Durability study on glass fiber reinforced polymer soil nail via accelerated aging test and long‐term field test

Replacing steel reinforcements with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars has emerged as one of the most promising solutions to the problem of corrosion in geotechnical engineering. Accelerated aging and field tests were conducted to investigate the durability of GFRP bars that were used as soil nails in slope reinforcement. Two types of E‐glass/(vinylester and unsaturated polyester) were immersed in alkaline and saline solutions for 60 d, 180 d and 360 d. Mechanical and physical experiments were carried out to obtain the tensile strength and identify the reasons for damage and strength reduction. A pullout test was carried out after the GFRP soil nails were embedded in a slope for three years. The accelerated aging test results showed that alkaline conditions had a larger influence on the degradation of GFRP bars than did saline solutions and that strength reduction generally occurred at an earlier stage for the alkaline conditions than for the saline solution. The corrosion resistance of an unsaturated polyester bar is much lower than that of the vinylester bar, and the bar diameter has a certain impact. From the field test results, it can be seen that the GFRP soil nails are durable and perform well at the task of supporting a slope. The technology for sensing fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) is very convenient for monitoring soil nails and is suitable for long‐term observation. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2863–2873, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

碱性环境下不同基体材料GFRP筋的拉伸性能试验研究

玻璃纤维增强聚合物(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,简称"GFRP")筋作为一种替代钢筋的新型建筑材料已在混凝土结构中开始使用,研究在模拟混凝土的碱性溶液中,不同基体材料的GFRP筋在90 d浸泡周期内的腐蚀机理、破坏机理及拉伸强度、弹性模量等拉伸力学性能的变化规律。试验结果表明:两种基体材料GFRP筋的典型破坏形式大致相同,均为丝束状炸开的脆性破坏;基体材料为不饱和聚酯树脂基的GFRP筋的拉伸强度会不断降低,弹性模量前期稍有增长,后期也不断降低,最终浸泡周期达到90 d时,其拉伸强度和弹性模量的衰减均低于标准的最低要求;基体材料为乙烯基酯树脂的GFRP筋的拉伸强度会不断降低,但衰减速率要低于基体材料为不饱和聚酯树脂的GFRP筋,而弹性模量变化并不明显,最终浸泡周期达到90 d时,抗拉强度和弹性模量均满足标准规定的最低要求。     

反复荷载下GFRP筋与混凝土黏结性能

对直径为16 mm,埋深分别为4d、5d、8d的玻璃纤维增强(GFRP)筋标准立方体拉拔试件进行静载和反复荷载作用下的拉拔试验,研究了2种不同应力水平（60 %Fm、80 %Fm）的反复荷载作用下GFRP筋与混凝土之间的黏结滑移关系,埋深与黏结强度关系,黏结刚度、加载端滑移量随循环次数的演变规律,得到了反复荷载下黏结滑移滞回曲线变化规律。结果表明,反复荷载下较少的循环次数对黏结强度和滑移量的影响不大;当反复荷载应力水平不高、循环次数较少时,黏结强度没有显著的退化,反而在一定程度上有所增加;较高应力水平反复荷载下,GFRP筋与混凝土之间的黏结强度退化较显著。     

碱溶液、紫外线及其交叉环境下BFRP筋耐久性能试验研究

为研究直径和腐蚀环境对BFRP筋拉伸力学性能影响,开展了三种直径(6 mm、8 mm、10 mm)BFRP筋试件在自然环境、碱溶液环境(pH=10)、紫外线照射环境(辐照度为550W/m~2)及两种腐蚀环境交叉作用下拉伸试验,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对BFRP筋拉伸断裂进行了分析,并对试验结果进行了研究。主要结论如下:三种不同环境作用下,随着腐蚀时间延长,BFRP筋抗拉强度减小且强度退化率逐渐下降,BFRP筋弹性模量上下波动均不超过5%,且无明显规律,断裂伸长率变化趋势与拉伸强度基本相同;紫外线环境下BFRP筋抗拉强度有退化和不完全恢复现象;交叉环境下直径分别为6 mm和8 mm BFRP筋抗拉强度也有退化和不完全恢复现象,10 mm BFRP筋则没有。基于本文所定义的耐久性衰减速率,对直径分别为6mm和8 mm BFRP筋耐久性的影响,碱环境最大,交叉环境居中,紫外线环境最小;对10 mm BFRP筋耐久性的影响,交叉环境最大,碱环境居中,紫外线环境最小。三种不同环境作用下,直径为6 mm BFRP筋耐久性衰减平均速率均最大,直径为10 mm的测试结果均最小。     

