离子色谱法测定辽河入海口水中无机阴离子

研究了离子色谱法检测辽河营口入海口水中的六种无机阴离子（F、C1-、NO2-、NO2-、PO43-、SO42-）的方法。实验采用Dionex IonPacTM AS22阴离子交换色谱柱,选用NaHC03和Na2CO3为淋洗液。阴离子的检出限为0．02mg／L～0．12mg／L。永远角水样相对标准偏差在0．46％～2．53％之间。准确度实验表明,六种阴离子的浓度检出结果均在标准样品所标注的浓度误差范围内。因此,该方法简单实用,用于实际样品测试的结果令人满意。     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中十种阴离子的研究

研究了一次进样同时测定饮用水中F-,ClO2-,BrO3-,Cl-,NO2-,Br-,CLO3-,NO3-,SO42-,H2PO4- 10种阴离子的离子色谱方法,选择出了最佳的色谱条件,各种离子峰能够完全分离。对方法的检出限,标准曲线测定范围,精密度,准确度和干扰物质的影响作了较详尽的试验,得到了满意的结果。离子色谱方法灵敏度高,选择性好,简便快速,适用于饮用水中不同浓度上述10种阴离子的分析。     

固相萃取——高效液相色谱法测定水中阿特拉津

为了检验固相萃取——高效液相色谱法测定水样中除草剂阿特拉津的准确性和测量范围,利用以OASIS MCX富集柱对水样进行固相萃取,再经色谱柱分离,在紫外检测器上进行检测。结果显示阿特拉津在0.50～10.00 mg/L范围内峰面积与浓度呈显著线性相关关系:Y=-1.262e+004+1.82e+005X(R=0.998 6,P0.01);最低检出限为0.000 3 mg/L;精密度较好:样品相对标准偏差为0.86%～4.47%,准确度、灵敏度较高:加标回收率为93.4%～101.6%。利用固相萃取——高效液相色谱法测定水样阿特拉津测定是有效的方法。     

丙酮对地下水中极性有机磷农药测定方法有效性的改进

乐果、敌敌畏、甲拌磷、甲基对硫磷等极性有机磷农药与水具有相似极性,而且在地下水中含量相对偏低,采用常规二氯甲烷作萃取溶剂,液-液萃取时提取比较困难,存在检测组分萃取回收率低、方法稳定性差,方法检出限高等问题。通过加入丙酮作为辅助萃取溶剂,显著提高了检测回收率和方法稳定性。该方法以丙酮-二氯甲烷(体积比1∶9)为萃取剂,液-液萃取、气相色谱-火焰光度检测器检测地下水中敌敌畏、甲拌磷、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、对硫磷7种极性有机磷农药。优化条件下,水样平均加标回收率为88.1%~109%,相对标准偏差为0.28%~4.27%(n=3),方法检出下限为ρ=1.17~4.22 ng/L(水样1L)。改进后的分析方法显著改善了准确度、精密度等有效性参数,有利于更准确地测定地下水中极性有机磷农药。     

微生物絮凝剂评价体系实验研究

研究了PO43-与Ca2+对现有的微生物絮凝剂高岭土评价体系的影响。采用传统的烧杯实验,在未加入微生物絮凝剂情况下,仅投加PO43-与Ca2+进行实验。实验发现絮凝率随这两种无机离子的浓度和pH值的增加而增加。当pH值超过7.0,PO43-浓度为0.043 mmol/L,Ca2+浓度为4.0 mmol/L时,絮凝率超过80%;pH值达到8.0时,絮凝率最高达到91%。实验表明,培养基中PO43-浓度较高时,现有的微生物絮凝剂高岭土评价体系会受到PO43-与Ca2+的影响,不能真实地表示微生物絮凝剂的絮凝效果,需要对现有评价体系进行修改。     

大连市地下水中硝酸盐氮含量状况及影响因素

用离子色谱法对大连地区11眼地下监测水井中硝酸盐氮的含量进行测定。实验结果表明:大连地区地下水中硝酸盐氮普遍存在,其浓度范围为8.23~61.25 mg/L。11眼地下监测水井中仅有4眼井硝酸盐氮浓度小于饮用水标准规定的最大允许浓度(20 mg/L),硝酸盐氮超标率达63.6%。造成大连地区地下水硝酸盐氮超标最主要的原因是化肥农药等有机质的过度使用,此外地下水的埋藏深度也对硝酸盐氮的含量变化影响较大。     

辽阳县不同深度地下水化学特征及其控制因素研究

通过调查采样辽阳县不同深度地下水样，综合利用多种方法揭示不同深度地下水化学特征及控制因素。结果表明：辽阳县浅层和中深层地下水优势阴离子为HCO₃^-,优势阳离子为Ca₂⁺与Na⁺;浅层、中深层地下水TDS均值为780.51mg/L和571.68mg/L,除浅层有3组微咸水外其余均为淡水；浅层地下水化学类型复杂，而中深层相对简单；人类活动、阳离子交替吸附作用和岩石溶滤作用共同影响着地下水化学特征，并且人类活动对浅层影响相对更大，一般不会对中深层水造成明显影响。     

青海省黄河重点流域水化学特征及其控制因素

选取青海省黄河重点流域2010—2020年地表水和地下水水质监测数据,综合运用Piper三线图、相关性分析法和Gibbs图法,分析了研究区地表水和地下水水化学特征,并探讨了水化学演化规律,结果表明:研究区水体呈弱碱性;地表水TDS为202～822 mg/L,平均值为388 mg/L,除个别地区为较高矿化度外,多数地区属于较低和中等矿化度;地下水TDS为122～1 960 mg/L,平均值为798 mg/L,地下水矿化度明显高于地表水的;地表水和地下水阳离子除龙羊峡至兰州干流区间以K~++Na~+为主外,其他均以Ca~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,其次为SO_4~(2-);地表水均为Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~-型水,地下水由Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型水转变为Na~--Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型水;地表水、地下水水化学离子形成主要受岩石风化作用影响,受人类活动影响相对较小。     

物化-生化法处理汽车生产废水

针对汽车生产废水的特点,对含磷废水和高浓度有机废水分别采用石灰法和混凝沉淀-气浮法进行分质预处理.预处理出水与其它废水混合后形成的综合废水的设计处理能力为50 m3/h,COD 300～600 mg/L,PO3-(以P计)3～5 mg/L,经混凝沉淀-生化-过滤工艺处理后,COD≤100mg/L,PO43-(以P计)≤0.5 mg/L,可达标排放.     

北京市朝阳区地下水化学特征及其变化规律

为了揭示北京市朝阳区水化学特征的形成机制,采集2007—2009年不同季节中共计144个地下水样品进行监测,应用相关分析法、水化学方法和离子比例法分析地下水水化学特征、影响因素和变化规律。结果表明:丰水期和枯水期地下水水化学组分差别较小。地下水阴离子中HCO3-占绝对主导地位且含量相对稳定,质量浓度均值在290～302 mg/L,而Cl-受环境影响质量浓度变化较大,变异系数在95.7%～132%,阳离子则以Na+、Ca2+为主,质量浓度均值分别为53～72 mg/L和49～62 mg/L,且Na+质量浓度变化稍大。总体上朝阳区地下水TDS中等,均值为449.4 mg/L,与Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-、Ca2+和Mg2+的质量浓度呈显著正相关关系。地下水化学类型以HCO3-NaCa为主,少数地段出现HCO3Cl-CaMg和HCO3SO4-NaCa。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.