The believing game, the doubting game, and collaborative law: A reply to Penelope Bryan.

In her article (see record 2000-05399-010) in this issue, P. Bryan measured collaborative law by whether it improves the economic conditions of women after divorce, arguing that far broader reform of divorce laws is required to achieve that goal. Collaborative law aims at different goals. Bryan also argued that collaborative law resembles mediation, that mediation harms women and children, and that the same will happen in collaborative law. In fact, Bryan makes faulty analogies between mediation and collaborative law, misconstrues the literature on mediation, and criticizes collaborative law for human failings arising in any profession or dispute resolution modality. Fair-minded research questions would serve the evolution of this new model better than such ill-founded arguments in support of apparently preconceived conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social change and law.

Comments on D. R. Fox's (see record 1993-27200-001) call for reexamination of legal efforts made on behalf of organized psychology to accomplish social change. The author disagrees with the claim made by Fox that organized psychology's advocacy efforts are misdirected because they promote values consistent with those found in the law. It is argued here that the law remains the primary and most powerful mechanism through which social change is accomplished. Further, until it can be empirically shown otherwise, law is a proper venue for efforts directed by organized psychology toward social change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Psychotherapy with HIV-infected clients: Factors influencing notification of third parties": Comment.

Comments on the article by N. F. Kozlowski et al (see record 1998-10341-011) about HIV infected clients and whether or not there ought to be notification. Kozlowski et al cite the California case of Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California (1976) 9 times, however, they never officially cite it, nor do they put it in their reference section. Without going into a refresher course about the meaning of Tarasoff, when employing this case law in a study it is important to (1) carefully read the case, (2) become familiar with the case law in your state or states, (3) shepardize all relevant cases to make sure that they are still good law (there has been a lot of movement with Tarasoff over the years), and (4) have at least a consultation with an attorney who is familiar with this area of law. Legal accuracy is extremely important and without it, our studies cannot withstand interdisciplinary scrutiny. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Motivation and proposals for revising the stock trading law

The German stock-trading law is a special statute that has been put into effect at the end of the last century (sections 482-492 BGB, i.e. civil code, and Kaiserliche Verordnung, i.e. imperial regulation). It promotes agricultural interests and contains guarantees which are out-of-date. This state had led to serious irritabilities with the general law of trade (sections 459-480 BGB). The difference in legal treatment of persons buying stock (i.e. equines, cattle, sheep and swine) or those buying other animals (e.g. dogs, cats, poultry) seems to be unsupportable any longer. For this reason the constitutional principle of equality in legal matters (section 3.1, German constitution) will be used and interpreted as a motivation for the importance to revise the antiquated stock-trading law.     

A case report of jejunal carcinoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis]

It remains uncertain if law enforcement officers experience an elevated cardiovascular disease morbidity and, if so, whether their profession contributes to this incidence. Consequently, the self-reported incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, angioplasty) and CVD risk factors (age, diabetes, elevated body mass index (> or = 27.8 kg.m-2), hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, tobacco use) in 232 male retirees, > or = 55 years of age, from the Iowa Department of Public Safety were compared with 817 male Iowans of similar age. CVD incidence was higher in the law enforcement officers than the general population (31.5% vs 18.4%, P < 0.001). Using multiple logistic regression, factors found to be associated with CVD included the law enforcement profession (odds ratio [OR] = 2.34; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.5-3.6), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.7-3.3); diabetes (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.4-3.6), hypertension (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.3-2.5), tobacco use (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.07-2.6), and age (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03-1.08). These results suggest that employment as a law enforcement officer is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and this relationship persists after considering several conventional risk factors.     

Child abuse: why should I report it?

In Indiana, dental professionals are mandated by law to report suspected child abuse and neglect to Child Protective Services (CPS) or the law enforcement agency in their county. The penalty for non-reporting is fine and/or jail. This article will give dental professionals information on child abuse injuries that can be identified in the dental office, how to talk to the child and family members regarding suspicions, and how to report those suspicions to your local CPS or law enforcement agency. Dental professionals will receive reassurance and encouragement from this article to report suspected cases of child abuse to CPS or law enforcement. The report is not meant to be punitive, but is intended to get the family connected to services to assist them, the child, and any other children they have or may have in the future, to avoid further abuse, and to attempt to break the cycle of abuse. To report suspicions of child abuse in Indiana, dial: 1-800-800-5556.     

More on Herrnstein's hyperbola.