碱液下GFRP筋力学性能劣化模型研究

为研究碱液下玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）筋力学性能劣化规律,对直径为20 mm和25 mm的GFRP筋进行碱溶液分别浸泡30、90 d和180 d后的拉伸试验,得到筋体在碱液不同腐蚀时间后筋体的极限拉伸强度及弹性模量等力学性能指标;对比研究了相同直径筋体在盐溶液浸泡180 d后的力学性能变化;建立了碱液下GFRP筋剩余强度衰减模型。结果表明,相同的腐蚀龄期,碱性环境对GFRP筋力学性能劣化影响高于盐环境;碱液下GFRP筋拉伸强度随浸泡时间的增长呈下降趋势,GFRP筋前期被腐蚀速率高于后期;分析修正后的碱液下筋体剩余强度衰减模型与试验结果吻合度较高。     

温度对玻璃纤维增强聚合物筋与混凝土黏结性能影响试验研究

为研究不同温度及不同升温（单调升温和循环升温）、降温方式（单调升温⁃自然冷却和单调升温⁃快速冷却）对玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）筋与混凝土之间黏结性能的影响,选取2种黏结长度共90个GFRP筋⁃混凝土立方体试件在温度为20~220 ℃范围进行拉拔试验,并在同样温度条件下对54个混凝土立方体试件（单调升温、单调升温⁃自然冷却）进行抗压、抗拉强度测试。结果表明,2种升温方式下,GFRP筋与混凝土随温度升高黏结性能退化严重,温度低于120 ℃时,单调升温对黏结强度退化影响超过循环升温;温度超过120 ℃时,升温方式对黏结性能衰减程度影响减小;2种降温方式下,单调升温⁃快速冷却随温度升高黏结性能退化明显,单调升温⁃自然冷却影响轻微。     

长期腐蚀环境影响下GFRP筋混凝土构件的老化机理及抗弯性能研究

为了研究长期腐蚀环境影响下GFRP筋混凝土构件的老化机理以及抗弯性能,分别分析了水分、温度、碱性环境等因素对GFRP筋抗拉强度、有效受拉面积和粘结强度等性能方面的影响。基于GFRP筋材料老化后与混凝土协同工作关系的变化,通过构造新的几何条件,推导了老化GFRP筋正截面抗弯承载力计算公式,利用推导的公式分析了不同GFRP筋老化率对构件承载力的影响。研究表明:GFRP筋混凝土构件在腐蚀环境长期作用下,GFRP筋不断老化,其抗拉强度、有效受拉面积以及粘结性能都有不同程度的降低;随着GFRP筋材料老化率的不断增加,构件抗弯承载力损失率也不断增加,当老化率达到27%时,构件抗弯承载力也相应损失了25.97%。     

玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋混凝土黏结性能的梁式试验研究

设计制作了14个玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋（BFRP筋）混凝土梁式试件和2个钢筋混凝土梁式试件,通过梁式试验分析了影响BFRP筋混凝土黏结性能的主要因素。结果表明,（1）BFRP筋的受力过程可分为微滑移段、正常滑移段、加速滑移段和下降段;（2）当BFRP筋的锚固长度相同时,随着混凝土强度的提高,黏结强度随之增大;（3）当混凝土强度相同时,随着BFRP筋锚固长度的增加,黏结强度明显减小,并且试件的破坏模式也发生了改变;（4）BFRP筋直径的大小对黏结强度的影响不明显;（5）当筋直径、锚固长度和混凝土强度相同时,BFRP筋混凝土的黏结强度与钢筋混凝土基本相当;（6）BFRP筋的外形对BFRP筋混凝土的黏结性能有着较大的影响。     

Direct tension test and tensile strain capacity of concrete at early age

The tensile strain capacity of concrete under uniaxial tension is investigated using the direct tension test method. The adopted method of testing improves the weak bond strength between the embedded bar and concrete and reduces the stress concentration at the end of the embedded bar. The method has overcome the difficulties in centralizing and aligning the two embedded bars in the specimens. Seven mixes of concrete were designed to study the effects of age, compressive strength and mineral admixture on the tensile strain capacity. The investigation shows that the tensile strain capacity of concrete is a relatively independent parameter. The average tensile strains at failure and at 90% failure load are 120 and 100 μ, respectively. The corresponding characteristic tensile strain values at failure and at 90% failure load are 86 and 78 μ, respectively.     

