γ′相对高钨镍基高温合金拉伸和持久变形行为的影响

对K416B高钨高温合金进行固溶和时效处理以调整其中γ?相的形貌使其具有两种尺寸,研究了铸态和热处理态合金的拉伸和持久变形行为。结果表明,铸态K416B合金中的γ?相在基体中分布均匀,其平均尺寸为200 nm,能有效阻碍位错在基体中运动从而使其屈服强度提高。在热处理态的K416B合金中析出了两种γ?相,其尺寸分别为1μm和100 nm。在热处理态K416B合金的室温拉伸过程中全位错剪切大尺寸初生γ?相和以Orowan机制绕过小尺寸二次γ?,使其屈服强度降低。在高温下二次γ?相更容易粗化而使γ基体的宽度增大,促进位错剪切γ?相而使持久应变速率提高。同时,在持久变形过程中纳米级W6C颗粒在γ-γ?相界面弥散析出消耗大量W元素降低γ-γ?两相的错配度,使合金的强化水平下降而导致其持久寿命大幅度降低。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变断裂特征

通过对不同工艺处理FGH95合金进行组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究了组织结构对合金持久性能的影响规律。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,合金中有粗大γ′相在较宽的边界区域不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1160℃固溶及时效处理后,合金中粗大γ′相完全溶解,在晶内弥散分布高体积分数的γ′相,并有粒状(Cr,Nb)23(C,B)6硼碳化合物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并有硬而脆的碳化物膜沿晶界连续析出。在650℃、1034MPa条件下,经1160℃固溶和时效合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长持久寿命,蠕变期间的变形机制是位错以Orowan机制饶过γ′相、或位错剪切γ′相,其中晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物可有效阻碍位错滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变性能的主要原因。蠕变后期,合金的变形特征是晶内发生单取向滑移,随蠕变进行位错在晶界处塞积,并引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

二级时效形变对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金组织与性能影响研究

采用力学性能和电导率测试及透射电子显微镜等方法,研究了不同时效工艺对Cu-0.45Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金硬度和电导率等性能的影响规律。结果表明:合金在一级时效工艺(950℃×1h固溶+70%冷变形+520℃×2.5h时效)下有很强的时效强化效应,合金的显微硬度和电导率分别为155HV和85%IACS;采用二级时效工艺(950℃×1h固溶+70%冷变形+520℃×2h时效+60%冷变形+450℃×2h时效),合金在保持较高的电导率的同时强度得到较大提高。显微硬度为190HV,比一级时效提高了22.5%,而电导率保持在80%左右。显微组织分析表明,高强度主要来源于冷变形引起的亚结构强化和弥散相的析出强化。二级时效工艺可促进析出相的析出,析出的弥散质点对基体的回复和再结晶阻碍作用强烈。析出相与冷变形过程中产生的位错交互作用使析出相不仅阻碍位错的运动而且沿密集且分布均匀的位错快速析出,促进合金强度提高。     

一种含4.2%Re单晶镍基合金的蠕变行为与组织演化规律

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种含4.2%Re镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为和组织演化规律。结果表明:单晶合金在试验的温度和应力范围内,对施加应力和温度有明显的敏感性,并测算出合金在稳态蠕变期间的激活能和应力指数。在蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向形成N-型筏状结构,蠕变断裂后在远离断口区域形成的筏状γ′相逐渐转变成扭曲形态,在近断口区域的筏状组织转变成与施加应力轴方向呈近45°角度倾斜。合金在稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错攀移越过γ′相,位错的攀移通过割阶沿位错线运动而逐步实现;而在蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错剪切筏状γ′相。     

时效铝合金的强化机理及其最新研究进展

本文回顾了时效铝合金的强化机理研究进程，对当前的最新进展进行了简要评述，并讨论了盘／片状和棒／针状时效析出相强化模拟的意义及其重要性。自从1920年Merica给出了合金时效的简单解释之后，在随之而来的整整20年里由于微观检测手段的落后，关于时效合金的研究主要是局限于对时效析出原因、析出过程以及析出效果进行分析或测定，而对时效强化原因的认识更多地是以为新出现的析出相本身为合金带来了强度增加。伴随着位错的发现，四十年代Mort和Nabarro提出了时效合金强度的提高来源于位错／析出相的相交互作用，其后Orowan又推导出了具有里程碑意义的位错绕过不可变形颗粒的强化增量公式，但是直到六十年代才由Kelly和Nicholson逐渐在位错／析出相作用的基础上建立起了时效强化的机理。在经过了十多余年的极大完善后，时效强化机理得到了全面的认识并成为一门重要技术大量应用于工业生产中。     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

