Analysis of ring launching scheme using hollow optical fibre mode converter for 10 Gbps multimode fibre communication

A ring launching scheme using a mode converter based on hollow optical fibre (HOF) is theoretically investigated for the purpose of increasing bandwidth for multimode Gigabit Ethernet communication. The mode converter based on HOF transforms the fundamental mode of a single-mode fibre (SMF) to a ring-shaped mode. It has the characteristic to improve the bandwidth by exciting higher-order modes of the multimode fibre (MMF) selectively. The HOF launch is studied under various aspects such as induced coupling efficiency, mode power distribution, and bandwidth-length product and is compared to centre and offset launching schemes. It is shown that the ring launching scheme is expected to support 10-Gb Ethernet applications using conventional multimode fibres.     

采用多模光纤透镜的光纤麦克风理论与实验研究

对现有强度调制型光纤麦克风做了分析和讨论,采用单模光纤(SMF)熔接多模光纤(MMF)的方法设计了一种新的反射式光纤麦克风。适当长度的折射率分布为抛物线形的多模光纤具有准直透镜的作用,直接熔接在单模光纤上,可以使光纤麦克风进一步微型化、成本低廉化。用单频正弦波信号做声源测试该光纤麦克风,输出正弦波电压信号与声源频率一致,振幅随声源振幅线性变化。结果表明,该结构的光纤麦克风在原理和实验上可以用于语音通信中。     

基于多模光纤偏振烧孔效应的双波长掺铒光纤激光器

基于多模光纤(MMF)引入的偏振烧孔(PHB)效应,研制了一种环形双波长掺铒光纤(EDF)激光器.单模光纤(SMF)-MMF-SMF组成的结构使MMF不同偏振方向的反射模在波长上分开,利用PHB效应实现双波长的输出,输出波长间隔可通过改变MMF的长度改变.实验对比了1.6 m和3.0 m长的MMF输出波谱特性,结果表明...     

MEMS可调谐平顶窄带光学滤波器

设计了一种基于MEMS技术的可调谐光学滤波器,它通过光栅将输入的宽带光信号色散展开,以一个MEMS扭镜选择将对应滤波器通带的光信号反射至输出端,从而实现光学滤波和波长调谐功能。滤波器的输入端采用单模光纤,输出端采用多模或者少模光纤,可以实现窄带且平顶的通带特性。经过参数优化,仿真分析得结果显示,采用多模/少摸光纤输出的两种滤波器,其0.5 dB和25 dB带宽分别为0.95 nm/0.29 nm和1.39 nm/0.69 nm,分别满足100 GHz和50 GHz信道间隔的DWDM系统要求。由于输出端采用多模或者少摸光纤,从该滤波器输出的光信号不能继续在单模光纤中传输,只能由光探测器接收,因此该滤波器一般应用于全光网络节点中的下载端口。     

单模-多模光纤产生系列Bottle beam

提出一种利用多模光纤的多模干涉效应在自由空间中获得多个局域空心光（Bottle beam）的新方法。单模-多模光纤结构是一段多模光纤无偏心地连接到一段单模光纤上,光由单模光纤传输到多模光纤激发产生一系列的LP0,n 模,由于多模干涉效应在多模光纤中相互叠加,当入射到自由空间后形成了多个Bottle beam。文中对光束传输过程进行理论分析并利用Matlab 进行仿真实验, 结果表明在自由空间中可以获得系列Bottle beam。当多模光纤纤芯直径分别为45 m,60 m 和90 m 时所选择的光场段内的Bottle beam 的尺寸大小基本相同（约400 m20 m）,而第一个空间暗域沿轴向两侧相对光强差值分别为0.62,0.41 和0.11,可见当多模光纤的纤芯直径越大时所得到的Bottle beam 暗域的轴向两侧光强越相近,因此也越有利于囚禁微粒。     

