环氧树脂涂层表面亲水性对微藻黏附性能的影响（英文）

在固体材料表面黏附成膜是微藻细胞的一种生理特性。近些年基于微藻生物膜的生物过程,如生物膜贴壁培养和防附着技术受到了很多关注。微藻在固体材料表面的黏附受藻细胞与材料表面之间的相互作用的影响,建立黏附强度与材料表面性质参数间的关系对于通过材料选择来强化或控制微藻生物膜具有非常重要的意义。本工作的目的是揭示和明确材料亲疏水性对微藻黏附的影响,提出了一种双酚A环氧(EP)树脂表面亲疏水改性的方法。通过将亲水性的二乙醇胺(DEA)或疏水性的聚甲基聚硅氧烷(PMHS)加入到EP树脂中反应,EP树脂表面水接触角在36.80°～98.34°范围内可通过加入不同量的DEA或PMHS实现任意可调,材料的表面水接触角与DEA或PMHS加入量之间有线性关系。重要的是这种改性方法获得的材料,其形貌、结构、表面粗糙度等表面性质几乎没有变化,从而在研究和关联微藻黏附量与材料表面亲疏水性(表面水接触角)之间的关系时可以排除亲疏水性之外的其他表面性质的影响;其次,考察了小球藻和栅藻在不同亲疏水性材料表面的黏附行为,结果表明小球藻和栅藻在亲水性和疏水性材料表面均能黏附成膜,但在亲水性材料表面黏附更多更快;建立了微藻最大黏附容量与材料表面接触角之间关联关系,表明微藻最大黏附容量随材料表面水接触角的增大而线性降低,栅藻的表面黏附容量比小球藻大。     

能源微藻表面特性对其气浮采收效率的影响

选取小球藻与鱼腥藻为代表藻种,结合微藻的表面特性与XDLVO理论,研究了影响微藻浮选采收的关键因素,根据微藻表面的电负性,用阳离子表面活性剂C16TAB浮选两种藻.结果表明,pH为4~10时,两种藻的Zeta电位在-6.72~-15.01 m V之间,均显电负性;小球藻的黏附自由能为1.21 m J/m2,显亲水性,鱼腥藻的黏附自由能为-55.85 m J/m2,显疏水性.相同条件下,疏水性的鱼腥藻回收率始终高于亲水性的小球藻.小球藻和鱼腥藻在Zeta电位最大的pH处(分别为7和8)富集比最高(分别为12.45和1.3),而回收率在pH=10时最高,表明由于液膜的排液行为,回收率和富集比无法同时达到最大值.C16TAB对微藻表面疏水性有修饰作用,加入80 mg/L C16TAB后,小球藻疏水率从19%提高到64%,回收率提高了67.38%.     

金属丝网超亲/疏水性强化气液相界面运动

利用多孔结构进行液体的导流和气液分离是近年来强化传热的研究热点,主要原理是气液固三相界面的受力平衡,固相材料的亲疏水性则是决定微孔内气液固三相界面运动规律的关键因素。针对具有一定亲水性的金属铜网,进行超亲水和超疏水处理;考察多孔结构亲疏水性对相界面以及气液两相分离效果的影响。结果表明,金属铜网具有浸润自相容性;经过亲疏水表面改性后,超亲水性能阻挡气泡的通过;超疏水性能的多孔铜网更易与气体为伍,形成致密气封膜,阻挡液体进犯。静态实验测定多孔丝网的浸润自相容能力,接触角为151°丝网,对液相阻滞力为117.6N·m^-2;接触角为0°的超亲水丝网对气相阻滞力为49N·m^-2,并建立了多孔结构浸润自相容性与分离临界气泡尺寸的数学关联。     

金属丝网超亲/疏水性强化气液相界面运动

利用多孔结构进行液体的导流和气液分离是近年来强化传热的研究热点,主要原理是气液固三相界面的受力平衡,固相材料的亲疏水性则是决定微孔内气液固三相界面运动规律的关键因素。针对具有一定亲水性的金属铜网,进行超亲水和超疏水处理;考察多孔结构亲疏水性对相界面以及气液两相分离效果的影响。结果表明,金属铜网具有浸润自相容性;经过亲疏水表面改性后,超亲水性能阻挡气泡的通过;超疏水性能的多孔铜网更易与气体为伍,形成致密气封膜,阻挡液体进犯。静态实验测定多孔丝网的浸润自相容能力,接触角为151°丝网,对液相阻滞力为117.6 N·m~(-2);接触角为0°的超亲水丝网对气相阻滞力为49 N·m~(-2),并建立了多孔结构浸润自相容性与分离临界气泡尺寸的数学关联。     

