A method for voltage stability‐constrained optimal power flow (VSCOPF)

This paper presents a novel formulation for solving optimal power flow (OPF) problems with voltage stability constraints. The proposed Voltage Stability Constrained OPF (VSCOPF) formulation is based on voltage sensitivity with respect to total load demand representing the gradient of the P‐V curve at the operating point. In the formulation, voltage constraints are given by a set of equality constraints which must be satisfied by the voltage sensitivity. Since the voltage stability constraints retain a sparse matrix structure, the method based on the proposed OPF formulation may effectively solve large‐scale problems. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated on test problems with 2‐, 49‐, and 2312‐bus systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(2): 29–39, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10125     

A study of a unit commitment problem with transmission constraints

Unit commitment problem is an optimization problem to determine the start‐up and shut‐down schedule of thermal units while satisfying various constraints, for example, generation‐demand balance, unit minimum up/down time, system reserve, and so on. Since this problem involves a large number of 0–1 type variables that represent up/down status of the unit and continuous variables expressing generation output, it is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem to solve. The study at present concerns the method for requiring the suboptimum solution efficiently. Unit commitment method widely used solves the problem without consideration of voltage, reactive power, and transmission constraints. In this paper, we will propose a solution of unit commitment with voltage and transmission constraints, based on the unit decommitment procedure (UDP) method, heuristic method, and optimal power flow (OPF). In this method, initial unit status will be determined from random numbers and the feasibility will be checked for minimum start‐up/shut‐down time and demand‐generation balance. If the solution is infeasible, the initial solution will be regenerated until a feasible solution can be found. Next, OPF is applied for each time period with the temporary unit status. Then, the units that have less contribution to the cost are detected and will be shut down based on the unit decommitment rules. This process will be repeated until suboptimal solution is obtained. The proposed method has been applied to the IEEE 118‐bus test system with 36 generating units with successful result. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(3): 36–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10187     

改进粒子群优化算法的概率可用输电能力研究

研究了基于改进粒子群优化算法的概率可用输电能力的计算问题。建立了基于最优潮流的区域间可用输电能力模型；构造了适合可用输电能力研究的改进粒子群算法，并提出了自适应调整惯性权重的策略，该策略有效改善了算法的适应性和收敛速度；针对改进粒子群算法的搜索特点，动态调节罚函数。在此基础上对经模态分析方法选出的系统严重故障进行可用输电能力计算，并对各种故障出现概率和相应的可用输电能力进行概率统计分析，得到具有概率性质的可用输电能力。对IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算验证了文中所提方法的合理性和有效性。     

A new method for transient stability analysis

This paper proposes a brand‐new method for transient stability analysis in power systems. The proposed method directly computes the critical trajectory for a given contingency to obtain the critical condition of the studied system. Although the method may be useful for general nonlinear dynamic systems, it is applied to the problem of obtaining a controlling UEP, unstable equilibrium point, which provides inevitable information for the energy function methods to assess transient stability. Namely, the proposed method effectively yields a critical trajectory on PEBS together with the controlling UEP, thus improving the conventional BCU method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in 3‐machine 9‐bus and 6‐machine 30‐bus systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 26–33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20245     

基于统计学习的模糊暂态稳定事故筛选与排序

暂态稳定事故筛选与排序的目的是针对一组预想事故集合挑选出严重事故或滤除掉无害事故,以减少待分析的预想事故数目,满足在线动态安全分析的需要.文中提出一种基于统计学习的模糊暂态稳定事故筛选与排序方法,该方法采用了反映事故严重程度的10个性能指标,并通过样本学习,在每个指标集合上具体定义了系统稳定性的模糊隶属度函数;然后综合运用这10个性能指标的稳定性模糊隶属度得到的平均稳定性模糊隶属度,对预想事故集合按严重性进行了排序;接着根据排序结果,结合所设定的稳定阈值,将无害事故过滤掉.最后,用新英格兰10机39节点网络验证了该方法的有效性.     