少模光纤干涉仪中光纤对准偏差的研究

本文利用数值仿真研究了少模光纤干涉仪中少模光纤与单模光纤的对准偏差对调制深度的影响.基于阶跃折射率光纤的矢量波动方程,数值求解导模的场分布.按无对准偏差时对光纤参数进行优化,使调制深度达到1.数值仿真了单模光纤偏心激励少模光纤情况下,少模光纤中的模式功率分布.仿真结果表明可用光功率检测的方法辅助少模光纤和单模光纤对准熔接,当光功率控制在极小值2%范围内时,横向对准偏差小于3微米.论文仿真了少模光纤干涉仪中光纤熔接对准误差与调制深度的关系.结果表明,当对准偏差小于3μm时,调制深度大于96%;当对准偏差大于4μm后,调制深度随对准偏差的增大而急剧减小.     

Raman Amplification in Multimode Fiber

We demonstrate that the Raman gain of the fundamental mode in graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) is comparable to that of standard single-mode fiber using the same pump power. Moreover, we show that mode-selective gain is significantly enhanced by the radial dependence of the GeO₂ concentration in these fibers. The mode-selective gain is also shown, via impulse responses and eye diagrams, to reduce the intersymbol interference for near center-launch excitations and thereby enhance high-speed MMF link performance     

A new fundamental mode field-radius definition usable for non-Gaussian and noncircular field distributions

A new definition for the mode field radius of fundamental mode fibers is proposed which can be applied to circular as well as to noncircular and non-Gaussian field distributions. The mode field radius according to this definition can be strictly determined by the well-established transverse offset technique. Moreover, an alternative test method is presented offering the advantage of using one standard launching fiber for each measurement.     

21.4 Gbit/s transmission over 200 km multimode fibre using coherent optical OFDM

Multimode fibre (MMF) has been deployed for local area networks and for optical interconnects. MMF has long been perceived as the medium for short reach systems, although it can achieve very high capacity [1]. In fact, the longest transmission distance for a channel rate of 10 Gbit/s and beyond is 11 km, requiring feedback from the receiver to the transmitter [2], and 5 km without receiver feedback [3]. Nevertheless it is instructive to note three important advantages that MMF possesses over single-mode fibre (SMF). First, MMF has proven ease of installation, maintenance and handling, which in turn leads to cost reduction. Secondly, MMF has much larger core area than SMF, which translates into much greater nonlinearity tolerance over SMF. Thirdly, from the information theoretical point of view, because of the existence of many modes in MMF, it can provide much higher information capacity than SMF via multiple-input multiple- out (MIMO) signal processing [4, 5]. Therefore a natural and fundamental question should be asked: is the multimode fibre fit for highspeed (.10 Gbit/s) and high-capacity communication system beyond short reach (.100 km)? The aforementioned third point becomes more relevant as recent research has shown rapid progress in the channel speed, whereas the improvement of overall capacity seems to be stalled. A sense of spectral efficiency bottleneck is looming large in the optical communication community.     

多模光纤模式群分集复用系统

多模光纤(MMF)已成为"最后一千米"短距离通信的理想介质,但多模光纤的模间色散限制了其传输能力.模式群分集复用(MGDM)是种光路的多输入多输出(MIMO)技术,该技术利用多模光纤中不同的模式群作为相互独立的信道来传输多路信号,极大地提升了多模光纤的传输能力.设计实现了一个基于75 m梯度型多模光纤(GIMMF)直接检测的两路MGDM通信系统,不同模式群的激发利用选择模式激发实现,利用偏置连接器和多模耦合器实现模式群的复用及解复用,并利用该系统实现了模拟视频信号和非归零码(NRZ)数字信号的传输.     

