调光窗的研究

物质的光学特性变化有光致变色、热致变色、电致变色和液晶现象等。60年代开发的光致变色窗可能是其中最早的一项应用成果。但是,这种窗户随入射紫外线量而改变其透光率,不能按需要自由调光。至于热致变色,只能在某个转变点以上才能发生,目前对于转变点的控制是很困难的,所以热致调光通常只能在温暖的地方使用。因而,看来电致变色用作窗户的调光单元是较有前途的。从1973年韦布发表了三氧化钨蒸镀膜的可逆电致变色现象以来,世界各地都开始了这方面的研究。日本旭玻璃有限公司研究开发部最近研制了一种电致变色的调光窗。这种窗的构造如图1所示。其中,1为     

玻璃瓶罐的回收与重复使用

玻璃瓶罐作为包装容器具有原料丰富,价格低廉,透明度高,化学稳定性好,不透气,不变色,不易污染,可多次启闭,能回收复用等优点;虽然容易破碎,而且份量较重,但一直是一种主要的包装容器。玻璃瓶罐的大量使用,使其回收复用问题逐渐受到重视。玻璃瓶罐的回收复用比其它材料制成的包装容器容易,在重新使用前只需清洗干净即可。另一方面,玻璃工业用回收的废旧玻璃作原料,可以减少能源消耗4～32％,减少空气污染20％,减少矿物性废料80％,减少用水量50％。世界各国从保护环境,保护资源出发,倡导玻璃瓶罐的回收利用。1990年4月22日     

低辐射镀膜玻璃的节能原理及应用

低辐射镀膜玻璃是一种新型环保节能玻璃，本文介绍了低辐射镀膜玻璃的节能原理和应用范围，指出其在应用中应注意的若干问题，提出应高度重视该产品的开发、生产、理论研究和相关标准的制定，大力推广使用低辐射镀膜玻璃，促进我国节能事业的发展。     

电沉积法制备电致变色材料

应用电沉积法制备WO3、NiO、M0O3,WO3/M0O3等电致变色薄膜。WO3薄膜、NiO薄膜、M0O3薄膜具有较好的电致变色特性,漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为30％左右。WO3/M0O3掺杂薄膜漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为40％左右,显示掺杂有利于增强薄膜的电致变色特性。WO3 NiO互补型电致变色体系漂白态和着色态的透射率之差平均为40％左右,显示互补型电致变色材料有利于增强电致变色特性。在双注入模型的基础上,根据过渡金属配合物显色机理,提出解释电致变色机理的“配位场模型”,认为在电致变色中可能存在三种电子跃迁方式。     

热致变色材料的分类及变色机理

介绍新型热记忆功能材料—热致变色材料的国内外研究开发进展,着重阐述热致变色材料的分类及变色机理,对热致变色材料的分类、不可逆与可逆热致变色材料的变色机理进行了详尽的论述。在热致变色材料中有机可逆热致变色材料优点众多,将是今后研究的热点方向。     

玻璃任意变色 空调节能一半：德国研制出新型建筑用变色玻璃

德国一家公司研制出一种建筑用变色玻璃，它能根据室外光照条件的变化而同步改变颜色。测试表明，该玻璃能发挥天然“空调”的功能，节能效率最高时，能使建筑物空调所需能量节省一半以上。     

WO_3-SiO_2复合薄膜制备、结构和气致变色性能

采用溶胶 -凝胶法在玻璃衬底上成功制备了具有良好气致变色性能的透明、均匀、附着力强的WO3 SiO2 复合薄膜。讨论了络合剂的量和乙醇与水的比例对溶胶稳定性和成膜均匀性的影响 ,用热重 -差热、X射线衍射、红外光谱分析对薄膜在热处理过程中的结构变化特征进行分析 ,用扫描电镜对薄膜表面微观形貌进行观察 ,初步研究了镀铂薄膜的气致变色性能。研究结果表明 ,溶胶稳定性随着H2 O2 的增加而增加 ,但溶胶成膜均匀性降低 ;增加乙醇与水的比例 ,可提高溶胶的成膜均匀性和溶胶稳定性 ;结构分析和性能测试的结果表明 ,36 0℃热处理的复合薄膜具有高浓度相界 ,氢原子迁移速率高 ,变色响应速率快 ,气致变色性能优于单一组分薄膜     