一种4.5%Re镍基单晶合金在980℃蠕变期间的变形与损伤机制

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种Re含量为4.5%Re(质量分数,下同)的镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为、变形和损伤机制。结果表明,4.5%Re合金在980℃/300MPa的蠕变寿命为169h。蠕变初期,合金中立方γ′相转变为垂直于应力轴的N型筏状结构。稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。蠕变后期,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。由于γ基体通道较窄,位错在基体通道中滑移所需的阻力较大。剪切进入γ′相的110超位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成K-W锁,从而抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,这是合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。主/次滑移位错的交替开动,可致使筏状γ′相扭曲,并促使裂纹在筏状γ/γ′两相界面萌生;裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至断裂,这是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

时效制度对挤压+锻造工艺路线FGH95粉末高温合金组织和性能的影响

采用不同的时效制度处理热等静压+挤压+等温锻造工艺的FGH95合金,并对处理后合金的显微组织和力学性能进行了系统研究。结果表明,经过双级时效(870℃/1 h,AC+650℃/24 h,AC)和单级时效(760℃/10 h,AC)处理后,合金的晶粒度无明显差异,但γ′相的数量、尺寸及分布存在显著差异。相比于单级时效,双级时效可以更有效地促进晶内γ′相粗化,晶内γ′相平均直径达到78 nm,而单级时效为67 nm;同时,双级时效更有利于M 3B 2等晶间强化相的析出。二者的拉伸强度水平相当,但双级时效合金的持久寿命低于单级时效合金,而其持久塑性要优于单级时效合金。     

Ru对第四代镍基单晶高温合金DD22长期时效组织演化的影响EI北大核心CSCD

利用透射电镜和场发射扫描电镜研究了两种不同Ru含量(3%和5%,质量分数)的第四代镍基单晶高温合金DD22在1130℃长期时效过程中γ′相形貌演化、TCP相析出和界面位错网的演化情况。研究结果表明:在完全热处理后5Ru合金比3Ru合金的γ′相尺寸更小,形状更规则,γ/γ′相界面的错配度更大,高Ru含量使合金Re,Mo等元素出现反分配现象;5Ru合金在1130℃长期时效过程中γ′相粗化速率、溶解速率和形筏速率均低于3Ru合金;5Ru合金在长期时效1000 h后仍没有TCP相析出,而3Ru合金在时效50 h后便析出TCP相,随着长期时效时间延长,TCP相数量增多,尺寸增大;与3Ru合金相比,长期时效1000 h后5Ru合金γ′/γ界面位错网更加致密和规则;综上所述,Ru的元素反分配作用和低的扩散系数使5Ru合金比3Ru合金表现出更高的组织稳定性。     

预变形对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的第二相析出及力学性能的影响

采用维氏硬度、常温拉伸及透射电子显微镜等测试手段,研究了不同预变形状态对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金中第二相析出行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明,未经预变形的峰值时效态Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的析出相有T_1(Al_2CuLi)相、θ′(Al_2Cu)相,且存在极少量的χ(Al_5Cu_6Li_2)相。预变形的引入使T_1相的析出量显著增加,同时抑制了θ′相的形成,但对χ相的析出量的影响却较小。由此可知,经预变形的合金在峰值时效态的析出相以细小弥散的T_1相为主。经定量统计可知,预变形量越大,作为主要析出相的盘片状T_1相的直径越小,但厚度及体积分数几乎保持不变。此外,随着预变形量的增大,峰值时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度升高,塑性降低。     

Influence of thermal exposure on γ′ precipitation and tensile properties of DZ951 alloy