A study on the development of transmission-type extrinsicFabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensor

The conventional reflection-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) optical fiber sensor has good sensitivity and resolution compared with other types of optical fiber sensors. However, they have the disadvantage that the distinction of strain direction of EFPI is difficult because of measurement method by only fringe counting. This paper presents the newly developed transmission-type EFPI (TEFPI) optical fiber sensor, which has been improved by additional functions, and whose measuring system differs from that of the reflection-type EFPI optical fiber sensors using a single-mode fiber (SMF) and multimode (MMF) fibers as light guides and reflectors, respectively. The output signal of the TEFPI optical fiber sensor was analyzed with the uniform plane wave-based model, the SMF power distribution-based model and the splice loss-based model; the analyzed signals were then verified experimentally. Based on the results of analysis, the TEFPI optical fiber sensor was fabricated using two single-mode fibers connected to the light source and optical receiver; this was then used in strain measurement. The strain measured by the TEFPI optical fiber sensor was compared with that measured by the electric strain gauge     

Cord identification technique for ultra-low bending loss fibers using higher order modes of visible light

We propose a cord identification technique for ultra-low bending loss fiber using higher order modes of visible light. With this kind of fiber, bending losses are greatly reduced and it is difficult to obtain sufficient leaked light with a conventional macro-bending technique. The bending loss of higher order modes is several orders larger than that of fundamental modes. Higher order modes can exist at shorter wavelengths and their guiding loss is small when the fiber is not tightly bent. As a result, higher order modes are suitable for cord identification purposes with ultra-low bending loss fiber. We determined that the LP₂₁ and LP₀₂ modes at 650 nm (red) and the LP₃₁ mode at 532 nm (green) are the most effective for cord identification purposes. We employed an offset launch technique to excite higher order modes, and achieved a sensitivity improvement of more than 14 dB. By using our method, a cord can be identified by red or green light even with the naked eye.     

单模光纤弯曲半径对光纤陀螺标度因数稳定性的影响

在采用低偏和保偏混合光路的混偏光纤陀螺的光学架构中,包含了一些单模光纤元件和单模光纤。当单模光纤发生弯曲时,光纤中传输的纤芯导波模式和单模光纤中的界面反射波模式之间将会发生相互干涉,导致光的传输特性受到影响。提出了单模光纤弯曲对光纤陀螺标度因数稳定性影响的数学模型。仿真和实验结果表明:当温度发生变化时,单模光纤弯曲会导致传输光的中心波长发生漂移和振荡,从而影响光纤陀螺标度因数稳定性。中心波长振荡的振幅与弯曲半径直接相关。     

Unrepeated transmission of 20-Gb/s optical quadrature phase-shift-keying signal over 200-km standard single-mode fiber based on digital processing of homodyne-detected signal for Group-velocity dispersion compensation

We demonstrate unrepeated optical transmission of 20-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) signals over a 200-km-long standard single-mode fiber (SMF) without using any optical dispersion compensator. By employing optical homodyne detection, which can restore the entire information of the complex amplitude of the transmitted signal, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of the SMF can be compensated electrically by a linear equalizer at the receiver. From off-line bit-error-rate measurements, we find that a simple transversal filter implemented in digital signal processing circuits after homodyne detection can effectively cancel the fiber GVD of up to 4000 ps/nm, enabling successful 20-Gb/s QPSK transmission.     

On the performance of the electrical equalization technique in MMF links for 10-gigabit ethernet

In this paper, the electrical equalization technique utilized in multimode fiber (MMF) links for 10-Gigabit Ethernet is reported. This paper presents and compares three kinds of equalizers: linear equalizer, decision feedback equalizer (DFE), and a nonlinear finite-impulse-response DFE (NL-FIR-DFE) based on the analysis of nonlinear operations of direct modulation and detection in MMF links. Computer simulations reveal that NL-FIR-DFE exhibits superior performance in comparison with normal DFE. The equalization performance for an MMF channel with bandwidth 500 MHz-km as well as 160 MHz-km is demonstrated. It is demonstrated that with direct modulation of cost-effective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) or Fabry-Perot laser, the transmission distance for installed MMF with a bandwidth of 500 MHz-km at 10 Gb/s can be extended to 300 m with an appropriate offset restricted mode launch condition by utilizing normal DFE and to more than 650 m for NL-FIR-DFE. Moreover, it is shown that the transmission distance for an MMF with a bandwidth of 160 MHz-km can reach 300 m with more than seven times bandwidth improvement by using NL-FIR-DFE.     