Responds to E. Ubell's (see record 1984-05704-001) transformation of Herrnstein's mathematical statement of the law of effect from a hyperbolic to a linear function. This transformation of the relationship between response and reinforcement allows the law to be stated in terms of period rather than frequency. The present author argues that the linear and hyperbolic forms are not statistically interchangeable. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Power law behavior of RR-interval variability in healthy middle-aged persons, patients with recent acute myocardial infarction, and patients with heart transplants

BACKGROUND: The purposes of the present study were (1) to establish normal values for the regression of log(power) on log(frequency) for, RR-interval fluctuations in healthy middle-aged persons, (2) to determine the effects of myocardial infarction on the regression of log(power) on log(frequency), (3) to determine the effect of cardiac denervation on the regression of log(power) on log(frequency), and (4) to assess the ability of power law regression parameters to predict death after myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied three groups: (1) 715 patients with recent myocardial infarction; (2) 274 healthy persons age and sex matched to the infarct sample; and (3) 19 patients with heart transplants. Twenty-four-hour RR-interval power spectra were computed using fast Fourier transforms and log(power) was regressed on log(frequency) between 10(-4) and 10(-2) Hz. There was a power law relation between log(power) and log(frequency). That is, the function described a descending straight line that had a slope of approximately -1 in healthy subjects. For the myocardial infarction group, the regression line for log(power) on log(frequency) was shifted downward and had a steeper negative slope (-1.15). The transplant (denervated) group showed a larger downward shift in the regression line and a much steeper negative slope (-2.08). The correlation between traditional power spectral bands and slope was weak, and that with log(power) at 10(-4) Hz was only moderate. Slope and log(power) at 10(-4) Hz were used to predict mortality and were compared with the predictive value of traditional power spectral bands. Slope and log(power) at 10(-4) Hz were excellent predictors of all-cause mortality or arrhythmic death. To optimize the prediction of death, we calculated a log(power) intercept that was uncorrelated with the slope of the power law regression line. We found that the combination of slope and zero-correlation log(power) was an outstanding predictor, with a relative risk of > 10, and was better than any combination of the traditional power spectral bands. The combination of slope and log(power) at 10(-4) Hz also was an excellent predictor of death after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial infarction or denervation of the heart causes a steeper slope and decreased height of the power law regression relation between log(power) and log(frequency) of RR-interval fluctuations. Individually and, especially, combined, the power law regression parameters are excellent predictors of death of any cause or arrhythmic death and predict these outcomes better than the traditional power spectral bands.     

Nihm's polynomial law of sensation.

Claims that S. D. Nihm's (see record 1977-28640-001) spoofy proposal that sensation could be considered a polynomial function of stimulus intensity is both true and irrelevant to the validity of the power law. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The admissibility of expert testimony based upon clinical judgment and scientific research.

In reading the American Psychological Association Final Report on the Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse (J. L. Alpert et al, see record 2000-13581-002), the authors recognized that one of its most important implications for the law is whether and to what extent clinical testimony on recovered repressed memories of childhood abuse should be admitted into evidence in a court of law. A review of the legal literature suggested that the law did not have a satisfactory answer to the question, and that any proposed answer would have to apply to all clinical and scientific expert testimony if it is to accepted and used by the courts. This article uses examples that are far beyond the scope of the Working Group's report, and provides a suggested legal framework for courts to use when addressing both types of proffered testimony across the legal spectrum. It is suggested that the solution proposed is most poignantly illustrated in the case of claims of recovered repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Theory evaluation can be unintentional self-portraiture: A reply to Williams.

B. A. Williams's (see record 1990-21741-001) commentary on C. P. Shimp et al (see record 1990-21730-001) derives from his matching law perspective and shows chiefly that associative learner and the matching law are different. The choice of which theoretical approach is better depends on one's background views about the nature and purpose of theory, the nature of a free-operant behavior stream, and the suitability of classical methods and results for identifying and resolving critical theoretical problems such as identifying suitable analytical units and adequately characterizing how reinforcement reorganizes the local structure of the behavior stream. Williams' perspective, that of a molar position, needs further conceptual clarification and empirical support before it can be convincing. An alternative molecular view seems attractive for offering the promise of conceptually integrating molar and molecular empirical phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thermodynamic behavior in binary metallic solutions

The applicability of Krupkowski’s formalism $$\begin{gathered} ln \gamma _1 = \omega \left( T \right)\left( {1 - X_1 } \right)^m \hfill \\ ln \gamma _2 = \omega \left( T \right)\left[ {\left( {1 - X_1 } \right)^m - \frac{m}{{m - 1}}\left( {1 - X_1 } \right)^{m - 1} + \frac{1}{{m - 1}}} \right] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ in interpreting experimental data is shown for several binary systems. Both dilute and concentrated solutions are considered. In dilute solutions (Henry’s law region) these equations exclude constant values of the activity coefficients. These formulae withm>1 satisfy Raoults law and Henry’s law as limiting cases. However, experimental data indicate that only in two systems, namely Zn-Sn and Zn-Bi,γ _Zn ⁰ =γ _Zn over a finite composition range. Whenm is close to unity, as is the case for the Zn-Sn and Zn-Bi systems Raoult’s law is not satisfied untilX _Zn is infinitesimally close to unity. Data for concentrated zinc solutions for both systems support this conclusion. A comparison of Krupkowski’s method with Darken’s quadratic formalism was also carried out, and it was shown that both methods give similar results whenm=2.     

