高含沙水流脉动特性试验研究

以某工程的表孔为依托,建立1∶100单体模型。通过配置不同含沙量的水流,对水垫塘底板含沙水流的脉动压强进行试验。结果表明,在试验范围内,水流条件不同,含沙量对脉动强度的影响不同:水流条件较强时,脉动压强随着含沙量的增大,呈现先减小后又增大的趋势,含沙水流最大脉动压强比清水最多减小24.73%;水流条件较弱时,脉动压强随着含沙量的增大,呈现先增大后减小的趋势,含沙水流最大脉动压强比清水最大增加78.74%。冲击区含沙水流脉动压力分布比清水更接近正态分布,脉动压力能量大部分集中在0.4 Hz以内,功率谱无明显的优势频率,水流主要以低频大尺度漩涡为主。通过对高含沙水流水垫塘底板的脉动压强进行观测,总结分析了不同因素影响下高含沙水流脉动压强特性的变化规律,为相关工程提供参考。     

高含沙水流作用下水垫塘底板上举力特性试验

针对高含沙水流对水垫塘底板上举力特性的影响,通过模型试验,研究了不同含沙量下底板上举力的分布规律、幅值特性和频谱特性。结果表明:含沙水流作用下的上举力沿程分布规律与清水时相同;各流速下上举力时均值均随含沙量的增大而增大,且基本呈线性函数关系,斜率在0.17～0.22之间;上举力标准差随含沙量的增大先增大后减小,在含沙量为183 kg/m~3时出现峰值;上举力的脉动在0～3 Hz的低频范围内,与清水相比,水流含沙后功率谱的频带宽度增加,高频域内的功率谱密度值有所增加;水流的时间积分尺度随着含沙量的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

明流脉动压强特性对自掺气发展影响试验研究

通过系列模型试验,采用脉动压强仪和针式掺气浓度仪,在不同初始流速与水深条件下详细测量了陡槽自掺气水流沿程各断面掺气浓度与脉动压强,重点分析了脉动压强与掺气浓度分布之间的相关关系,以及断面平均脉动强度对掺气区气泡扩散的影响。试验结果表明:随着明渠水流自掺气沿程不断发展,同一个断面上的脉动压强从断面底部至自由面呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,其中最大值位于断面掺气扩散区;断面平均脉动强度呈现沿程逐渐增大的变化趋势;在不同来流流速、水深及雷诺数条件下,自掺气水流断面平均脉动强度与断面掺气扩散区域之间呈现良好的相关关系。     

水垫塘冲击区掺气浓度对脉动压强作用的试验研究

采用水工模型试验,研究泄流进入水垫塘后在水垫塘底板冲击区内掺气浓度对脉动压强的作用。通过改变掺气量,使水垫塘内水体的掺气浓度发生变化,开展不同的掺气浓度对水垫塘冲击区底板脉动压强影响的研究。结果表明:在保持水垫深度和泄流流量不变的情况下,增加掺气量,水垫塘冲击区同一测点水体掺气浓度值随掺气量的增加而增加。水垫塘冲击区内掺气浓度分布规律为在冲击点处达到最大值,由冲击点向上、下游递减;冲击区底板总动水压强的峰值随掺气量的增加而降低;脉动压强的方差值随掺气量的增加而减小,即脉动变幅减小。脉动压强的概率密度分布为正态分布,分布曲线随掺气量的增加而变陡、变窄,脉动强度系数分布集中,即方差变小,压强峰值减小,脉动强度减小。同一测点脉动压强的频谱分布规律一致,其优势频率集中在低频范围,随掺气量的增加,脉动幅值降低,即脉动压强降低。     

掺气挟沙对高速水流边界剪切力特性影响的分析

在高速水流循环系统中，用自行研制的剪切力传感器分别量测了清水、掺气水流及挟沙水流壁面上的剪切力；实验表明，含沙掺气高速水流壁面剪切力的脉动值的概率密度函数分布基本符合正态分布规律；文中根据实测资料，分析了剪切力的时均值和脉动值与水流速度的关系；讨论了掺气及含沙量对壁面边界剪切力的影响；在同一流速下，剪切力的时均值及脉动值随着含沙量的增加而略有增加，随着掺气浓度的增加而降低。     

