起。综观中国学术界，20世纪80年代以来，高等教育发展的专题研究、区域高等教育的发展研究、中国高等教育发展研究等都得到重视，高等教育发展的理论探讨也颇受关注，但从总体上看，高等教育的发展研究仍然缺乏系统性，理论深度有待加强，建立“高等教育发展学”的学科建设任务，任重而道远。卢晓中教授一直高度关注高等教育的发展研究，并决意从现代教育发展理论和国际教育发展问题研究的角度寻求高等教育发展研究的突破。2001年卢晓中出版题为《当代世界高等教育理念及对中国的影响》的学术专著，影响较大；为了从理论上进一步推进高等教育发展学的建设，2005年又主编并出版新著《现代高等教育发展论纲》（以下简称《论纲》）。读完这部长达32万字的理论著作之后，深感它结构严谨、逻辑清晰，气势宏大但又语言朴实。作为一部研究高等教育发展问题的理论著作，《论纲》至少具有以下三大明显的特点。     

市场经济,知识经济条件下的高等教育发展

中国市场经济体制的确立和改革，对高等教育产生了前所未有的巨大影响，而随着整个世界的经济不可逆转地从工业经济时代向知识经济时代转型，中国自然也不例外，这对高等教育又将是一个巨大的促进。由于市场机制比较灵活的运行方式和它的功利性、实用性的加强，加上知识对社会经济、生产和生活的作用的扩张和力量的大幅增强，对高等教育的发展形成了新的压力和动力，也提供了发展的机遇和条件。中国从计划经济向市场经济的改革，经济制度及其运行具有很明显的特点，主要表现在：经济主体的多元化，效率和竞争意识的强化，与外界联系的密切化…     

百年来中国高等教育依附式发展的反思--谈学习国外高等教育的基本经验

本文讨论了借鉴国外高等教育经验与中国高等教育发展的相互关系问题，首先，认识到世界高等教育发展过程中普遍存在学习他国经验的现象后，回顾与分析了中国高等教育不同时期引进和学习国外许多做法的基本特点；其次，针对全盘移植，有针对性借鉴外国高等教育经验及其体现本国特色高等教育发展等，进行了有关内容的讨论；再有，在以上讨论的基础上，得出中国高等教育百年来走过了一条依附式发展道路的观点；最后，还就今后学习、借鉴国外高等教育经验以及探索中国特色的高等教育发展之路，进一步提出了有关的五点认识和启示。     

笔谈：大学可持续发展的多维思考

大学可持续发展既是高等教育创新发展的重要命题，也是国家实现现代化发展的重要方面。进入新发展阶段，大学可持续发展的本真意涵为何？大学在可持续发展进程中会面临何种挑战？大学应选择哪些可持续发展路径来应对挑战？这一系列问题均亟待解决。为此，大学迫切需要重新审思可持续发展目标，促进可持续发展理念守正创新，主动适应和引领经济社会发展，为推进可持续发展发挥更强有力的作用。本期的5篇笔谈文章分别从大学可持续发展的中国经验、大学教育评价改革、数字赋能高等教育可持续发展、教师教育现代化及职业教育产教深度融合等角度各抒己见，力求为大学可持续发展提供智慧支持。     

中国高等教育发展展望

中国高等教育发展展望湖南师范大学张楚廷中国的教育在改革，中国的高等教育在改革，它的发展趋势是众人关注的。从本世纪末到下世纪初，中国高等教育将发生巨大变化，对这一巨大变化作出准确的预见既是困难的，又是具有重大意义的。无论是对于主管高等教育的政府官员，还...     

论高等教育产品和服务的整体质量

高等教育产出从消费者的角度分析，可分为高等教育服务和高等教育产品－人才。从产出的功能和作用角度分析，可分为核心产出，辅助产出和附加产出等。高等教育产出是产品和服务的有机组合，服务成分占核心地位。高等教育产品和服务整体组合质量观，更能客观和全面地反映高等教育质量的实际，对指导人们认识和理解高等教育质量，切实提高高等教育整体质量具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.