The masquerade of mental health reform: Comment on Bagby, Silverman, Ryan, and Dickens (1987).

In a valuable paper, Bagby, Silverman, Ryan, and Dickens (see record 1987-32403-001) analyzed rates of involuntary admissions to Ontario psychiatric facilities for several years before and after Ontario's civil commitment law was changed in November, 1978. Bagby et al.'s paper is timely and important because it is relevant to North America generally, as yet another instance of disparity between change in the semantic formulation of the law and the subsequent behaviour of the psychiatric establishment. It still remains entirely a separate ethical question as to what extent commitment criteria, if the notion is meaningful and enforceable at all, should in fact be as restrictive as Ontario appeared to have intended a decade ago. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Harmful effects of posttermination sexual and romantic relationships between therapists and their former clients.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 25(4) of Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training (see record 2007-12032-001). Reference was made to the Minnesota law regarding reporting of "any sexual or romantic relationship in which the parties were once therapist and client" (p. 250). Upon further review by the author, it was determined that the law is more complicated than conveyed in the article. A detailed explanation of the law is provided in the erratum, although legal counsel is suggested for further interpretation.] Examines anecdotal evidence regarding the harmful effects of posttermination sexual or romantic relationships between therapists and clients, focusing on relationships between female therapists and former clients who are also women. The question of equality of power between therapists and former clients is addressed. The impact of these relationships on the community in which they occur is considered. It is concluded that posttermination relationships between therapists and clients have the potential to do as much harm as relationships initiated during therapy and that such relationships should be defined as unethical. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

铁素体-马氏体钢P92在超临界水中的腐蚀行为

研究了铁素体-马氏体钢P92在400~600℃、25 MPa 超临界水中的腐蚀行为.用 X 射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-电子能谱(SEM-EDX)分析了氧化膜微观组织,对 P92在超临界水中的腐蚀动力学规律进行了分析.结果表明：温度对腐蚀速率有显著影响,600和500℃的腐蚀增重分别为400℃的5.32倍和1.59倍;400和500℃超临界水中腐蚀动力学遵循立方规律,600℃时近似遵循抛物线规律;氧化膜为双层结构,外层氧化膜为柱状 Fe3 O4相,内层氧化膜为 Fe3 O4和 FeCr2 O4相.     

"Harmful effects of posttermination sexual romantic relationships between therapists and their former clients": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Harmful effects of posttermination sexual and romantic relationships between therapists and their former clients" by Laura S. Brown (Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 1988[Sum], Vol 25[2], 249-255). Reference was made to the Minnesota law regarding reporting of "any sexual or romantic relationship in which the parties were once therapist and client" (p. 250). Upon further review by the author, it was determined that the law is more complicated than conveyed in the article. A detailed explanation of the law is provided in the erratum, although legal counsel is suggested for further interpretation. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-02991-001.) Examines anecdotal evidence regarding the harmful effects of posttermination sexual or romantic relationships between therapists and clients, focusing on relationships between female therapists and former clients who are also women. The question of equality of power between therapists and former clients is addressed. The impact of these relationships on the community in which they occur is considered. It is concluded that posttermination relationships between therapists and clients have the potential to do as much harm as relationships initiated during therapy and that such relationships should be defined as unethical. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Dr. Rotgers' Letter.

Replies to the letter by Rotgers (see record 2005-09346-005) on the current author's original article (see record 1981-11085-001). Dr. Rotgers' letter is valuable, since it provides an excellent example of the fact that practice does not always conform to the "black letter" of the law. The current author is pleased to learn that New Jersey legislated their custom, for to rely on custom alone for the recognition of professional psychology is dangerous indeed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An APA-sponsored law to protect psychologists and subjects from unwarranted use of research data.

Comments on the need for laws in addition to the code of ethics proposed by D. Baumrind (see record 1972-20057-001). A law is proposed and sponsored by the American Psychological Association (APA), under which no datum could be used in any manner detrimental to Ss, nor could it be subpoenaed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Casebook for providers of psychological services": Erratum.

Corrects a statement in the article in the American Psychologist (see record 1988-37041-001), which presented cases to provide clarification of the General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services as approved by the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives in February 1987. The correction states that the statement (p. 558), "The psychologist recognized the illegality of doing psychological evaluations on minor children without the knowledge and permission of their custodial parent," was overbroad. The legality or illegality of doing psychological evaluations of minor children at the request of noncustodial parents is determined by state law. The correction concludes with the advice that state law and regulations should be carefully researched to determine the legal status of such evaluations at the request of noncustodial parents. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)