Error Margin Estimating in Repeaters

In this paper a new method of estimating error margin inTcarrier repeaters is proposed. This estimate is based on two sets of data: (a) measurements from a commonly used test wherein bipolar violations are inserted into the line at an audio rate, and (b) the crosstalk environment in which the repeater is operating. An audio component due to violations in the bipolar signal causes a shift in the eye pattern resulting in a change of repeater error rate. This in turn changes the regenerated audio signal power by an amount depending on the initial undisturbed error rate of the repeater. This then gives a basis for extrapolating the operating error rate of a repeater from a test measurement. This error rate combined with a knowledge of the cable crosstalk parameters and number of operating systems during the test, is then used to estimate the error margin or eye opening of the repeater, assuming a Gaussian distribution for the interference. A method of ranking repeaters in a repeatered line to indicate their relative margin is proposed wherein the effect of errors on the audio signal to an intermediate test repeater is taken into account. Results presented are quite general and valid at any line rate and repeater spacing, and hence applicable for differentT-carriers such asT1, T1C, T2, etc.     

Remote-control signal of optical loopback for supervision of long-haul fiber-optic undersea cable systems

A remote-control signal for repeater supervision to be used in a remote-controlled optical loopback method of a long-haul optical undersea cable system is proposed on out-of-service basis and the results of its transmission experiment by a field trial system are theoretically analyzed. The remote-control signal is basically composed of a pseudo-random sequence with a periodicity corresponding to a repeater selection frequency. 500 repeater selection frequencies will be available using a monolithic crystal filter (MCF) as a detection filter. By a field trial experiment, the controllability was shown to be maintained even at a bit error rate (BER) of up to 10^-1with a control signal level which, being decreased by 1.9 dB, is still more than 30 dB over a filtered noise level due to random bit errors.     

Detection and measurement of radio frequency feedback for an on‐frequency repeater

The radio frequency feedback (RFF) occurs when the insulation is insufficient between the antennas of an on‐frequency repeater, increasing digital transmission errors. In addition, a strong RFF could compromise system stability of the on‐frequency repeater because of the growing power in the closed‐loop. Automatic gain control is widely used by the on‐frequency repeater to regulate the power, this solution being generally used with echo cancellation processes. Most of echo cancellation techniques are based on digital processing such as adaptive filters whose the effectiveness and the algorithm speed are depending on the signal frequency, the bandwidth and the closed‐loop parameters. This paper describes a solution of RFF estimation and detection regardless of the receiving signal modulation. By using the frequency scanning and the analysis of the power spectral density peaks in the system, this solution is reliable whatever are the values of the gain‐margin and the loop‐delay. Simulations and experimental implementation using field‐programmable gate array validate the solution. In addition, an example of applications is given in the context of the interference cancellation.     

Communication satellite processing repeaters

Two kinds of processing repeaters which may find application on communication satellites in the near future are described. The type I repeater allows access only if the transmitted signal contains a predetermined code structure. This serves three purposes: first, unauthorized users are excluded, second, co-channel interfering signals are not retransmitted on the downlink, so as not to waste a portion of the satellite transmitter power, and, third, removal of the interference signal at the satellite avoids having to do this at the ground receiving terminal. Thus such a repeater would find particular application where there are a large number of ground receiving stations. The type 2 repeater routes signals received at its N input terminals to be transmitted at N output terminals, thus acting as a "switchboard in the sky." Two purposes are served: first, the satellite capacity is more fully utilized in the presence of fluctuating traffic demands, and, second, single-frequency transmission and reception are possible for user ground stations, thus simplifying these stations and still allowing communication to any station in the network. It is established when the type 1 repeater is able to increase the satellite communication capability beyond that of a simple repeater and further that fairly simple filtering is sufficient on the satellite. For the type 2 repeater, a proposed frequency control plan minimizes the filtering required on the satellite where frequency division multiplex is used and reduces the amount of switching required on the satellite to N single-pole N-throw switches where time division multiplex is used without the requirement of any memory on the satellite. A summary of present-day translating repeaters, as used in the Intelsats III and IV and DSCS II satellites, is included.     

