氨基酸透明皂的制备及性能研究

利用椰油酰谷氨酸、甜菜碱、三乙醇胺、甘油为原料制备氨基酸透明皂,研究了原料配比、皂化温度、皂化时间、搅拌速度对氨基酸透明皂酸碱性、透明度、硬度、起泡性的影响,得到了制备氨基酸透明皂最佳实验条件:椰油酰谷氨酸含量为31.5%,甜菜碱含量为1%,甘油含量为18%,三乙醇胺含量为23%,乙醇含量5.5%,水含量21%时,90℃恒温皂化15 min,搅拌速度控制在150 r/min。制备的氨基酸透明皂呈弱酸性、透明度高、硬度大、泡沫细腻丰富,温和不刺激。     

传统肥皂的洗涤机理

1.概述通常,皂化的油脂都可以制作肥皂。最终制作出的肥皂的性质基于选用的油脂的种类。传统肥皂由甘油三酯钠盐或甘油三酯钾盐和脂肪酸组成。原料油脂主要有牛油、椰子油和棕榈仁油,也可加入少量的其他油脂如葡萄籽油、甜杏仁油、米糠油等。肥皂品种繁多,包括透明皂、不透明皂和半透明皂,还有些特殊基质的肥皂如皂片(shaving)、块状不透明皂(nonmarring opaque)、皂膏/糊(cream/paste)和皂粉。尽管这些肥皂均已记录于历     

透明皂的生产工艺及开发

本文详细论述了透明皂产品的生产工艺条件，同时阐述了美容、护肤、防脱发透明皂的生产方法及所用添加剂，为开发和生产透明皂提供了参考。     

利用环氧丙烷皂化渣作原料生产水泥的研究

介绍了去除环氧丙烷皂化渣中Ｃｌ＾－的方法和过程，并对以皂化渣为原料生产高标号水泥的工艺进行了探讨。证明了用环氧丙烷皂化渣作原料生产水泥是一条切实可行的道路。     

皂化酸解法提取菜籽油脱臭馏出物中植物甾醇的工艺研究

用皂化酸解法对菜籽油脱臭馏出物中提取植物甾醇的工艺进行了研究.通过单因素实验和正交实验得到最适工艺参数为:甲醇与原料(W:W)的比为0.5:1,片碱与原料(W:W)的比为1:0.025,皂化时间为4.0±0.5 h,皂化温度应选定在60～65℃为宜.酸解反应的适宜工艺参数为浓硫酸与原料(W:W)的比为0.075±0.01.酸解时间为1.5±0.2 h.皂化实验的最优组合为A2B2C2D2,皂化率达98%,植物甾醇收率为78%以上.     

动态皂化萃取法提取茄尼醇的研究

建立了以废次烟叶粗提物为原料,采用乙醇和溶剂油动态皂化方法萃取茄尼醇的工艺。讨论了影响动态皂化反应的主要因素,确定了优化的工艺参数:氢氧化钠为皂化试剂,6号溶剂油为烟叶粗提物的溶剂,体积分数为80%乙醇为氢氧化钠的溶剂,氢氧化钠与烟叶粗提物浸膏的质量比为1∶4,皂化反应时间为2.5 h。结果表明,在优化的条件下,经过动态皂化处理,茄尼醇收率119.4%,比经常规的先皂化后萃取处理收率增加9.3%;烟叶粗提物中的茄尼醇质量分数达到19.6%,比常规皂化处理增加2.94%。此外,采用动态皂化减少了工序,节省了萃取溶剂消耗量,因此该法是一种高效快速萃取茄尼醇的方法。     

皂化釜腐蚀原因及改进措施

通过对皂化釜腐蚀损坏原因的分析，提出了对皂化釜的材料选择及制作的改进措施。     

透明肥皂的研制及性能测定

以食用玉米油、棕仁油、蓖麻油为主要原料,并辅以硬脂酸,经皂化反应研制出一种透明肥皂。探讨了原料质量要求和配比、皂化反应的温度和时间以及凉皂条件对肥皂透明度的影响。同时对产品的透明度、去污能力、起泡能力和肤感等性能进行了测试。结果表明,在原料最佳配比条件下,在60～75℃皂化反应20～25 min,再混合透明剂、防腐剂等,然后注入模具室温自然冷却即得晶莹的透明肥皂。     

皂化法提取番茄红素及其晶体的表征

用有机溶剂从预处理的番茄原料中提取出番茄红素油树脂,并采用皂化法与重结晶法结合来纯化粗提物得到番茄红素晶体.研究了纯化过程中皂化比例、皂化温度、皂化时间对产量和提取率的影响,通过紫外可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪对晶体进行表征.结果表明番茄红素晶体为片状,其尺寸大约为10～20 μm,结晶状态良好.     

