碱性溶液中硼氢化钠在铜阳极上的氧化行为

Polarization data of BH^-₄ oxidation on Cu anode in alkaline solution were measured at steady state by a self-made experimental cell. The experimental polarization curve showed three regions：the region at lower over-potential η（below 0.4 V approximately）,the region at higher η（above 0.6 V approximately）and the transitional region at medium η. It was found that the limiting current density is caused by the limiting elemental step rather than the external mass transport. The apparent reaction order with respect to BH^-₄ changes from 0 to 1. The active energy is about 40 kJ·mol^-1 in both regions with lower and higher η,and is higher than 40 kJ·mol^-1 in the transitional region. With the experimental temperatures and NaOH concentration,the hydrogen production rates released by the electrode reaction were measured at ［BH^-₄］/［OH^-］ratios of 1∶40,1∶20,1∶6. 7 and 1∶4,which is strongly dependent on the over-potential. The apparent number of released electron n by the reaction was calculated by using the measured amounts of hydrogen and coulomb. Higher value of n was obtained at lower ［BH^-₄］/［OH^-］ratio,higher temperature as well as higher over-potential. Under the experimental conditions,the value of n varies from 0 to 7,while in the transitional region it is just in the range of 3 to 5. The experimental results indicate that the limiting current density or n value will increase by virtue of proper experimental conditions. However,to considerably increase the current density at lower over-potential requires a modified anode with higher activity.     

可变的分子连接性指数在有机化合物反磁磁化率拓扑研究中的应用

For predicting the molar diamagnetic susceptibilities of organic compounds, a variable molecular connectivity index ^mχ^′ and its converse index ^mχ^″ based on adjacency matrix of molecular graphs and the variable atomic valence connectivity index δ^′I were proposed.The optimal values of parameters a, b, and y included in definition of δ′_i,^mχ^′and ^mχ^″can be found by optimization method.When a=1.10, b=2.8, and y=0.36, a good five-parameter model can be constructed from ^mχ^′and ^mχ^″by using the best subsets regression analysis method for the molar diamagnetic susceptibilities of organic compounds.The results showed that the current method is more effective than literature methods for estimating the molar diamagnetic susceptibility of an organic compound.     

新型聚两性电解质污水处理剂的制备

Mg₃Al layered double hydroxides (Mg₃Al-LDH_EPCL) was grafted through free radical polymerization using S₂O^2-₈/S₂O^2-₅ redox initiator.Monomers used for the graft copolymerization were composed of anionic monomers acrylic acid (AA) and sodium acrylate (SA) as well as cationic monomers trimethylallyl ammonium chloride (TMAAC) and dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC).The produced hybrid graft copolymer, Mg₃Al-LDH_EPCL-g-PAA-PSA-co-PTMAAC-co-PDMDAAC, can be used as polyampholyte sewage treatment agent.The graft copolymerization process was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to obtain the kinetic characteristics in the foamed dispersion polymerization system.The graft copolymerization composition was optimized aiming to achieve lower water content in the sludge and lower COD value in the filtrate.The optimized composition was found to be m(Mg₃Al-LDH_EPCL )∶m(AA+SA+TMAAC+DMDAAC)=0.12∶1;m(TMAAC+DMDAAC)∶m(AA+SA+TMAAC+DMDAAC)=0.288∶0.712, and the neutralization ratio of AA was 18%—24%.Hydrolysis analog studies in 1.0 mol•L^-1 NaOH solution revealed that the layered cluster of Mg₃Al-LDH_EPCL hydrolyzed into multiple lamellar segments forming a secondary quaternary ammonium polyampholyte that functioned as coagulation agent.These inherent structural characteristics are important factors for improving the dehydration effect significantly.The crystal structures were characterized by XRD and IR.     

同轴双通道喷嘴雾化滴径沿轴向分布特性

Experiments were performed on the breakup of water droplets in a coaxial twin-fluid air-blast atomizer by a high-speed gas stream.With the measurements of Sauter mean diameter（SMD）distributions at a downstream distance of the atomizer,the droplet size was found first to decrease,reaching a minimum,and then to increase monotonically with the downstream distance.Correlation of L_c where the minimum droplet size appeared as a function of aerodynamic Weber number and liquid Reynolds number was analyzed.The growth rate of droplet size passes by L_c downstream increased with increasing water velocity,and the relationship between SMD and x/D_g accurately reflected the increasing trend of droplet size.     