光电致变色薄膜及其器件

光电致变色器件(Photoelectrochromic device)由染料电池和WO3电致变色薄膜电极组成。本研究采用溶胶一凝胶法分别制备WO3和TiO2纳米薄膜，并组装成光电致变色器件，对不同热处理和薄膜厚度下的器件的光电致变色性能进行测试分析。试验表明用提拉法制成的WO3薄膜和用旋涂法及丝网印刷制成的TiO2薄膜，都具有较好的成膜性，并且由其组装成的器件具有良好的光电致变色效果。     

WO3—SiO2复合薄膜制备、结构和气致变色性能

采用溶胶－凝胶法在玻璃衬底上成功制备了具有良好气致变色性能的透明,均匀,附着力强的WO3－SiO2复合薄膜,讨论了络合剂的量和乙醇与水的比例对溶胶稳定性的成膜均匀性的影响,用热重－差热,X射线衍射,红外光谱分析对薄膜在热处理过程中的结构变化特征进行分析,用扫描电镜对薄膜表面微观形貌进行观察,初步研究了镀铂薄膜的气致变色性能,研究结果表明,溶胶稳定性随着H2O2的增加而增加,但溶胶成膜均匀性降低,增加乙醇与水的比例,可提高溶胶的成均均匀性和溶胶稳定性,结构分析和性能测试的结果表明,360℃热处理的复合薄膜具有高浓度相界,氢原子迁移速率高,变色响应速率快,气致变色性能优于单一组分薄膜。     

基于氧化钨和普鲁士蓝的可变色超级电容器

氧化钨(WO3)薄膜作为阴极电致变色材料,还原态(阳离子嵌入)时着色而氧化态(阳离子脱出)时褪色;而普鲁士蓝(Prussian blue,PB)薄膜作为阳极电致变色材料,还原态(阳离子嵌入)时褪色而氧化态(阳离子脱出)时着色.利用不同离子存储状态下WO3和PB薄膜的变色互补性,构筑了基于WO3和PB薄膜的可变色超级电容器.利用脉冲激光沉积法和电沉积法在透明导电玻璃表面制备了 WO3/PB复合薄膜,并以该复合薄膜为电极,构筑了对称型可变色超级电容器.结果表明,WO3/PB复合薄膜具有优异的循环稳定性,循环200圈后,面电容量的保持率可达83.8％;在650 nm时,由于WO3和PB薄膜在不同电压下的协同变色,超级电容器的光透过率差在完全着色与褪色时为53.2％.该超级电容器在不同充、放电状态下可清晰地显示不同的颜色组合及光对比度,从而实现利用颜色变化指示超级电容器的能量存储状态.本研究有助于推动电致变色和能量存储领域的交叉融合,为超级电容器能量存储状态的可视化提供实验依据.     

节能玻璃的研究进展

节能玻璃作为一种新型的功能玻璃,是建筑节能的关键材料,在21世纪将有广泛的应用与发展。本文主要概述了建筑节能玻璃的种类及其基本原理,介绍了国内外节能玻璃的最新研究进展,并指出了发展节能玻璃的重要性。     

燃天然气浮法玻璃窑炉的三维数值模拟

建立了具有实用意义的浮法玻璃熔窑三维数学模型，将火焰空间燃烧模型、配合料熔化模型、玻璃液流动模型进行耦合计算，求解出玻璃熔窑火焰空间、玻璃液流的温度场、速度场分布及配合料堆的长度分布。以日产400t的燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑为对象研究了其火焰空间内气体、窑池内玻璃液的流动情况及各自的温度场分布。从模拟结果可以看出，该三维耦合数学模型能够比较客观地反应燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑的速度场和温度场的分布规律，对燃天然气浮法玻璃熔窑的设计和运行具有一定的实用价值。     

