空间结构多维地震反应两阶段推覆分析方法

现有的推覆分析方法在计算空间结构多维地震响应组合值时,采用的"平方根式"组合准则丢弃了响应的正负符号,造成结构响应模式"正向膨胀"的失真现象,且针对响应进行组合的计算方式也丧失了推覆分析能够观察结构弹塑性发展全过程的特有优势.针对此问题,提出空间结构多维地震反应两阶段推覆分析方法,该方法在基于振型刚度的第一阶段非线性推...     

An improved multidimensional modal pushover analysis procedure for seismic evaluation of latticed arch‐type structures under lateral and vertical earthquakes

Pushover methods for seismic assessment of buildings under multidimensional earthquakes have been studied and retrofitted. However, these current methods are not suitable when applied to widely adopted arch‐type structures characterized by strong geometrical nonlinearity and coupling effects. An improved multidimensional modal pushover procedure with two‐stage analyses is proposed for seismic evaluation of latticed arches. Taking overall multidimensional response into consideration, modal stiffness of the equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom system is derived, and its capacity curve is determined during the first‐stage analysis. To provide a deformation profile with algebraic signs of response retained, the second‐stage analysis is conducted using the pushover load pattern derived from modal displacement superposition. The objective of the improved procedure is to overcome the drawback of the conventional modal pushover method, which describes the capacity curve resorting to base shear and roof displacement, and that of quadratic combination rules which eliminate the sign reversals of response. To validate its serviceability, nodal displacements and element stresses, as well as the yielding members, of two typical latticed arches are calculated. Through comparative analysis, the results by the improved procedure exhibit good agreement with those by response history analysis. Additionally, this procedure demonstrates great superiority over the conventional method for its satisfying accuracy.     

基于能量的模态pushover分析方法

提出了一种基于能量的模态pushover分析方法,解决了高阶模态能力曲线失稳的问题。该方法利用基于结构变形吸收能量的等效位移,计算结构在地震作用下的非线性总体变形,替代模态pushover中基于顶点位移的变形解法,采用基于能量原理的等效单自由度体系,结合等强度谱计算目标位移,以目标位移对应的能量指标求出相应的结构性态反应,采用SRSS方法组合得到结构的最大反应。以9层钢框架结构为例对所提出方法进行了验证,结果表明:该方法可以考虑高阶效应,不会出现能力谱折返的失效情况,而且与时程分析法相比,该方法计算效率高且具有较好的精度。     

钢管混凝土拱桥多振型组合pushover方法可行性例证

提出采用pushover方法估计钢管混凝土（CFT）拱桥的弹塑性地震响应。由于CFT拱桥地震响应受高阶振型影响较大,故pushover方法需要考虑多振型组合。在阐述了多振型组合的pushover方法的过程步骤后以潮白河大桥为例,对比了pushover方法和杆系模型弹塑性时程分析所得的增量动力时程分析（IDA）曲线。对比结果表明：考虑多振型组合pushover方法能合理的得到结构最大响应;所绘制的IDA曲线与弹塑性时程分析所得曲线很接近,可以用于工程实践;就该例而言,多振型组合结果误差比单一振型结果小10%~15%。     

框架——剪力墙结构的静力弹塑性分析研究

静力弹塑性方法作为一种评价结构抗震性能和计算结构弹塑性变形的简化方法,近年来得到了广泛应用。但由于传统的定侧力模式的静力弹塑性方法只考虑第一振型,无法反映高层建筑结构的高阶振型影响。为考虑高阶振型的影响,Chopra在振型分解反应谱组合法的基础上,提出了MPA方法。本文首先讨论了应用MPA方法需注意的问题,然后用一个18层钢筋混凝土框架—剪力墙结构为算例,以逐步增量弹塑性时程分析结果为基准,对传统定侧力模式静力弹塑性方法和MPA方法的分析结果进行了对比研究。结果表明,相比于定侧力模式静力弹塑性分析结果,MPA方法的分析结果更接近弹塑性时程分析结果。     

A displacement‐based adaptive pushover method considering modal sign reversal for RC frame structures

Nonlinear static procedures are favored tools for practical applications in the structural engineering profession. However, some limitations are associated with them, including their deficiencies to properly reflect higher modal effects and inertial seismic forces fluctuations in their responses. Some different adaptive pushover methods intended to improve these limitations have been proposed in the literature, but each one has come out with a special deficiency. In this study, based on the concepts of the displacement‐based adaptive pushover, a new dual‐run procedure method called Improved DAP (IDAP) has been developed, aiming to improve higher modal and sign reversal consideration of pushover methods. The seismic scope of this study has been focused on near‐fault regions. Four concrete SMRF with different heights have been employed for the evaluations. The results of the proposed method in terms of capacity curves, interstory and shear profiles are compared with those of the IDA method. Results indicate that the ability of the new method in reproducing seismic story forces and capacity curves, as well as interstory drifts, has been improved in comparison with its primitive counterpart. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pushover方法的准确性和适用性研究