288 K下Li+,K+//CO2-3,B4O2-7-H2O四元体系的相平衡

Solubilities and properties (density, conductivity and pH value) of solutions in the quaternary system Li⁺,K⁺//CO^2-₃,B₄O^2-₇-H₂O at 288 K were experimentally studied with the isothermal equilibrium method. The phase diagram of the system consisted of two invariant points E and F, five univariant curves, and four crystallization fields that belonged to K₂CO₃·3/2H₂O,Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O,K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O and Li₂CO₃. The composition of the solution corresponding to E was w（CO^2-₃）=2.27 %,w（B₄O^2-₇）=6.05 %,w（K⁺ ）=4.30%,w(Li⁺)=0.30 % and the equilibrium solids were Li₂B₄O₇· 3H₂O+K ₂B₄O₇·4H₂O+Li₂CO₃;The composition of the solution for F was w(CO^2-₃)=22.45%,w(B₄O^2-₇)=1.88%,w(K⁺ )=29.96%,w(Li⁺ )=0.03% and the equilibrium solids were K₂CO₃·3/2H₂O+K ₂B₄O₇·4H₂O+Li₂CO₃. K₂CO₃ possesses strong salting-out effect on K₂B₄O₇,Li₂CO₃ and Li₂B₄O₇.     

回料流入口高度对循环流化床提升管流动特性的影响

The axial pressure drop profile and the radial solids distribution were measured in a circulating fluidized bed for evaluating the effects of return gas-solids stream position on the riser flow properties.The saturation carrying capacity of gas for Geldart B typed particles and the flow mode of return gas-solids stream in the bed were discussed.It was found that arranging the inlet at a higher position of the riser would make the bottom bed leaner when U₀ was high and G_s was low.When G_s increased,the longer influenced region of return particles and a small air-staging through lifting the loosening air injection position made the bottom bed become denser significantly.The deceleration and residence of return particles caused a relatively denser but asymmetrical region in the vicinity of inlet.But much more symmetrical solids distribution profile was found in the upper and lower regions far away from the inlet.The effects of inlet height on the flow properties of the riser with air-staging also were analyzed.The secondary air injection below the solids inlet could not cut off the solids exchange in the bed.The bed solids concentration increased when the particles inlet moved to a higher position of the bed when air-staging was adopted.Using CO₂ as tracer,the dispersion of the loop-seal-fluidizing air for transmitting the return particles was investigated.It was found that the loop-seal fluidizing air dispersion rate was low but can be enhanced by the secondary air injection.     

超高温灭菌乳货架期加速试验的研究

In order to estimate the shelf-life of cow milk sterilized by instant treated with Ultra Heat Temperature(UHT) in a relatively short time, the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) was designed and conducted, selecting the histological change of the sterilized milk caused by fat droplets creaming as its criteria.The stability index (SI) and the viscosity variation of the sterilized milk were determined at preservation conditions of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45℃, using Turbiscan technology.The result showed that the SI was slightly higher for 25℃ than for 20℃, elevating linearly for temperature from 25℃ to 40℃, and decreased for 40℃ to 45℃.The SI data for 25℃ to 40℃ were fitted well with equation SI_t=0.062t-1.382 (R²=0.990).If a ratio SI_t/SI_25℃ called as accelerated ratio (AR) was defined, the AR values calculated from the equation were 3.6,4.3 and 5.0 for 35, 37.5 and 40℃, respectively, which were agreement with the data from ASLT.So, the model could be used for the prediction of the shelf-life of sterilized milk by UHT process.     

超短接触反应器气固快分装置的数值模拟

A gas-solids fast separator was studied for its potential application in the process of coal pyrolysis to acetylene in plasma. The CFD method was employed to simulate the flow behavior in the gas-solids fast separator based on the realizable k-ε turbulence model and the discrete particle model（DPM）.The separation efficiency and residence time of gas phase in the gas-solids fast separator could be calculated. The numerical simulations were validated by the experimental results at a low velocity of the inlet gas（e. g. ,4 m·s^-1）.With the increase of gas velocity at the inlet,the separation efficiency was increased,and the residence time of gas phase was reduced accordingly. The separation efficiency approached 100% when particle diameter was larger than 20 μm. When inlet velocity was 100 m·s^-1,the mean residence time of gas phase was about 35 ms. To be noted,the performance of the gas-solids fast separator could be improved,for example by shortening the length of the separator,with a reduced residence time of gas phase at ～20 ms. It is expected that the gas-solids fast separator can meet the stringent demand of the coal pyrolysis to acetylene process for the milliseconds reaction,quench and separation.     

气固流化床混沌动力结构突变分析

A new method called structural catastrophe analysis was applied to the analysis of pressure fluctuation time series with chaotic and fractal characteristics in gas-solids fluidized bed.In every type of fixed bed,bubbling bed,turbulent bed,fast fluidized bed and pneumatic conveying stage,pressure fluctuation signals were sampled and dynamic exponents were solved.The changes of T_mean and T_max in different types of fluidized bed were analyzed and summarized.It was concluded that T_mean and T_max can indicate different types of fluidized,and T_max can also be recognized as a new characteristic parameter in addition to correlation parameters,LE exponent and K entropy.     