无渣皂化生产环氧丙烷新技术的开发

针对环氧丙烷生产中产生的皂化废液的回用进行了一系列实验,包括皂化废液用于氯醇化反应的小试、工业化模拟实验,用电解液作皂化剂的工业化模拟实验,皂化废液的淡化与浓缩实验,浓缩的皂化废液电解模拟实验等,提出了无渣皂化生产环氧丙烷的工业化设计方案：采用氯化钠电解液代替石灰乳液进行无渣皂化生产环氧丙烷,部分皂化废液直接返回氯醇化工序,另一部分皂化废液经过多效减压蒸发分离成浓盐水和淡水;浓盐水经重饱和后送到隔膜电解装置进行电解,产生含NaOH的电解液、Cl2和H2,Cl2返回氯醇化工序作为氯醇化反应原料;淡水返回氯醇化工序代替工业水。由此,环氧丙烷生产装置和隔膜法烧碱生产装置形成一个完整的闭路循环体系,解决了传统的氯醇法环氧丙烷生产中废渣及废水污染的问题。     

不同植物油脂对冷制皂入皂特性的影响

选用椰子油、棕榈油、橄榄油、山茶油、乳木果油、甜杏仁油、美藤果油和霍霍巴油8种植物油脂为原料,采用冷制工艺制作成3组不同含油量的植物油脂手工皂,研究了不同植物油脂对冷制皂入皂特性的影响,并对植物油脂复配制作的冷制皂进行肤感感官评价。结果表明,植物油脂的种类和含量对冷制皂的p H值影响不大,对其他入皂特性均有影响。椰子油冷制皂硬度高、起泡性强且泡沫丰富、Trace time短,与不饱和植物油脂复配入皂有助于缩短制作冷制皂的Trace time,提高冷制皂的硬度和起泡能力;山茶油、甜杏仁油和橄榄油入皂有助于起泡;橄榄油入皂有助于提高冷制皂的泡沫稳定性;乳木果油和霍霍巴油入皂起泡能力较差;美藤果油入皂滋润度高、泡沫细腻、洗感舒适、肤感评价最佳。     

利用劣质植物油制取金属皂的研究

金属皂是一类重要的化工原料 ,其中钙皂和锌皂的应用最为广泛 ,该研究探讨了以劣质植物油为主要原料 ,制取钙皂和锌皂的工艺路线和参数 ,为油脂的综合利用提供了一条新途径。其中较优的工艺条件为 :皂化时 ,碱液分 3次加入 ,盐析 2次 ,皂化时间、温度、超碱量依次为 3h、95℃、5 % ,复分解反应温度为 95℃～10 0℃ ,制取钙皂和锌皂的超盐量分别为 10 %和 5 %。     

Soap and related products: Palm and lauric oil

There are three main methods for producing soap: direct saponification of fats and oils, neutralization of fatty acids and saponification of fatty acid methyl esters. Our unique process of soapmaking, based on the methyl ester saponification method, is described here. By this process, high-quality toilet soaps can be produced from palm stearin and palm kernel oil as well as tallow and coconut oil. A new sulfonation process was developed to produce high-quality α-SFMe (α-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester) from palm stearin as the starting material. Quality and performance of α-SFMe bear comparison with those of LAS, AES, AS or AOS. Thus α-SFMe is a promising surfactant for detergents and will contribute to expanding the use of palm oil in the near future.     