The effect of long-term exposure on the γ′ phase and the tensile behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy DZ951 was investigated. Alloys after standard heat treatment (SHT) were isothermally aged at 900 °C up to 2000 h and tensile tests were performed in both SHT and aged conditions at various temperatures. The morphology of the γ′ phase changes from cuboid to rafting and the size increases from 300 nm at SHT to 930 nm, and the volume fraction of the γ′ phase decreases from 70% at SHT to 65% during aging at 900 °C for 2000 h. The changing trend of yield stress at different test temperatures is similar. The yield stress decreases slightly at 600 °C. This arises from few dislocations shearing the γ′ precipitates. There is a peak yield stress value at 760 °C, which is attributed to the high strength of the γ′ phase, the homogeneous deformation structure, and dislocation-γ′ precipitate and dislocation–dislocation interactions. The yield stress then decreases rapidly with increased temperature. The low strength of the γ′ phase and γ′ rafting at high temperature contribute to the drop of yield stress. The change of tensile elongation is inverse to that of yield stress. The yield stress continuously decreases with the increase of aging time at 900 °C. This arises from the coarsening of γ′ and a decrease in the γ′ volume fraction.     

The effect of aging process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu–Be–Co–Ni alloy

The paper investigated the effect of two aging processes (i.e. normal aging and interrupted aging) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu–Be–Co–Ni alloy. The results of tensile and Kahn tear tests showed that the interrupted aging (IA) process could significantly improve the uniform elongation and plane stress fracture toughness with tiny decrease in ultimate tensile strength, when compared with the results from normal aging (NA) process. Under the scanning electron microscope, the fracture surface of samples treated by NA followed the intergranular fracture, while that of the samples treated by IA followed the transgranular fracture. The transmission electron microscope study revealed the differences between the microstructure of the alloy treated by NA and IA processes. After the NA process, the slender strip of γ′ precipitates aggregated at grain boundaries with a length of approximately 10 to 45 nm; the disk-shaped γ″ precipitates in the alloy treated by IA distributed homogenously throughout whole grains with a length of about 3 to 10 nm. The discussion of strengthening mechanisms demonstrated that the mechanism of precipitate shearing by dislocations made a contribution to the strengthening of the alloy treated by IA, while the Orowan mechanism was the dominant strengthening mechanism in the alloy treated by NA.     

Effects of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Rene 80

Effects of heat treatments on room temperature mechanical properties and stress-rupture properties of Rene 80 have been investigated. The microstructures were analyzed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope after each step of heat treatments. With the decrease of aging temperature, the average size of γ′ phase decreases, but the volume fraction of γ′ phase increases. The lower aging temperature suppresses the growing of the coarse γ′ particles, but facilitates the growth of the fine γ′ particles. After the optimum heat treatment, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are respectively higher than 1040 MPa and 950 MPa, the stress-rupture life at 871 °C/310 MPa is higher than 170 h with excellent ductility. The improved tensile strength and stress-rupture life are primarily due to the increased volume fraction of γ′ phase. The borides precipitate at grain boundaries at about 913 °C. The primary MC is found to decompose into M₆C at about 873 °C and M₂₃C₆ at 840–873 °C at grain boundaries. The precipitate of the carbides may partly contribute to the improved mechanical properties.     

Effect of martensitic phase transformation and deformation twinning on mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–Si–AI steels

Abstract

Deformation twinning, martensitic phase transformation and mechanical properties of austenitic Fe–(15–30) wt-%Mn alloys with additions of Al and Si have been investigated. Tensile tests were carried out at different strain rates and temperatures. The formation of twins, α′ (bcc)- and ε (hcp)-martensite in the γ (fcc) matrix during plastic deformation was analysed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Depending on the content of the alloying elements different phase transformations γ → ε, γ → α′ (TRIP effect), or the formation of deformation twins (TWIP effect) occurred. Additions of Al increased the stacking fault energy (γ_fcc) and suppressed the γ → ε transformation while Si decreased γ_fcc and sustained the γ → ε transformation. These steels with reduced densities of about 7.3 Mg m^?3 exhibit high tensile ductility up to 95% with true tensile strength of about 1100 MPa. The excellent plasticity induced by twinning or phase transformation up to extremely high strain rates of about <disp-formula><graphic href="splitsection2-m1.tif"/></disp-formula> results in an extraordinary shock resistance and allows for deep drawing and backward extrusion operations of parts with complex shapes.     