A methodology for probabilistic simultaneous transfer capabilityanalysis

This paper presents a methodology for simultaneous transfer capability analysis based on a probabilistic approach. All areas in a large scale power system are divided into three groups: (a) study area, (b) transfer participating areas, and (c) external areas which have no direct transactions or they have fixed transactions with the study area. A performance index based contingency selection procedure is applied within the study and transfer participating areas to rank those contingencies which will affect simultaneous transfer capability. The contingency ranking order is utilized by a variation of the Wind Chime diagram to selected contingencies which are then evaluated by an optimal power flow algorithm. Subsequently, the probability distribution of simultaneous transfer capability is computed based on the electric load, circuit and unit outage Markov models. The 24×3 bus IEEE RTS is utilized to evaluate the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is also demonstrated on an actual large scale system (2182 bus, 8 area system)     

Evaluation of available transfer capability using fuzzy multi-objective contingency-constrained optimal power flow

In trying to determine the available transfer capability (ATC), this paper primarily sets out to develop a fuzzy logic approach to parallelizing contingency-constrained optimal power flow (CCOPF). This algorithm may be used by utilities to optimize economy interchange for severe contingencies analyzed without disclosing details of their operating costs to competitors. In fact, the ultimate objective of fuzzy multi-objective CCOPF (FMCCOPF) is to carry out the minimization of both the base case (pre-contingency) operating cost and the post-contingency correction times as conflicting but fuzzy goals. Besides, the Benders decomposition is applied to partition the fuzzy formulation with contingency constraints, which allows for post-contingency corrective rescheduling, motivated by the improvement of computational efficiency using parallel processing. The feasibility of the proposed method is comprehensively realized by a comparison with the conventional optimal power flow (OPF) and the CCOPF with respect to the same array of transactions, base case, and generator/line outages for the IEEE-30 bus system and the IEEE-118 bus system.     

用于静态稳定预防控制的新灵敏度分析法

在研究多重复杂故障对于系统静态非线性影响的连续潮流模型和工具的基础上,提出了一种新的用于电力系统静态稳定预防控制的灵敏度分析方法。一些严重的多重复杂故障会造成电力系统立即失去静态稳定。这些失稳故障都有一个对应于故障参数空间的虚拟的静态稳定临界点。文中提出了一种新的评价失稳故障严重程度的故障失稳裕度指标,并提出了基于这一指标的灵敏度分析方法,给出了各种控制对于故障参数的灵敏度。同时给出了一种基于控制灵敏度和控制类型优先级的预防控制策略。通过一个3000节点的实际系统的计算表明,文中所提出的灵敏度方法是有效的,适合于大型实际系统的静态稳定预防控制。     

一种模拟负荷动态恢复特性的连续潮流模型

电力系统电压稳定监视与控制需要准确模拟负荷的电压响应特性。负荷在故障后的动态恢复特性是中长期电压失稳或电压崩溃的直接原因。该文提出一种模拟负荷动态恢复特性的连续潮流模型,将负荷功率的时域恢复特性等效转化为负荷静态电压模型中系数的连续变化。文中分别给出ZIP多项式和幂函数2种负荷模型的系数参数化方法,并推导和给出稳定临界点的灵敏度计算公式。负荷恢复型连续潮流可作为一种新的电压失稳故障识别方法。应用该模型在IEEE118节点系统,结果表明负荷恢复型连续潮流可模拟故障后负荷功率的动态恢复过程,识别失稳故障并给出可供预防控制用的灵敏度信息。     

An Improved On-line Contingency Screening for Power System Transient Stability Assessment

This paper presents a contingency screening method and a framework for its on-line implementation. The proposed method carries out contingency screening and on-line stability assessment with respect to first-swing transient stability. For that purpose, it utilizes the single machine equivalent method and aims at improving the prior developed contingency screening approaches. In order to determine vulnerability of the system with respect to a particular contingency, only one time-domain simulation needs to be performed. An early stop criteria is proposed so that in a majority of the cases the simulation can be terminated after a few hundred milliseconds of simulated system response. The method’s outcome is an assessment of the system’s stability and a classification of each considered contingency. The contingencies are categorized by exploiting parameters of an equivalent one machine infinite bus system. A novel island detection approach, appropriate for an on-line application since it utilizes efficient algorithms from graph theory and enables stability assessment of individual islands, is also introduced. The New England and New York system as well as the large-scale model of the Continental-European interconnected system are used to test the proposed method with respect to assessment accuracy and computation time.     