Shunt stub line impedance matching: a wave reflection analysistutorial

This paper presents a detailed transmission-line wave reflection analysis for the situation where an antenna's feed-point impedance is matched to the transmission-line characteristic impedance through the use of a shunt stub line. In most engineering texts, the steady-state solution to the shunt-stub-line impedance-matching problem is presented in detail. However, the solution in terms of a wave reflection analysis is generally not presented, since the steady-state solution is sufficient for most practical applications. This article is presented as a tutorial review of both the steady-state solution and the solution as determined through a detailed wave reflection analysis. It is conceptually and mathematically demonstrated that the wave reflections created at the antenna and at the stub-line termination do not cancel one another at the stub-line connection point, and they do not stay separate from one another. It is demonstrated that the steady-state impedance match is achieved when the wave reflections created at the antenna and at the stub-line termination combine at the connection point to cancel the initial wave reflections created at the connection point. The analysis and resulting formulas presented are derived for the general problem of a stub line being connected in parallel to a transmission line at any point, and are therefore valid independently of an impedance match being established at the connection point. The analysis and formulas are valid for any combination of transmission-line length, transmission-line properties, antenna impedance, stub line length, and stub line termination impedance     

Crosstalk Loss Requirements for PCM Transmission

We present in this paper a unified approach to the crosstalk interference problem arising in PCM transmission on paired cables. For bipolar signaling, and three types of commonly used channel shaping, viz., cosine, raised cosine, and Gaussian, we present the minimum average near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT) loss requirements at any transmission rate as a function of repeater spacing and number of interfering pairs so as to meet a desired error rate objective. This will aid in indicating if new cables need to be developed for a proposed rate of transmission or, for a given cable, the error margin available for degradations other than crosstalk can be readily determined. Extension to other coding schemes is indicated, and crosstalk compatibility is examined for mixedTsystems, such asT1,T1C, andT2. Graphical results are presented to readily aid in system design of anyTcarrier with repeater spacings up to 70 dB.     

实施转发式GNSS欺骗干扰的功率控制策略研究

在实施转发式欺骗干扰时,经转发的干扰信号和直达信号同时进入被干扰接收机,对接收机的信号处理过程造成复杂的影响.转发式干扰根据信号功率的大小,其干扰效果可能会出现信号压制、信号欺骗或无法欺骗等多种情况,目前尚无文献对转发干扰信号功率控制进行定量研究.为推进转发式欺骗干扰在导航战中的实际应用,制定合适的转发式欺骗干扰功率控...     

一种性能优良的光纤传输中继机

本文介绍一种性能优良的传输全电视信号的实用光纤传输中继机及它的工作原理、性能和指标测量。其性能符合《电视视频通道测试方法》规定的主要指标。经现场试验,该中继传输系统传送一路彩色全电视信号,可延伸传输距离大于20km(光纤损耗0.8dB/km),富余量7dB,传输性能优良,图象清晰逼真,伴音保真度高。     

Repeater Fault Location for a Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Transmission System

This paper introduces a repeater fault location system for a repeated submarine optical fiber transmission system of 400 Mbits/ s at 1.3μm. The repeater fault location system is used in an out-of-service test. The fault locator transmits a test signal via a main optical fiber line, in order to make a loop-back path in one of the repeaters for returning the test signals via another main optical fiber line and to measure the bit error rate (BER) of the interrogated repeater. The test signal is a kind of pseudorandom signal that includes a low frequency component, which is assigned to the repeater as a supervisory frequency tone (SVT) signal. The BER is measured by counting the number of low frequency signal phase inversions in a time. This paper first describes the test signal generating method, SVT frequency allocation, and the filter design installed in a repeater. Next, there is a discussion of how the capability of the repeater fault locator has been experimentally verified by using two submarine repeaters, including four regenerative repeater units and three submarine optical fiber cables. As a result, a BER of less than5 times 10^{-6}is accurately measured.     