Stress dependence of the creep behaviors and mechanisms of a third-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy

Elevated temperature creep behaviors at 1100℃ over a wide stress regime of 120–174 MPa of a thirdgeneration Ni-based single crystal superalloy were studied. With a reduced stress from 174 to 120 MPa,the creep life increased by a factor of 10.5, from 87 h to 907 h, presenting a strong stress dependence.A splitting phenomenon of the close-(about 100 nm) and sparse-(above 120 nm) spaced dislocation networks became more obvious with increasing stress. Simultaneously, a_0010 superdislocations with low mobilities were frequently observed under a lower stress to pass through γ'precipitates by a combined slip and climb of two a_0110 superpartials or pure climb. However, a_0110 superdislocations with higher mobility were widely found under a higher stress, which directly sheared into γ'precipitates.Based on the calculated critical resolved shear stresses for various creep mechanisms, the favorable creep mechanism was systematically analyzed. Furthermore, combined with the microstructural evolutions during different creep stages, the dominant creep mechanism changed from the dislocation climbing to Orowan looping and precipitates shearing under a stress regime of 137–174 MPa, while the dislocation climbing mechanism was operative throughout the whole creep stage under a stress of 120 MPa, resulting a superior creep performance.     

Ru对单晶高温合金拉伸性能的影响

为了研究Ru在含Re单晶高温合金的作用,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜以及电子拉伸实验机对不同Ru含量的三种单晶高温合金的拉伸性能和变形组织及形貌进行观察和分析,研究结果表明:三种合金随着Ru含量的增加,合金热处理态γ′相尺寸逐渐减小,立方度明显增加。900℃下的拉伸实验表明随着Ru含量的增加,合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度都略有增加。900℃下三种合金的断裂方式均为纯剪切型断裂。变形机制为位错切割γ′位错对夹着反相畴界模式。因此,Ru的加入略微增加了合金的强度,但没有改变合金的变形机制和断裂特征。     

Re对一种新型镍基高温合金组织稳定性的影响

为了解Re对一种新型镍基高温合金组织稳定性的影响,采用扫描电镜观察了合金经长期时效后的样品微观组织,并利用透射电镜分析长期时效后析出的新相.实验结果表明,质量分数为1%～4%Re的合金经热处理后,组织由γ相、γ’相和碳化物MC、M23C6组成,当Re含量达到4%时,晶内析出了针状的M23C6.经长期时效后,随Re含量增加,合金中γ'相长大速率下降,合金的组织稳定性恶化,900℃超过1 000 h时效的含4%Re合金中出现针状σ相.因此,所研究合金中Re的含量应低于4%.     

GH742中γ′相和γ基体成分随时效时间和温度的变化规律研究

利用透射电镜能谱法(TEM-EDX)研究了GH742合金中γ′和γ基体两相成分随温度和时效时间的变化规律.结果表明:合金在1050℃时效时,γ′相和γ基体的成分在时效初期变化较大,当时效时间超过1440min后,γ′相和γ基体的成份基本稳定.合金在750～1100℃时效时,γ′相和γ基体的成分均随着温度的升高而发生变化,其中γ基体的成分随温度变化较明显.合金中各元素在γ′和γ两相中的偏析率Cγ′/ Cγ变化规律研究表明:Ti,Al,Nb,Ni等γ′形成元素的偏析率均随着时效温度的升高而降低,而Cr,Co,Mo等γ形成元素的偏析率均随着时效温度的升高而增大.     

CNTs/Al5083复合材料力学性能及增强机制

采用高能球磨和冷轧工艺制备出3%(质量分数)碳纳米管增强Al5083复合材料。利用SEM,TEM观察球磨后复合粉末表面形貌,采用拉曼光谱和XRD对复合粉末和成型后的材料进行物相分析。最后测试了复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:在球磨1.5h的复合粉体中CNTs分散均匀,结构较完整,部分嵌入Al基体中并结合良好。冷压烧结并冷轧成型后的复合材料力学性能表现优异,球磨1.5h下,复合材料抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到278MPa和247MPa,断裂延伸率为0.07,硬度HV达到95。将热不匹配模型与奥罗万模型所预测的屈服强度与实验值进行对比,结果表明CNTs/Al5083复合材料符合奥罗万机制。