An experimental study on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover,strength and corrosion level

The effect of corrosion on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete was studied in a series of experiments. An accelerated corrosion method was used to corrode the reinforcement bars embedded in concrete specimens. Pullout tests were performed to develop an empirical model for the ultimate bond strength by evaluating bond strengths in two different concrete mixes, three concrete cover depths and different mass losses of reinforcement bars after corrosion. Bond-slip relationships for the different corrosion levels were compared. It was found that the relationship between bond strength and concrete strength in uncorroded specimens differed from that of corroded specimens set in high-strength concrete because of brittleness in the corroded specimens, which caused a sudden loss of bond strength. The results revealed that specimens with higher concrete strength levels and corroded reinforcements showed a higher percentage of bond strength degradation due to concrete cracking during the pullout tests.     

不同种类GFRP筋的力学性能试验比较

GFRP筋的高强、轻质、耐腐蚀、抗磁性使其具有了作为结构材料的优良性能,解决了钢筋混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的严重问题.本文对研制开发的6种不同的GFRP筋进行常温拉伸比较试验.结果表明,随树脂的不同与玻璃纤维含量的改变,不同GFRP筋的强度及弹性模量有较大的差异.     

GFRP筋混凝土板正截面抗弯承载力研究

为了研究GFRP筋混凝土板的正截面抗弯承载力,基于平截面假定、内力平衡条件以及变形协调条件,对GFRP筋混凝土板在适筋及适量超筋两种配筋设计情形下的正截面抗弯承载力计算公式进行了推导,通过8组具有不同配筋率与混凝土强度等级的GFRP筋混凝土板抗弯承载力试验,对推导的计算公式进行了验证,同时研究了构件抗弯承载力与配筋率、混凝土强度等级之间的变化关系。结果表明:试验得到的极限承载力与公式计算的理论承载力数据吻合较好,可以较准确地反映GFRP筋混凝土板抗弯承载力的计算过程;适量超筋设计构件破坏形式表现为以受压区混凝土被压碎为标志的塑性破坏,这种设计方式更有利于提高GFRP筋混凝土板的安全性能;同时为了保证混凝土板达到极限承载力时受拉区GFRP筋不被拉断,建议设计配筋率取1.4倍的平衡配筋率;随着GFRP筋混凝土板配筋率的增加,构件承载力系数逐渐增大,安全储备也逐渐提高;GFRP筋混凝土板的抗弯承载力随着配筋率与混凝土强度的增加而逐渐增大。     

海水环境下GFRP筋⁃海水海砂混凝土黏结行为演化规律

为研究海水环境下GFRP筋与海水海砂混凝土的黏结行为,设计并测试了54个GFRP筋⁃海水海砂混凝土中心拉拔试件,采用温度加速实验,研究清水和海水环境腐蚀后试件黏结强度的变化,并分析了试件的黏结滑移曲线上升段。结果表明,海水温度的升高加速了GFRP筋⁃海水海砂混凝土试件黏结强度的退化,在相同浸泡条件下,60 ℃的黏结强度相较于10 ℃降低了15 %左右;海水环境对试件黏结强度的影响略大于清水环境。分别使用BPE模型、CMR模型和Malvar模型对试件黏结滑移曲线上升段进行分析,结果表明,海水环境下GFRP筋⁃海水海砂混凝土黏结滑移曲线上升段宜采用Malvar模型。最后根据TSF寿命预测法得出,在20 ℃海水环境下,GFRP筋⁃海水海砂混凝土试件使用100年后的黏结强度保留率为65.58 %。     

不同腐蚀环境下FRP筋耐久性与寿命预测研究进展

针对纤维增强聚合物(FRP)筋体,综合分析了水溶液浸泡、盐溶液侵蚀,酸溶液和碱溶液,以及冻融等不同作用介质和作用方式下筋体的拉伸性能,归纳总结了FRP筋体拉伸强度演化规律.从FRP筋拉伸强度退化作用机理出发,以Arrhenius方程为基础,探讨了不同作用方式下FRP筋拉伸强度寿命预测模型方程的参数特征.     