Pushover方法作为一种建筑结构弹塑性地震响应的简化近似计算方法和抗震性能评价方法已得到广泛应用。但由于其理论基础不严密,其准确性需要给予必要确认,同时其适用性也应受到一定的限制。本文以逐步增量弹塑性时程方法的结果为基准,分别以一个普通6层RC框架结构和一个18层RC框架-剪力墙结构为例,对Pushover方法的准确性和适用性进行了分析研究。结果表明,Pushover方法仅适用于以第一振型为主的高度不大的结构,且应采用两种以上的侧力模式;对于高阶振型影响较大的结构,该方法的准确性较差,承载力预测显著偏低。     

Improved multimode pushover procedure for asymmetric in plan buildings under biaxial seismic excitation—application to tall buildings

An improved version of a recently developed multimode pushover procedure for asymmetric in plan buildings under biaxial seismic excitation is presented and evaluated. The proposed methodology is quite similar to the well‐known modal pushover analysis. However, the establishment of the equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems is based on a new concept, which takes into account multidirectional seismic effects. The proposed methodology does not require independent analysis in the two orthogonal directions, and therefore, the application of simplified directional combination rules is avoided. The improvement presented here consists in definition of correction factors to be applied to the response values at the stiff side of buildings. An extensive evaluation study comprising applications to tall buildings is presented. The response parameters obtained from the proposed methodology in most cases envelope the values resulting from nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA). Furthermore, the mean errors with regard to the NDA results are smaller than those obtained from a multimode pushover procedure comprising independent analysis along two horizontal axes and directional combination of the results. In general, the proposed methodology provides a reasonable estimation of the seismic performance of asymmetric buildings.     

Multi-mode pushover procedure for deformation demand estimates of steel moment-resisting frames

The main objective of the paper is the development and evaluation of a multi-mode pushover procedure for the approximate analysis of the seismic response of steel moment-resisting frames. A generalized force vector derived from modal combination simulates the instantaneous force distribution acting on the structure when the interstorey drift reaches its maximum value during dynamic response to a seismic excitation. Considering the interstorey drift for each floor, a set of generalized force vectors (each associated to maximum drift at one story) is applied separately to the structure until the corresponding target interstorey drift is attained. The maximum value of each response parameter is obtained from the envelope of results. This multi-run and multi-mode pushover procedure allows a simple implementation, reducing the computational effort compared with adaptive nonlinear static procedures and with nonlinear response history analysis. Furthermore, it does not suffer from the statistical combination of inelastic modal responses calculated separately. Both effectiveness and accuracy are verified through a comparative study involving regular steel moment resisting frames subjected to various acceleration records. The results are finally compared with those obtained from other nonlinear static procedures and with the “exact” values from nonlinear response history analysis. It is demonstrated that the proposed procedure is able to accurately predict the seismic demands of steel moment-resisting frames. In low- and middle-rise frames, the error of interstorey drift ratios of the proposed procedure is in the range 5.8-20.8% when the intensity level of the input ground motion varies in the range 0.2-0.8 g. In high-rise frames the error of interstorey drift ratios is in the range 6.38-20.9%.

     

Assessment of modified consecutive modal pushover analysis for estimating the seismic demands of tall buildings with dual system considering steel concentrically braced frames

According to the previous researches, conventional nonlinear static procedure (NSP), which is limited to single mode response, cannot predict the seismic demands of tall buildings with reliable accuracy. To estimate the seismic demands in upper stories for tall buildings the effects of higher modes should be included. In the recent years, developing traditional pushover analysis to consider the effects of higher modes conducted researchers to propose several methods, such as N2, MPA and MMPA procedures, that have a specific approach to estimate seismic demands of structures but the accuracy of them is doubtable for estimating of hinge plastic rotations. Recently consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure was proposed to consider the effects of higher modes with acceptable accuracy especially in prediction of hinge plastic rotations. The CMP procedure was limited to include two or three modes, and use of higher modes might cause some inaccuracy at results of upper stories. In CMP procedure, estimation of modal participating factors is important and choosing inadequate modes may cause large errors. In this paper some changes have been applied to the CMP procedure to improve accuracy of the results and the modified method is proposed and named modified consecutive modal pushover (MCMP) procedure. In this modified method the contribution of mode is used of effective modal participating mass ratio. The comparison of MCMP procedure to exact values derived by nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA) demonstrated the reliable predictions and it can overcome the limitations of traditional pushover analysis.     