电压稳定分析中支路型故障筛选及排序算法研究

提出了一种用于电压稳定性分析的支路型故障筛选和排序的快速算法，该方法分为4个阶段：①依据正常运行状态下的潮流解从所有预想事故中筛选出严重事故；②通过分析线路被置换后系统雅克比矩阵的最小奇异值，从所筛选出的事故中再次筛选出更严重的事故；③在指定的负荷水平下解潮流方程，从第二次筛选出的事故中再次筛选出最严重的事故；④对每个最严重的事故进行1次潮流计算，估计其最大负荷能力。通过New-England 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统算例表明，此算法计算量少，简单有效，易于实现。     

Determination of available transfer capability using multi-objective contingency constrained optimal power flow with post-contingency corrective rescheduling

In a new competitive electricity market, accurate information should be shared to provide nondiscriminatory access to all participants. Key information to determine how much power can be shipped through the network is dubbed available transfer capability (ATC). This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of ATC, which is performed through a fuzzy logic approach to parallelizing contingency constrained optimal power flow (CCOPF). This algorithm may be used by utilities to optimize economy interchange for severe contingencies analyzed without disclosing details of their operating cost to competitors. In fact, the main objective of fuzzy multi-objective CCOPF is to determine the minimization of both the base-case (pre-contingency) operating cost and the post-contingency correction times as conflicting but fuzzy goals. Also, Benders decomposition is adopted to partition the fuzzy formulation with contingency constraints, which allows for post-contingency corrective rescheduling, motivated by the improvement of the computational efficiency using parallel processing. The IEEE-30 bus system is employed to test the proposed algorithm and the results are comprehensively demonstrated by a distinct comparison between the conventional optimal power flow and the CCOPF with respect to the same array of transactions, base-case, and generation/line outages.     

Contributions of generators for power flow and loads in a power system

Because of the introduction of deregulation and competition in the electricity supply industry, large numbers of IPPs (Independent Power Producers) will get into the market. It has become much more important to be able to determine which generators are supplying a particular load, which generator is responsible for transmission line congestion, and what is each generator's contribution to the system losses. In this paper, we propose a way to calculate these contributions automatically. The applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated using the EAST 10 47‐bus power system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(3): 28–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10181     

考虑期望损失的综合能源系统故障智能筛选和排序方法

综合能源系统实现了电、热、天然气等多种能源系统的耦合互联,相比于单一能源系统,其故障状态数目大幅增加,如何快速准确地从系统海量的故障状态中筛选出最严重的故障,从而提高风险评估效率,成为综合能源系统风险评估中的关键难题。针对这一问题,基于遗传算法提出了一种综合能源系统故障智能筛选和排序方法。首先,计及多种能源网络的约束条件,建立了综合能源系统故障期望损失双层优化模型,同时刻画了故障发生概率和故障损失对系统的影响。进而,基于遗传算法提出了故障期望损失双层模型的求解方法,并对传统遗传算法进行改进,使得方法能够同时筛选出期望损失最严重的多个故障状态。最后以修改的IEEE 33节点电力系统、巴厘岛供热系统和比利时天然气系统组成的综合能源系统为例,仿真结果表明所提方法的故障筛选效率明显优于常规枚举法和蒙特卡洛方法,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