环境对改性塑料表面亲/疏水转变的作用机制

塑料制品因其质量轻、性质稳定等优点而得到广泛使用,但大部分废旧塑料未被合理回收而成为污染物,对环境造成了危害。因此,废旧塑料回收、再加工成为保护环境和资源利用的有效途径。而分离是废旧塑料能进行再加工的重要环节,目前已经发展了丰富的分离方法,其中塑料浮选法因具有工艺简单、污染少的特点而受到人们的青睐。但在塑料浮选中,其表面亲疏水性受环境的影响,该过程进一步恶化分离效果。为了避免分离过程的波动性,急需探究环境因素对亲疏水性的作用。基于此,本文选取了ABS、PC、PS三种废旧塑料,探究环境对浮选分离及表面亲疏水性基团重构的影响。结果表明：氧化改性后的ABS、PC、PS处于极性环境时,塑料可浮性基本未发生改变,接触角发生轻微浮动,表面仍保持亲水性。处于乙醇环境中,塑料可浮性上升,其接触角上升至75°左右,表面疏水性恢复速度大于极性环境。而在非极性环境中,塑料可浮性上升速度较快,表面完全恢复为未改性前的疏水性。在极性环境中,亲水基团更容易停留在表面,随着极性的减小,亲水基团逐渐迁移至本体,塑料表面恢复为疏水。因此,极性环境更有利于塑料表面保持亲水性。     

疏水性聚砜膜的共混改性研究

本文以聚砜为基材，采用共混法，利用聚原酸酯-b-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物中聚乙二醇段表面自由能高的特性，对材料表面进行改性，用扫描电子显微镜对表面微形态进行观察，以接触角来评价材料表面的亲疏水性，研究结果表明，材料表面出现微观相分离结构，且因聚乙二醇段富富集于表面，材料表面的亲水性得以提高。     

接触角法研究温敏性微凝胶相变前后的亲疏水性

采用光学视频接触角测量仪研究了聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)微凝胶在相转变前后的亲疏水性变化。结果表明:PNIPAM微凝胶在32℃附近发生了亲水性-疏水性的反转,微凝胶薄膜的接触角变化显著;随温度增加,接触角从31℃时的73.1°到33℃时的83.2°,而表面自由能从38.5 mN/m下降至32.08 mN/m。     

环氧/聚二甲基硅氧烷/MCM-41超疏水涂层的制备与性能研究

针对常规超疏水涂层制备工艺繁琐等问题，以介孔SiO₂纳米颗粒(MCM-41)为填料和载体，聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为低表面能改性剂，环氧树脂及其固化剂为成膜物，采用喷涂法制备了超疏水涂层。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、共聚焦显微镜、接触角测量仪、拉伸试验机对其表面形貌、结构、疏水性及附着力进行表征。重点考察了PDMS改性的MCM-41(MCM-41/PDMS)和树脂基体质量比对涂层性能的影响。结果表明：当MCM-41/PDMS质量分数为55%，可以得到涂层疏水性(接触角150°，滚动角9°)和附着力(7.33 MPa)的最佳匹配，涂层经过胶带剥离300次和磨损150周期后，水接触角仍大于150°。     

EV树脂基防水涂层的表面超疏水设计研究

本文选用常见的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液（EVA）作为防水涂层的基料,对其表面进行疏水性设计,考察防水涂层的影响因素。将制备的 SiO₂颗粒进行有机改性,在 EVA表面负载改性的 SiO₂颗粒形成粗糙结构,接枝三甲氧基硅烷控制材料的润湿性能,达到对涂层表面的亲疏水性进行调控的目的。结果表明：制备的 SiO₂粒径 D97为 7 μm,红外光谱分析表明 SiO₂有机改性比较成功,SEM测试表明 SiO₂负载在 EVA表面,通过结构和化学亲疏水性设计的 EVA膜的接触角达到了 172. 9°。防水涂层在水中浸泡 72 h后,其水接触角仍维持在 170°左右,具有很好的疏水稳定性,表现出较好的应用潜力。     