一种针对用户GNSS时钟的转发式欺骗方法

全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)转发式欺骗干扰具有系统搭建容易、干扰实施方便、成本低等优点,目前已成为一种重要的GNSS欺骗方式。针对多峰值抗转发欺骗干扰检测算法,提出一种针对目标接收机GNSS时钟的转发式欺骗干扰方法。相比于传统转发式欺骗的各通道卫星信号时延一致的特点,该方法根据待欺骗接收机和转发式欺骗源的位置计算各卫星通道转发时延,使待欺骗目标接收到的GNSS欺骗信号的时延为伪码周期整数倍,并随时间自适应动态调整转发时延,使得欺骗检测失效,进一步欺骗静态目标接收机的GNSS时钟。模拟实验和仿真实验验证了该转发式欺骗方法的有效性。     

对线性调频脉冲压缩雷达的多载波调制转发干扰

目前对线性调频(LFM)脉冲压缩雷达转发欺骗干扰主要通过移频调制转发和采样直接转发实现,常规转发干扰样式简单,干扰信号规律性强、复杂度低。该文提出一种基于间歇采样的多载波调制转发新型干扰样式。首先引用码片的概念对间歇采样过程重新建模,在此基础上,通过对当前采样码片附加不同移频量,结合多载波并行调制体制对其进行串并转换,利用不同次转发信号各子载波间的干扰累积,实现对LFM脉冲压缩雷达的数量、幅度、空间分布可控的逼真假目标干扰。仿真表明该干扰样式比移频干扰和直接转发干扰具有更好的干扰效果。     

转发式欺骗干扰时延控制算法

无人机卫星导航欺骗技术在现代导航战中越来越受到广泛的关注，其中转发式欺骗干扰因其无需获得信号结构的先验知识，在军码导航领域比生成式欺骗干扰更具使用价值。目前的军码转发信号普遍以转发接收天线点的位置坐标作为基础进行定点静止转发，在对无人机欺骗干扰时，信号置信度不高，干扰效果不佳。提出一种转发干扰时延算法，根据转发坐标需求计算不同卫星信号的时延量，可根据欺骗策略实时调整转发坐标，提高干扰成功率。最后通过实验验证，提出的时延算法得到的转发坐标误差在米级范围，验证了算法的正确性。     

一种针对转发式欺骗干扰信号的负延时补偿方法

针对卫星导航转发式欺骗干扰中转发信号存在负延时需求而工程上又无法实现的问题,提出了一种负延时补偿方法。该方法根据预设欺骗位置,通过转发式欺骗干扰延时算法,获得各卫星信号通道所需转发延时量;然后基于接收机钟差最小化原则选取最优的延时修正量添加到所有通道的转发信号中。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法不影响接收机的定位结果,消除了负延时无法实现的问题对转发式欺骗干扰的限制。     

Low‐Cost High‐Performance TDD Synchronizer for WiBro RF Repeater

WiBro radio frequency (RF) repeater is used for solving the problem of partial shadow areas in the wireless communication field that uses time‐division duplexing (TDD) mode. In this paper, a method to efficiently generate TDD signals for WiBro RF repeater is proposed and its digital circuit is implemented. A TDD signal is detected from RF signals transmitted/received to/from RF repeater and then inputted again into the RF repeater, so that it can operate normally. First, the envelope of downlink signals is detected and then clamped to extract the basic form of a TDD signal using an operational amplifier circuit. Next, the TDD signal is generated by restoring and filtering the shape which has been distorted by the wireless channel. The algorithm and system to acquire TDD signal are developed with a goal to have simple but powerful functions with as little cost as possible. The proposed method is implemented as an RF‐digital integrated system and verified through the experiments under the same condition as actual WiBro service environment.     

逆合成孔径雷达散射波干扰技术研究

针对传统转发干扰对ISAR只能形成点斑干扰的不足,提出了ISAR散射波干扰方法,该方法将截获的ISAR发射信号直接转发至目标,经目标散射后形成散射波干扰信号,获得了更为丰富的干扰信息。文中根据双基地ISAR的成像理论,将干扰机与ISAR接收机分别等效为双基地ISAR的发射站和接收站,建立了ISAR散射波干扰模型,分析了散射波干扰的功率以及对ISAR的干扰效果。研究结果表明通过控制干扰机的转发时延和等效双基地角,散射波干扰可以对ISAR形成单个或多个不同位置的假目标欺骗干扰,而且实现简便,是一种对ISAR形成假目标数量欺骗干扰的有效手段。     