A consecutive modal pushover procedure for nonlinear static analysis of one-way unsymmetric-plan tall building structures

Seismic responses of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings are substantially influenced by the effects of higher modes and torsion. Considering these effects, in this article, the consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure is extended to estimate the seismic demands of one-way unsymmetric-plan tall buildings. The procedure uses multi-stage and classical single-stage pushover analyses and benefits from the elastic modal properties of the structure. Both lateral forces and torsional moments obtained from modal analysis are used in the multi-stage pushover analysis. The seismic demands are obtained by enveloping the peak inelastic responses resulting from the multi-stage and single-stage pushover analyses. To verify and appraise the procedure, it is applied to the 10, 15, and 20-storey one-way unsymmetric-plan buildings including systems with different degrees of coupling between the lateral displacements and torsional rotations, i.e. torsionally-stiff (TS), torsionally-similarly-stiff (TSS) and torsionally-flexible (TF) systems. The modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure is implemented for the purpose of comparison as well. The results from the approximate pushover procedures are compared with the results obtained by the nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA). It is demonstrated that the CMP procedure is able to take into account the higher mode influences as well as amplification or de-amplification of seismic displacements at the flexible and stiff edges of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings. The extended procedure can predict to a reasonable accuracy the peak inelastic responses, such as displacements and storey drifts. The CMP procedure represents an important improvement in estimating the plastic rotations of hinges at both flexible and stiff sides of unsymmetric-plan tall buildings in comparison with the MPA procedure.     

Identification of Modal Combinations for Nonlinear Static Analysis of Building Structures

Abstract:   An essential requisite in performance-based seismic design is the estimation of inelastic deformation demands in structural members. An increasingly popular analytical method to establish these demand values is a "pushover" analysis in which a model of the building structure is subjected to an invariant distribution of lateral forces. Although such an approach takes into consideration the redistribution of forces following yielding of sections, it does not incorporate the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response. Simple modal combination schemes are investigated in this article to indirectly account for higher mode effects. Because the modes that contribute to deformations may be different from the modes that contribute to forces, it is necessary to identify unique modal combinations that provide reliable estimates of both force and deformation demands. The proposed procedure is applied to typical moment frame buildings to assess the effectiveness of the methodology. It is shown that the envelope of demands obtained from a series of nonlinear static analysis using the proposed modal-combination-based lateral load patterns results in better estimation of inter-story drift, a critical parameter in seismic evaluation and design.     

Assessment of modal pushover analysis and conventional nonlinear static procedure with load distributions of federal emergency management agency for high‐rise buildings

The nonlinear static pushover analysis technique is mostly used in the performance‐based design of structures. However, the pushover analysis with load distributions of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) loses its accuracy in estimating the seismic responses of long‐period structures where higher mode effects are important. Recently, modal pushover analysis (MPA) has been proposed to consider these effects. Hence, FEMA load patterns and MPA are evaluated in the current study and compared with inelastic response history analysis. These approximate procedures are applied to medium‐rise (10 and 15 stories) and high‐rise (20 and 30 stories) buildings; advantages and limitations of them are elaborated. It is shown that MPA procedure presents significant advantage over FEMA load distributions in predicting story drifts. MPA is able to compute hinge plastic rotations better than FEMA load distributions at upper floor levels of high‐rise buildings due to considering higher mode effects by this procedure, but both are unsuccessful in predicting hinge plastic rotations with acceptable accuracy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A static pushover method for identifying weak areas of earthquake resistant space frame structures

空间网格结构在强震下出现薄弱区的原因是该区域杆件的地震内力与决定其截面配置的非抗震设计内力差异较大，且该内力差异主要来自于少数模态的贡献。为此，利用非抗震设计和多遇地震验算的最不利内力，提出了一种疑似薄弱区杆件的简便判别方法。基于多遇地震下由振型分解反应谱法计算得到的结构响应，可以确定疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态。考虑这些主要贡献模态并参考振型质量参与系数，构造了能够近似反映最不利单向地震响应的综合模态，并基于结构应变能相等的原则确定了罕遇地震水平的等效静力推覆荷载。给出了一种能够计入三向地震动贡献的静力推覆方法，并对一个三心圆柱面双层网壳算例进行了推覆分析。通过与动力弹塑性时程分析结果对比发现，只要在建立推覆荷载时组合模态包括了疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态,并且所有组合模态的振型质量参与系数之和大于90%，则该静力推覆方法可以有效识别到该结构在罕遇地震下可能形成的薄弱区。     