高密度二氧化碳技术对牛奶杀菌效果动力学分析

Inactivation kinetics of total bacteria counts in the milk exposed to dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) was investigated.Stronger inactivation of total bacteria counts was achieved at higher pressure and exposure time (p<0.05）.Treatment temperature had synergistic effects with pressure and expose time on the inactivation of total bacteria counts,and lg(N/N₀) significantly decreased when increasing the temperature (p<0.05）.The maximum reduction was 5.082-log at 30 MPa and 50℃ for 70 min.The survival curves of total bacteria counts in the milk against pressure or temperature were fitted by the Weibull model with high regression coefficients,and model parameters,a value (scale factor) and b value (shape factor) changed regularly with increasing pressure or temperature.     

添加有机酸强化粗颗粒石灰石烟气脱硫

针对传统石灰石湿法烟气脱硫成本高的问题,提出了一种新型石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫方法,即通过在石灰石浆液中加入有机酸,采用大尺寸石灰石165～200 μm（-80+100目）代替传统的47 μm（325目）以下的细颗粒石灰石进行脱硫,同时在鼓泡搅拌吸收反应器脱硫装置上与传统石灰石湿法烟气脱硫进行了对比实验.研究结果表明,只采用165～200 μm石灰石浆液直接脱硫其脱硫率和石灰石利用率分别为60.7%和44%,但当石灰石（165～200 μm）浆液中乙酸浓度达到10～30 mmol&#8226;L^-1,其脱硫率和石灰石利用率分别为95%和93.5%,都达到甚至优于传统石灰石脱硫中的结果,新型石灰石湿法脱硫系统的pH值在正常的脱硫区间波动也较小.在此基础上,提出了添加乙酸促进SO₂吸收的机理.本文提出的新型烟气脱硫方法具有很好的工业应用前景.     

烟气膜吸收法脱除SO2的超声波强化处理

本文提出了以柠檬酸盐溶液为吸收剂、中空纤维膜组件为脱除SO₂的基本设备，并配有超声波强化吸收的技术模式，首次将超声波和膜技术应用于烟气脱硫过程。重点探讨了超声空化作用及其促进传质过程的机理，利用自主设计的超声膜吸收器进行了烟气脱硫研究，同时分析了超声对吸收液和中空纤维稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：在超声频率为20kHz,柠檬酸盐溶液浓度为0.5mol&#8226;L^-1, pH值为4.5的条件下，超声波对膜吸收SO₂有明显的促进作用，对吸收液温度有加热的副作用，同时超声波的加入对吸收液和膜材料的稳定性没有影响。     

NO与Co(NH3)2+6气液反应动力学

用Co(NH₃)²⁺₆的氨水溶液可同时实现NO的氧化和吸收过程.NO 与Co(NH₃)²⁺₆气液反应动力学研究表明，NO与Co(NH₃)²⁺₆的反应为瞬间反应，当Co(NH₃)²⁺₆浓度低于20mmol&#8226;L^-1时过程为双膜控制，当Co(NH₃)²⁺₆浓度大于20mmol&#8226;L^-1时过程逐渐变为气膜控制.NO的吸收速度随温度的升高而降低，气相中氧的存在有利于NO的吸收，但当氧的含量高于5.2%后再继续增加氧的含量NO吸收速率提高不大.经研究建立了有氧时NO 与Co(NH₃)²⁺₆气液反应动力学方程.     

α-纤维素膜气体分离性能

制备了α-纤维素膜并对其气体分离性能进行了研究.测定了水溶胀下，CO₂、H₂、CH₄、N₂、O₂等气体在α-纤维素膜内的气体渗透速率.通过比较研究醋酸纤维素膜、苯甲酰化纤维素膜和聚砜膜在干态和湿态下的气体渗透性能，揭示了水对α-纤维素膜气体渗透性能的作用规律.     

垂直上升管中油水两相流流型表征

在含水率 5 1%～ 91%、油水两相流总流量 10～ 6 0m³·d^-1范围内 ,对垂直上升油水两相流流动工况的电导波动信号进行了分形及混沌时间序列分析 .当含水率为 6 0 .5 %～ 91%时 ,所提取的分形维数及吸引子相关维分别在 1.0 0 6～ 1.6 31及 4.30～ 6 .77之间 ;当含水率为 5 1%或 5 1.5 %时 ,所提取的分形维数及吸引子相关维分别在 1.17～ 1.75 8及 5 .46～ 7.0 5之间 ,且分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维数随总流量呈不规则突变 ,并与复杂功率谱特征及流型图上的过渡流型相对应 ,表明了分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维数对油水两相流流型变化具有敏感的“指示器”特性     