Effect of corrosion on bond in reinforced concrete under cyclic loading

Cyclic loading can result in severe deterioration in the bond between reinforcing steel bar and the surrounding concrete, especially when the reinforcement is corroded. In this study, tests were carried out for bond stress-slip response of corroded reinforcement with concrete under cyclic loading. Parameters investigated include: corrosion level, confinement, bar type, and loading history. The results revealed that bond behaviour was significantly reduced under cyclic loading. Degradation in bond was significantly less for deformed bars than for smooth bars at the initial loading cycle, but the difference was diminished with loading. The bond reduction was more substantial for unconfined steel bars than for confined bars. The relatively high level of corrosion caused degradation primarily in the initial five cycles, the effect of corrosion being decreased with loading. It was also demonstrated that the cyclic bond stress-slip curves depended on loading history.     

Microstructural investigation of long-term degradation mechanisms in GFRP dowel bars for jointed concrete pavement

Steel dowel bar is used to transfer loads in concrete pavement slab. However, once the steel dowel bar corrodes, it may cause faults, such as joint freezing in concrete pavement, level differences resulting from spalling or decreased efficiency of load transfer, etc., which are the same problems experienced by typical reinforcing steel. This study evaluated the applicability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) dowel bar as a substitute for steel dowel bar. A microstructural analysis was conducted to examine the decrease in durability of GFRP dowel bar exposed to deterioration environments. To analyze the deterioration mechanism of GFRP dowel bar, scanning electron microscopy was employed and the porosity was measured by the gas absorption method. It was concluded that the longer the GFRP dowel bar was exposed to deterioration environments, the more the interlaminar shear stress decreased. This result was validated by the microstructural analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

自然环境温度下碱对玻璃纤维增强塑料筋力学性能的影响研究

采用碱性溶液静止浸泡和干湿循环两种方法对玻璃纤维增强塑料筋(GFRP)进行了不同时长的作用后,对筋体的力学性能进行表征,探究了其力学性能的退化规律,利用GFRP耐久性寿命预测公式,拟合得到了直径20 mm的GFRP力学性能的退化模型,并使用该模型预测了GFRP长期拉伸性能的变化趋势.结果表明,随着碱液对GFRP作用时间...     

Water absorption and hygrothermal ageing of ultraviolet cured glass‐fiber reinforced acrylate composites

In this article, an ultraviolet curable glass fiber reinforced polymer (UV‐GFRP) composite developed for fast repair or strengthening of concrete structures, was investigated on its water absorption and hygrothermal ageing behaviors. Cured UV‐GFRP coupons were subjected to immersion in distilled water or concrete pore solution (pH value around 13) for 4–8 months at room temperature and elevated temperatures (40 and 60°C), respectively. Water absorption and thermomechanical properties of the samples were tested as a function of immersion time. Water uptake curves of UV‐GFRP exposed to elevated temperatures and/or alkaline solutions show serious mass loss. Debonding of fibers from resin matrix brought in increased coefficient of diffusion along fiber directions, due to the capillary effect. After 4 months of immersion in both media, the tensile strength of UV‐GFRP was deteriorated remarkably, while the tensile modulus was less affected. According to Arrhenius equation, the tensile strength of UV‐GFRP is predicted to remain 77.6% of its original value after50 years when immersed in water at 20°C, but only 24.5% left in the case of alkaline solution. This suggests that the present UV‐GFRP system does not suit for the application in strong alkaline environments. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

GFRP筋与混凝土粘结性能试验研究

基于40个试件的试验,对GFRP筋试件和钢筋试件的粘结破坏进行了研究。试验结果表明,拔出端存在明显的应力集中现象;两种试件的破坏粘结强度接近,仅与混凝土的极限拉应力有关;破坏过程中GFRP试件比钢筋试件表现出了更好的延性。本文提出了筋材的混凝土保护层临界厚度确定公式,考虑了影响临界厚度的主要因素:即筋材粘结强度、混凝土单轴抗拉强度和筋材直径,建议GFRP筋混凝土保护层厚度不能简单采用钢筋混凝土的,即应通过试验提出合理的取值。