Principal Modes in Graded-Index Multimode Fiber in Presence of Spatial- and Polarization-Mode Coupling

Power-coupling models are inherently unable to describe certain mode coupling effects in multimode fiber (MMF) when using coherent sources at high bit rates, such as polarization dependence of the impulse response. We develop a field-coupling model for propagation in graded-index MMF, analogous to the principal-states model for polarization-mode dispersion in single-mode fiber. Our model allows computation of the fiber impulse response, given a launched electric-field profile and polarization. In order to model both spatial- and polarization-mode coupling, we divide a MMF into numerous short sections, each having random curvature and random angular orientation. The model can be described using only a few parameters, including fiber length, number of sections, and curvature variance. For each random realization of a MMF, we compute a propagation matrix, the principal modes (PMs), and corresponding group delays (GDs). When the curvature variance and fiber length are small (low-coupling regime), the GDs are close to their uncoupled values, and scale linearly with fiber length, while the PMs remain highly polarized. In this regime, our model reproduces the polarization dependence of the impulse response that is observed in silica MMF. When the curvature variance and fiber length are sufficiently large (high-coupling regime), the GD spread is reduced, and the GDs scale with the square root of the fiber length, while the PMs become depolarized. In this regime, our model is consistent with the reduced GD spread observed in plastic MMF.     

Research on optical fiber magnetic field sensors based on multi-mode fiber and spherical structure

A magnetic field sensor with a magnetic fluid (MF)-coated intermodal interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interferometer is formed by sandwiching a segment of single mode fiber (SMF) between a segment of multi-mode fiber (MMF) and a spherical structure. It can be considered as a cascade of the traditional SMF-MMF-SMF structure and MMF-SMF-sphere structure. The transmission spectral characteristics change with the variation of applied magnetic field. The experimental results exhibit that the magnetic field sensitivities for wavelength and transmission loss are 0.047 nm/mT and 0.215 dB/mT for the interference dip around 1 535.36 nm. For the interference dip around 1548.41nm, the sensitivities are 0.077 nm/mT and 0.243 dB/mT. Simultaneous measurement can be realized according to the different spectral responses.     

Linearly and curvilinearly tapered cylindrical- dielectric-rod antennas

The body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) method is applied to the analysis of a tapered cylindrical-dielectric-rod fed by a metallic waveguide with a launching horn. Before evaluating the wave propagating along the tapered rod, we design the launching horn to efficiently excite the fundamental guided-mode of a uniform rod. After confirming the effectiveness of the launching horn, guided-mode conversion properties are evaluated in linearly and curvilinearly tapered rods. As a result, the guided mode excited at the feed end is smoothly converted into that at the free end in a curvilinearly tapered rod. It is numerically revealed that the smooth guided-mode conversion leads to the expansion of the equiphase field region in a terminal aperture with a subsequent increase in the gain. The calculated radiation patterns are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Optical fiber-based dispersion compensation using higher ordermodes near cutoff

Higher order spatial modes in optical fibers exhibit large, negative chromatic dispersion when operated near their cutoff wavelength. By using a spatial mode-converter to selectively excite a higher order mode in specially designed multimode fiber, this dispersion can be used to compensate the positive dispersion in conventional single-mode fiber spans. In this paper, issues related to compensating fiber and mode-converter design are explored. Experimental measurements in specially designed two-mode fibers operated in LP₁₁ mode show negative dispersion as large as -70 ps/nm·km at 1555 nm. Pulse propagation and system experiments employing spatial mode-converters to excite LP₁₁ mode in a two-mode fiber demonstrate the feasibility of this technique for dispersion compensation in lightwave systems