Sea trial of submarine optical amplifier repeater system using travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier

An optical amplifier repeater system consisting of semiconductor laser amplifiers was evaluated in 3000 m deep sea at 820 Mbit/s in the 1.5 mu m wavelength region using 23.5 km of optical submarine cable. The repeater output power was stabilised by an APC system monitoring amplified optical signal power. The authors confirmed stable digital signal transmission and the reduction of variation in the repeater output power for changes in the polarisation of the input signal.<>     

EIA/NRSC DAR systems subjective tests. II. Transmission impairments

For pt.I see ibid., vol.43, no.3, p.261-7 (1997). This paper describes the methods, results and conclusions of a series of subjective tests which were performed at the Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, to assess the audio quality of digital audio radio (DAR) systems in the presence of transmission errors. Testing has been performed in a laboratory environment on the hardware implementation of nine DAR systems. One of the systems operated in the AM broadcast band, five in the FM broadcast band, two in the L-band and one in the S-band. Testing was done in the presence of transmission errors generated by additive white gaussian noise, co-channel interference and five different multipath mobile channels. In addition, one system was tested with an interfering signal in the lower first adjacent DAR channel. The test results are presented and discussed, for each type of transmission impairments, in terms of (a) the E_b/N₀ ratios (D/U ratios for co-channel and adjacent channel interference) at the threshold of audibility (TOA) of transmission errors and at the point where transmission errors are so important that the audio quality is unacceptable (point of failure or POF) and (b) the failure margin which is a measure of how quickly DAR systems fail when the received signal power is reduced. A new parameter, labeled C_SP/N₀, is proposed to quantify the power efficiency of the overall DAR systems (i.e. source coding plus channel coding and modulation subsystems). The spectral efficiency of DAR systems is also presented and discussed     

Reducing Interconnect Delay Uncertainty via Hybrid Polarity Repeater Insertion

Capacitive crosstalk between adjacent signal wires has significant effect on performance and delay uncertainty of point-to-point on-chip buses in deep submicrometer (DSM) VLSI technologies. We propose a hybrid polarity repeater insertion technique that combines inverting and non-inverting repeater insertion to achieve constant average effective coupling capacitance per wire transition for all possible switching patterns. Theoretical analysis shows the superiority of the proposed method in terms of performance and delay uncertainty compared to conventional and staggered repeater insertion methods. Simulations at the 90-nm node on semi-global METAL5 layer show around 25% reduction in worst case delay and around 86% delay uncertainty minimization compared to standard bus with optimal repeater configuration. The reduction in worst case capacitive coupling reduces peak energy which is a critical factor for thermal regulation and packaging. Isodelay comparisons with standard bus show that the proposed technique achieves considerable reduction in total buffers area, which in turn reduces average energy and peak current. Comparisons with staggered repeater which is one of the simplest and most effective crosstalk reduction techniques in the literature show that hybrid polarity repeater offers higher performance, less delay uncertainty, and reduced sensitivity to repeater placement variation.      

Long-span repeaterless transmission systems with optical amplifiersusing pulse width management

This paper proposes pulse width management in order to extend the repeater spacings of repeaterless transmission systems with optical amplifiers. First, the dependency of receiver sensitivity on duty ratio, receiver response, and fiber dispersion is clarified by numerical analysis. Next, the calculation results of sensitivity as a function of signal format and receiver basedband response are verified experimentally. Moreover, we show that pulse width management which uses return-to-zero (RZ) format with large duty ratio (~0.7) at the transmitter and pulse compression at the receiver increases the repeater gain by ~4.5 dB compared to conventional systems employing nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) format. Record repeater spacing of 300 km is realized at 10 Gb/s by utilizing pulse width management     

转发式干扰对SAR的干扰仿真

针对SAR的技术特点,对SAR的干扰措施做了简要概述,重点介绍了转发式干扰的信号模型,在此基础上,利用SAR常用的两种信号处理方法对转发式干扰做了成像仿真,得出了转发式干扰对这两种算法的干扰效果。