空间网格结构抗震薄弱区识别的静力推覆方法

空间网格结构在强震下出现薄弱区的原因是该区域杆件的地震内力与决定其截面配置的非抗震设计内力差异较大,且该内力差异主要来自于少数模态的贡献。为此,利用非抗震设计和多遇地震验算的最不利内力,提出了一种疑似薄弱区杆件的简便判别方法。基于多遇地震下由振型分解反应谱法计算得到的结构响应,可以确定疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态。考虑这些主要贡献模态并参考振型质量参与系数,构造了能够近似反映最不利单向地震响应的综合模态,并基于结构应变能相等的原则确定了罕遇地震水平的等效静力推覆荷载。给出了一种能够计入三向地震动贡献的静力推覆方法,并对一个三心圆柱面双层网壳算例进行了推覆分析。通过与动力弹塑性时程分析结果对比发现,只要在建立推覆荷载时组合模态包括了疑似薄弱区杆件地震内力的主要贡献模态,并且所有组合模态的振型质量参与系数之和大于90%,则该静力推覆方法可以有效识别到该结构在罕遇地震下可能形成的薄弱区。     

An improved consecutive modal pushover procedure for estimating seismic demands of multi‐storey framed buildings

An improved consecutive modal pushover (ICMP) procedure is proposed to enhance the accuracy of conventional CMP procedure for estimating seismic demands of tall buildings. It accounts for inelastic structural properties and interaction between vibration modes. The displacement increment at the roof of buildings used in each stage of pushover analyses is modified based on the displacement contribution of each mode. The performance of the proposed ICMP procedure is verified against three high‐rise frames subjected to various ground motions. The results obtained from the ICMP procedure are compared with those from the nonlinear time history analysis, conventional pushover analysis, and CMP analysis. The comparison shows the advantages of the ICMP over the other pushover procedures. It is concluded that the ICMP procedure is more accurate than the CMP procedure.     

A new pushover procedure for two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under bidirectional earthquakes

Conventional pushover analyses despite of extensive applications are unable to estimate the general responses of asymmetric‐plan tall buildings because of ignoring the effects of higher modes and torsion. A consecutive modal pushover procedure is one of the recent nonlinear static pushover procedures that used to analyse the seismic response of one‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under one‐directional seismic ground motions. In this paper, a modified consecutive modal pushover procedure (MCMP) has been proposed to estimate the seismic demands of two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under two horizontal components of earthquakes simultaneously. The accuracy of the MCMP procedure is evaluated using different buildings and comparing with the results of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) procedures, the practical modal pushover procedure and nonlinear time history analyses as an exact solution. The results show the proposed MCMP procedure is able to estimate the displacements and storey drifts accurately and introduces a great improvement in predicting the plastic hinge rotations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于能力谱法原理的改进模态静力弹塑性分析

模态静力弹塑性分析法中,动力时程分析部分的可操作性较差,且分析结果不稳定.用能力谱法替代原有的动力时程分析,在现行规范加速度反应谱基础上计算结构各振型等效单自由度体系各性能水平的位移反应,然后将其转化为相应多自由度结构的位移反应,并通过平方和开方法求得结构的总位移反应,用其与结构某一性能水平的位移(层间位移角)限值进行...     

A consecutive modal pushover procedure for estimating the seismic demands of tall buildings

The nonlinear static procedure (NSP), based on pushover analysis, has become a favourite tool for use in practical applications for building evaluation and design verification. The NSP is, however, restricted to single-mode response. It is therefore valid for low-rise buildings where the behaviour is dominated by the fundamental vibration mode. It is well recognized that the seismic demands derived from the conventional NSP are greatly underestimated in the upper storeys of tall buildings, in which higher-mode contributions to the response are important. This paper presents a new pushover procedure which can take into account higher-mode effects. The procedure, which has been named the consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure, utilizes multi-stage and single-stage pushover analyses. The final structural responses are determined by enveloping the results of multi-stage and single-stage pushover analyses. The procedure is applied to four special steel moment-resisting frames with different heights. A comparison between estimates from the CMP procedure and the exact values obtained by nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA), as well as predictions from modal pushover analysis (MPA), has been carried out. It is demonstrated that the CMP procedure is able to effectively overcome the limitations of traditional pushover analysis, and to accurately predict the seismic demands of tall buildings.     

改进模态pushover法应用于高墩桥梁抗震分析

国内外尚缺乏针对高墩桥梁抗震的设计方法。介绍了模态pushover分析方法与能力谱法相结合后的改进模态pushover分析方法,并以实例进行高阶振型对高墩桥梁抗震能力的影响分析。将其计算结果与常规加载的pushover分析方法的计算结果进行比较,分析表明在高墩桥梁中不能忽略高阶振型的影响。