Online and real-time accurate prediction of tempered glass surface stress during quenching process

In order to obtain tempered glass stress quickly and accurately, a new method is proposed for the prediction of glass stress during quenching process with non-contact, online, and real-time analysis technique. Based on the infrared scanning of real-time surface temperature during the glass quenching process, the nonlinear viscoelastic model of glass tempered was established to calculate programmatically the variation laws of glass surface stress during the quenching process. The results show that under different technical parameters, the surface temperature of glass decreases exponentially with time. The surface stress shows the tensile stress at the initial stage and transforms to compressive stress when the glass temperature is below conversion temperature. The compressive stress increases quickly and tends to be stable at about 15?s during quenching. Air pressure, air-grid height, and heating temperature significantly affect the stress of tempered glass, and the tapping speed does not affect the stress of tempered glass. Compared with the measured values by Grazing Angle Surface Polarimeter (GASP) stress meter, the absolute errors of online prediction results do not exceed 5?MPa, and the relative errors are no more than 5%. This research indicates that non-contact, online, and real-time stress prediction technology can be achieved during tempered glass process, which also provide a theoretical basis for the automatic control of the glass tempered parameters.     

Effect of Co loading on the hydrogen storage characteristics of hollow glass microspheres (HGMs)

The use of hydrogen as a fuel either direct combustion in an IC engine or for power generation in fuel cells continues to be a topic of significant interest. Developing and popularizing fuel cells for vehicular or other stationary applications depends upon the availability of safe and reliable hydrogen storage method. The greatest challenge as of now in this regard is the production of a light weight, nontoxic and easily transportable material which can store hydrogen. World-wide research is being conducted on developing newer materials for hydrogen storage. Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) can be considered to be a potential hydrogen carrier which can store and deliver hydrogen for energy release applications. In this paper, we are reporting the preparation and characterization of cobalt loaded HGMs from amber glass powder for hydrogen storage applications. The feed glass powder with different percentage of cobalt loading was prepared by soaking and drying the feed glass powder in required amount of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate solution. Further, the dried feed glass powder was flame spheroidised to get cobalt loaded HGMs. Characterizations of all the HGMs samples were done using SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. Hydrogen adsorptions on all the samples were done for 10 bar pressure at room temperature and 200 °C for 5 h. The results showed that the hydrogen adsorption capacity on these samples increased with increase in cobalt wt% from 0.2 to 2.0%. The hydrogen storage capacity of HACo2 was found to 2.32 wt% for 10 bar pressure at 200 °C.     

Study of geometric stability and structural integrity of self-healing glass seal system used in solid oxide fuel cells

A self-healing glass seal has the potential to restore its mechanical properties upon being reheated to the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack operating temperature. Such a self-healing feature is desirable for achieving high seal reliability during thermal cycling. Self-healing glass is also characterized by its low mechanical stiffness and high creep rate at SOFC operating temperatures. Therefore, the geometric stability and structural integrity of the glass seal system are critical to its successful application in SOFCs. This paper describes studies of the geometric stability and structural integrity of the self-healing glass seal system and the influence of various interfacial conditions during the operating and cooling-down processes using finite element analyses. For this purpose, the test cell used in the leakage tests for compliant glass seals, conducted at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), was taken as the initial modeling geometry. The effect of the ceramic stopper on the geometric stability of the self-healing glass sealants was studied first. Two interfacial conditions of the ceramic stopper and glass seals, i.e., bonded (strong) or unbonded (weak), were considered. Then the influences of interfacial strengths at various interfaces, i.e., stopper/glass, stopper/PEN, as well as stopper/IC plate, on the geometric stability and reliability of glass during the operating and cooling processes were examined.     