H型翅片管阻力系数变化规律的数值模拟预测

为辅助复杂烟气流场条件下烟气冷却器管外阻力设计计算,本研究提出一种基于翅片管数值模拟的阻力系数预测方法,对不同行列数翅片管束在不同烟气来流速度下的流场进行模拟,拟合翅片管束阻力系数及其随行列数变化的趋势。结果表明:翅片管束压降主要由惯性阻力引起;随着列数的增加,管束阻力呈明显上升趋势;增加行数或列数,翅片管惯性阻力系数降低,当行数或列数大于4时,惯性阻力系数的下降趋势变缓。利用本研究提出的流场模拟方法预测翅片管束阻力系数,可较好辅助烟气冷却器阻力设计计算。     

环价连接性指数与饱和烃沸点的QSPR研究

In this paper, according to the peak numbers of the nuclear magnetic resonance and the Randic embranchment degree (δi) of carbon atom i, the carbon atom‘s environment valence gi is defined as. gi =(ti δi)/2. The gi reflect the characteristic of each carbon atom, and as well as the conjunction detail of the carbon atom with other carbon atoms. So, the gi could distinguish better the chemical environment of each carbon atom in the molecule than δi. A connectivity index of environment valence (^mS) and its athwart index (^mS‘) are proposed based on the adjacency matrix and the carbon atom‘s environment valence gi. Among them, the ^0S and ^0S‘ include the characteristic and the connectivity of each carbon atom, the ^1S and ^1S‘ reflect the second conjunction between carbon atoms. Based on ^0S‘ and N (the number of carbon atom), a new structural parameter symmetry degree (N∝), is defined as. N∝ =[ (^0S‘s^0Sc‘) N]^2/3, and the N∝ reflect the size of the molecule as well as the symmetry of the molecule.The N∝, ^0S and Rn (the biggest ring‘s edge numbers of cycloalkanes) of 474 saturated hydrocarbons (216 paraffins and 258 cycloalkanes) were calculated and correlated with their boiling points. The best regression equation was obtained as follow: In ( 1056 - Tb ) = 6. 9480 - 0. 1040N∝ - 0. 008689^0S -0. 009614Rn 0. 01998Rm^0.5, n=474, R=0. 9989, F=52627, S=5.63K. The model was checked up by the Jackknife‘s method. It should have overall steadiness and could be used for predicting the boiling point of saturated hydrocarbons.     

脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解含4-氯酚废水

考察了多种因素对高压脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解废水中4-氯酚效果的影响,同时对4-氯酚降解过程动力学进行了研究.提高脉冲电压峰值和气体的流量以及降低废水溶液的电导率均可提高4-氯酚的降解效果,而醇类化合物的存在将明显降低4-氯酚的降解率.4-氯酚的降解过程符合一级反应,降解速率常数与降解温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式.当废水的初始pH值为7.0、电导率为80μS&#8226;cm^-1、脉冲电压峰值为30kV、放电频率为60Hz、放电电极直径为0.6mm、放电距离为3.0cm时,指前因子A=1.365×10-2min^-1,实验活化能E_a= 5.129kJ&#8226;mol^-1.得到了降解速率常数与脉冲电压峰值、放电频率、放电距离和初始氧气流量的关系.     

快速流化床提升管中气固流动行为的非线性分析

对φ100mm×16m、FCC固体颗粒的快速流化床提升管内环-核流动区局部颗粒含量脉动行为进行了非线性分析,用Kolmogorov熵表征了其气固流动行为.结果表明,Kolmogorov熵沿提升管环-核流动区径向有3个显著变化区域,以此为依据将提升管环-核流动区的气固流动行为沿径向分成3个流域：单颗粒随机运动控制的核心流域;单颗粒混沌控制的过渡流域;边壁控制的环形流域.同时,从颗粒对垂直气固流动系统中气固湍动程度影响的角度,解释了Kolmogorov熵的径向分布特征及其与流动结构的关系.     

上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度

在Ф100mm× 16m循环床提升管实验装置上测试了134组操作条件下提升管 12个截面位置的平均颗粒浓度 ,其中 113组操作条件下提升管中的气固两相流展现出明确的充分发展段 .结果表明 ,充分发展段的颗粒浓度εs 随颗粒循环量G_s 的增加而增大且具有显著的线性关系 ,ε_s 随表观气速U_g 的增加以幂函数关系减小 .所提出的实验关联式不仅较好地拟合了本文所获得的充分发展段的平均颗粒浓度数据 ,而且诠释了以往有关提升管稀相段出口颗粒浓度预测结果之间的差异 ,更明确地反映了充分发展段颗粒浓度与操作参数之间的定量关系