Novel fault‐location method for overhead electrical distribution systems

The implementation of a fault‐location methodology in an electrical utility is dependent on the accuracy and ability of the method in locating all fault types. However, meeting these requirements is not an easy task. This paper presents a novel fault‐location algorithm based on a new formulation for faults in overhead distribution systems. A single fault‐location equation has been derived to provide a unified solution for any fault type. This is in contrast with other methods that use one equation for each fault type. The proposed method does not require the identification of the fault type; only the fundamental values of the voltages and currents that are measured at the substation terminal are required to solve the proposed fault‐location equation. An overhead 11‐kV, 21‐bus, real‐life radial distribution feeder is simulated to evaluate and test the viability of the proposed method using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The results indicate that the proposed method gives high accuracy and can be implemented with the available technology. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Calculation of weighting factors of static security indices used in contingency ranking of power systems based on fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process

Contingency screening and ranking is one of the most important issues for security assessment in the field of power system operation. The objective of contingency ranking is to quickly and accurately select a short list of critical contingencies from a large list of potential contingencies and rank them according to their severity. Then suitable preventive actions can be implemented considering these contingencies that are likely to affect the power system performance. In this paper a novel approach is presented for contingency ranking based on static security assessment. This method employs weighted performance index with the application of fuzzy logic based analytical hierarchy process in order to select appropriate weighting factors to be imposed. The proposed method is applied to IEEE 30 bus system and the results are presented.     

考虑电压和热稳定约束的可利用传输能力的快速算法

在现代电力市场环境,可利用传输能力(ATC)需要尽快提供给使用方。而在计算中要考虑的所有N-1故障因素导致了ATC计算任务非常繁重。基于此,提出了一种应用故障过滤与排序技术的ATC快速计算方法。首先,采用迭代线性潮流法(ILPF)对电网的N-1故障进行排序以筛选出热稳定极限和电压幅值约束条件下最严重的故障情况;然后,应用原始-对偶内点法对最严重故障情况进行ATC的计算,解决了ATC计算的耗时问题。算法的有效性通过IEEE30母线系统的仿真得到了验证。     

一种用于预防支路型失稳故障的灵敏度方法

提出了一种新的用于评估支路型失稳故障严重程度的指标，并提出了一种可用于预防支路型失稳故障的灵敏度方法。严重的支路故障会造成电力系统立即失去静态稳定性。这些失稳的支路型故障都有一个对应于支路参数空间的虚拟的静态稳定临界点。本文提出了基于这一稳定临界点的灵敏度分析方法，并将之应用于对支路型失稳故障的预防控制，取得了与负荷参数空间中稳定临界点处灵敏度方法同样的控制效果。文中通过一个600节点的实际系统算例说明本文所提方法的有效性。     

N-2组合故障集的暂态功角稳定在线快速评估

大电网中N-2组合故障数目巨大,若对每个组合故障分别进行暂态功角稳定评估,难以满足在线评估的时间要求。基于N-2组合故障中第一个元件故障的暂态功角稳定在线评估结果(裕度和主导群发电机的参与因子),结合第一个元件故障的暂态功角稳定主导群中发电机的有功功率对第二个开断元件有功功率的灵敏度,计算出N-2组合故障的暂态功角稳定严重程度排序指标。通过优先对排序在前位的组合故障进行基于详细模型时域仿真的暂态功角稳定量化评估,直至排序号连续的多个组合故障的暂态功角稳定裕度都大于0,则直接判定排序在其后的所有组合故障均是暂态功角稳定的,从而满足N-2组合故障集暂态功角稳定在线评估对计算速度的要求。实际电网算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流计算

借助暂态能量裕度对发电机有功和无功出力的解析灵敏度，将暂态能量裕度约束直接加入最优潮流模型中，建立含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流逐次线性规划模型，采用单纯形法求解，取得了较好的效果。此外，还提出了根据大步长单故障最优潮流近似计算获得的暂态能量裕度进行故障扫描方法，并寻找到同一失稳模式下影响系统稳定的关键故障，验证了满足关键故障稳定性要求的最优潮流解可以同时满足同失稳模式下的其它故障的稳定约束。新英格兰10机39节点系统的最优潮流及暂态稳定计算验证了所提方法的有效性。所有优化结果均用一个在电力系统中广泛使用的暂态稳定仿真程序进行了验证。