Compliant alkali silicate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel cell applications: The effect of protective alumina coating on electrical stability in dual environment

An alkali-containing silicate glass was recently proposed as a potential sealant for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The glass contains appreciable amount of alkalis and retains its glassy microstructure at elevated temperatures over time. It is more compliant as compared to conventional glass–ceramics sealants and could potentially heal cracks during thermal cycling. In previous papers the thermal cycle stability, thermal stability and chemical compatibility were reported with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and YSZ-coated ferritic stainless steel interconnect. In this paper, we report the electrical stability of the compliant glass with aluminized AISI441 interconnect material under DC load in dual environment at 700–800 °C. Apparent electrical resistivity was measured with a 4-point method for the glass sealed between two aluminized AISI441 metal coupons as well as plain AISI441 substrates. The results showed good electrical stability with the aluminized AISI441 substrate, while unstable behavior was observed for un-coated substrates. In addition, interfacial microstructure was examined with scanning electron microscopy and correlated with the measured resistivity results. Overall, the alumina coating demonstrated good chemical stability with the alkali-containing silicate sealing glass under DC loading.     

Fabrication of zinc‐loaded hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) for hydrogen storage

The greatest challenge for a feasible hydrogen economy lies on the production of pure hydrogen and the materials for its storage with controlled release at ambient conditions. Hydrogen with its great abundance, high energy density and clean exhaust is a promising candidate to meet the current global challenges of fossil fuel depletion and green house gases emissions. Extensive research on hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) for hydrogen storage is being carried out world‐wide, but the right material for hydrogen storage is yet underway. But many other characteristics, such as the poor thermal conductivity etc. of the HGMs, restrict the hydrogen storage capacity. In this work, we have attempted to increase the thermal conductivity of HGMs by ZnO doping. The HGMs with Zn weight percentage from 0 to 10 were prepared by flame spheroidization of amber‐colored glass powder impregnated with the required amount of zinc acetate. The prepared HGMs samples were characterized using field emission‐scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The deposition of ZnO on the microsphere walls was observed using FE‐SEM, ESEM and HRTEM which was further confirmed using the XRD and ultraviolet–visible absorption data. The hydrogen storage studies done on these samples at 200 °C and 10‐bar pressure for 5 h showed that the hydrogen storage increased when the Zn percentage in the sample increased from 0 to 2%. The percentage of zinc beyond 2, in the microspheres, showed a decline in the hydrogen storage capacity. The closure of the nanopores due to the ZnO nanocrystal deposition on the microsphere surface reduced the hydrogen storage capacity. The hydrogen storage capacity of HAZn2 was found 3.26 wt% for 10‐bar pressure at 200 °C. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单元熔窑燃烧过程数值模拟

对单元熔窑燃烧空间内的流动,燃烧及辐射传热等过程进行数值模拟研究,比较燃烧布置方式对火焰形状及传热过程中的影响,结果表明,对于所研究的宽度为3．2m的窑炉,燃烧器的布置应采用错排方式。     

关于锐截止型滤光片有效透射比的确定

采用现代紫外分光光度计测量锐截止型有色光学滤光片的光谱透射比和Lowtran7提供的标准大气下地面的太阳光谱辐照度,按定义计算了滤光片的有效透射比。文中讨论了以“主透射带”透射比代替有效透射比的不当之处和所带来的问题。     

Seal glass for solid oxide fuel cells

Seal glass plays a crucial role in solid oxide fuel cell performance and durability. In this review paper, overall composition-structure-property relations of seal glasses are discussed from bulk glass behavior, interfacial interaction, and sealing ability point of view. A seal glass should have a combination of desired thermal, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties in order to seal cell components and stacks and prevent gas leakage. It must be stable for ∼40,000 h at 500-1000 °C in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and withstand ∼10,000 thermal cycles between room temperature and cell operating temperature. A SrO-La₂O₃-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ based seal glass shows the promise to meet all the desired thermophysical properties, long-term stability, and thermal cycling resistance. In this paper, the most recent advances in the field are discussed along with this glass. Future seal glass research directions for solid oxide fuel cells are also analyzed.