Effects of superfatting agents on cracking phenomena in toilet soap

Palm stearin (POs) is one of the cheapest sources of C16–C18 fatty acids for use in soap making. Toilet-soap formulations containing a high content of POs, however, would result in hard soaps with a tendency to form cracks on the surface. This phenomenon can be overcome by addition of superfatting agents to increase plasticity of the finished product. In this study, two different blends of soap made from distilled POs, palm oil (PO), and palm kernel oil (PKO) fatty acids in the ratio of 40POs/40PO/20PKO and 70POs/30PKO were evaluated. The soaps were superfatted with glycerin, palm kernel olein, coconut oil, olive oil and canola oil. The levels of incorporation of each superfatting material were 1, 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. The samples were subsequently tested for both wet and dry crackings using the Hewitt Soap Company methods (numbers 78 and 79, respectively). The superfatted soaps had a total fatty matter of 73–83% and an average moisture content of 10%. The penetration value which indicates hardness increased with increasing amount of superfatting agents. Foaming or lathering property was good with the exception of the formulation using palm kernel olein and canola oil as superfatting agents. At all the above levels of superfatting agents added, no cracks were observed during both wet and dry cracking tests. A sample of soap superfatted with 2% canola oil, however, developed cracks during the wet cracking test. This resulted in a test score of 7. Superfatting soaps with 1–2% neutral oils or glycerin resulted in better quality soaps that were free of cracks.     

Fourier-transform infrared spectra of fatty acid salts—Kinetics of high-oleic sunflower oil saponification

Sodium, lithium, and calcium soaps obtained by saponification of high-oleic sunflower oil were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Spectra of crude mixtures containing soap, glycerin, residual alkali, and triacylglycerols were compared to those of pure soaps obtained from fatty acids. The infrared spectra of crude soaps showed the same characteristic bands as pure ones. The absorption bands of asymmetric (ω₂) and symmetric (ω₁) stretching vibrations of the carboxylate group indicated that the metal-oxygen bonds of these soaps had an ionic character whose strength differed from one cationic counterion to another. Once the characteristic absorption bands of the soaps were assigned, a kinetics study of saponification was performed. Saponification by sodium, anhydrous lithium, and calcium hydroxides was an autocatalytic reaction, characterized by an S-shaped kinetics curve, whereas saponification by aqueous lithium hydroxide was stoichiometric. The structure of the metal-oxygen bond played a role in the kinetic mechanisms.     

The Use of a Eutectic Mixture of Olive Pomace Oil Fatty Amides to Easily Prepare Sulfated Amides Applied as Lime Soap Dispersants

Sulfated diethanolamides of fatty acids are known to be effective lime soap dispersing agents. However, their preparation from fatty acids via fatty amides requires the use of organic solvents due to the high viscosity of both fatty amides and sulfated fatty amides. This study shows that the preparation of sulfated fatty amides is relatively easy when using olive pomace oil as the raw material. The latter, is converted into sulfated fatty amides by performing the following steps: saponification, hydrolysis, esterification, amidation, and sulfation. In the final step, the mixture obtained has sufficient fluidity, due to its high linoleic acid amide content, to obviate the use of organic solvents, as usually suggested in the literature. Characterization of the product was carried out by chemical analyses, FTIR, ¹³C NMR, GC, and HPLC. It was shown that the yield of the amidation reaction is about 80%, and that of the sulfation reaction can exceed 100% against the pure amide (more than one sulfate group could be linked to one amide molecule). On the other hand, the Borghetty test showed that the product is an effective dispersant with a lime soap dispersing power equal to five.     

Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates

Various triglycerides (coconut oil, palm kernel oil, tallow) were ethoxylated with a proprietary catalyst (calcium/aluminum alkoxide complex partially neutralized in an alcohol ethoxylate base) to obtain triglyceride ethoxylates. Triglyceride ethoxylates were then partially saponified with sodium hydroxide to form mixtures of mono-, di-, and triglyceride ethoxylates, fatty acid soap, and glycerol ethoxylate. These mixtures were characterized in terms of physical properties, surface activity, and mildness. Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates were found to be unexpectedly mild and capable of imparting mildness to other surfactants. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Orlando, Florida, May 10, 1999.     

我国肥皂工业的发展

叙述了肥皂工业的大规模技术改造,用油脂连续水解、脂肪酸连续中和替代大锅皂化,实现节能减排、全过程自动连续化及产品的改质改性,最后对肥皂工业的发展提出展望。     

Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil

Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.