外凸型阶梯式陡坡段掺气和动压特性

为了探讨溢洪道不连续外凸型阶梯陡坡段的掺气和动水压强特性,开展了坡度为1∶3阶梯陡坡段的掺气和动水压强水力模型试验。研究表明:受外凸型阶梯突体的影响,其阶梯陡坡段水流未掺气区长度比常规连续的内凹型阶梯陡坡段缩短,其水面掺气断面下游的陡坡段壁面水流掺气浓度较高和沿程增大,掺气浓度随阶梯高度增大而增加,随单宽流量增大而减小,陡坡段壁面的抗空蚀性能明显提高;阶梯陡坡段壁面动水压强随阶梯高度和单宽流量增大而增加,在阶梯高度a≤0.6 m、单宽流量q≤30 m~3/(s·m)试验条件范围内,陡坡段水面掺气断面下游的阶梯壁面动水压强值为其相应断面流速水头的45%之内。     

圆管有压流输沙与泥沙垂向分选特性试验研究

管道输沙是实现黄河水沙资源重分配的有效手段之一,广泛用于水库泄洪排沙、河道疏浚及滩区淤沙等工程。以黄河流域水库高含沙隧洞和管道输沙为工程背景,设计了循环管道输沙试验系统,以d_(50)=107μm的黄河细沙为试验材料,研究有压封闭环境下不同含沙浓度引起的断面流速、泥沙浓度垂向分布等物理量的变化,并采用Malvern3000粒度分析仪对分层泥沙样品进行颗粒分析,探讨泥沙垂向分选特性。试验结果表明:泥沙的存在会改变清水流场分布,小流量工况的水动力较弱,含沙浓度的增加引起断面流速分布不对称,垂向泥沙颗粒出现明显分层;随着流量增大,流速不对称性有所降低,含沙浓度沿垂向趋近均匀分布,泥沙分选效果减弱。     

双股射流壁面脉动压强与近壁紊动流速相关与频谱特性

本文用多通道动态压力检测系统和二维激光测速仪对在单股和双股射流作用下,水垫塘底板脉动压强与近壁脉动流速的相关,功率谱和紊动比尺进行了测试研究。实测表明,双股射流形成的动水扩建在塘底水平方向的脉动使得双股射流在第二冲击点下游的脉动量特性与单股射流不同：前者的水平脉动速度与脉动压强的互相关系数较后者明显增大,且水平脉动速度和脉动压强的功率谱具有大致相同的优势频率。单股和双股射流塘底脉动压强系数与近壁紊     

台阶式溢流坝消力池压强特性试验研究

为研究台阶式溢流坝不设反弧段连接时消力池底板压强特性,结合某水库实际工程,采用物理模型试验方法,对台阶式溢流坝消力池底板时均压强、脉动压强强度和峰值等压强特性进行了研究。结果表明,消力池底板时均压强均为正值;在滑行水流和过渡水流时,时均压强在水流冲击区出现一个较大值,最大为0.926kPa,下游反弹区形成极小值;在跌落水流时,时均压强沿程变化较小,且随流量的增加而增大;脉动压强强度和峰值沿程变化规律基本一致,总体上随流量的增加而增大,最大值出现在水流冲击区,脉动压强最大为1.198kPa,随后沿下游方向逐渐减小,并趋于稳定;台阶尺寸对消力池底板时均压强和脉动压强影响不大;消力池内脉动优势频率为0.01~4 Hz,属低频振动,不会危害泄水建筑物的安全。研究成果可为台阶式溢流坝消力池的优化设计提供参考。     

跌坎突扩型消力池脉动压力大涡模拟研究

针对跌坎突扩型消力池底板脉动压力分布较为复杂等问题,基于FLOW-3D软件,采用大涡模型和tru VOF法,模拟得出消力池底板的时均压强、脉动压强均方根、功率谱密度等时均量和脉动量特性,并将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析.结果表明:大涡模型能够较好模拟跌坎突扩型消力池底板的水流脉动压力,消力池内水跃区脉动压力主要受低频...     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。