纳滤和反渗透膜形貌结构与膜性能关系探索

纳滤和反渗透膜表面形貌结构、亲疏水性的性质与膜脱盐率、水通量等性能存在一定关系。对几款商用纳滤、反渗透膜进行表面形貌结构、表面粗糙度、亲水性表征。结果表明,纳滤膜表面平整粗糙度低、亲水性强、脱盐率较低,但水通量高。反渗透膜表面存在大量疏松的峰谷结构,比纳滤膜粗糙度更大、亲水性强。对比两款海水反渗透膜,推测调整反渗透膜"叶片"大小和数量可调节反渗透膜的脱盐率和水通量性能。     

聚丙烯基材表面树脂附着的研究进展

表面能低、惰性及低极性是聚丙烯难以被附着的重要原因。选择附着树脂对聚丙烯表面改性有助于涂料润湿和附着成膜。附着树脂主要包括聚烯烃类、有机硼引发类、端叠氮基芳香聚合物等。聚烯烃类附着树脂一种是聚丙烯的氯化物或马来酸酐接枝物,以及它们的再功能化扩链产品,另一种是其他聚烯烃的接枝物。有机硼和端叠氮基芳香聚合物是原位化学接枝的附着树脂新类型,拓展了聚烯烃类的适用温度和适用环境。     

Effect of blending sodium polyethylene‐5‐sulfoisophthalate on adhesion of clinical bacteria on polyethylene terephthalate

This work studies the adhesion of clinical infecting bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli, on prosthetic polymeric materials. Membranes were prepared from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blending at various ratios with sodium polyethylene‐5‐sulfoisophthalate (SPES). The membranes were characterized by measuring the contact angle, equilibrium water content, and the surface concentration of sodium sulfonate. The results show that sulfonate makes the membrane more hydrophilic. The surface properties of bacteria were determined by measuring the adhesion to n‐octane (B%) and the contact angles to water and α‐bromonaphthalene. For the four bacteria studied, encapsulated S. aureus was the most hydrophobic and had the highest amount of bacteria attached to the surface of SPES/PET membrane. Furthermore, the attached amount decreased with the increase of the content of SPES. Empirical correlations for predicting the attached amount from the surface properties of both polymer and bacteria were obtained from linear regression. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3587–3594, 2004     

Wettability of waterborne coatings on chemically and thermally modified pine wood

Modification of wood can change its hydrophilic character. Consequently, modified wettability of wood can change its behavior with coating or gluing processes. The authors investigated the wettability of oil-heat-treated and DMDHEU-modified Scots pine wood with some commercial waterborne coatings. The increased hydrophobic character of modified wood was revealed from high advancing contact angles of water. In contrast, exterior waterborne coatings exhibited much better wetting on modified substrates than on unmodified substrates. Good wetting of modified wood by waterborne coatings is an interesting result, opening up possibilities for application of environmentally friendly waterborne surface systems on modified wood.     

Ice adhesion to rubber materials

The aim of this study was to investigate the interfacial shear strength between ice and rubbers. Different rubber materials containing only a polymer and curing agent (peroxide) were tested with regard to surface wettability and interfacial shear strength. The effect of different grades and amounts of carbon black filler was also studied. The wettability was determined from contact angles, using water and diiodomethane as test liquids, measured on carefully cleaned and mirror smooth rubber sheets. The test showed that there is a correlation between ice adhesion and rubber substrate wettability. Below a water contact angle of 90°, the interfacial shear strength of ice decreases linearly with increasing contact angle. For contact angles above 90°, the interfacial shear strength of ice stays practically the same. The presence of high surface energy additives such as reinforcing carbon black (e.g. N220 ISAF) significantly increases the interfacial shear strength. The highly hydrophobic behaviour of different plant surface textures was also investigated regarding ice adhesion strength. The combination of a submicrometer textured surface and a hydrophobic surface characteristic showed an abrupt decrease in the adhesion force of a water droplet at measured macroscopic contact angles above approximately 150°. Despite this water repellency, the ice adhesion strength is not nil. However, it was among the lowest values experienced in the test.     

The effects of nanostructure and composition on the hydrophobic properties of solid surfaces

The effects of nanoroughness and chemical composition on the contact and sliding angles on hydrophobic surfaces were studied theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical model based on forces developed at the contact area between a liquid drop and hydrophobic smooth or nanoroughened surface was developed and compared with the existing models, which are based on forces developed at the periphery between the drop and the solid surface. The contact area based model gives rise to an interfacial adhesion strength parameter that better describes the drop-sliding phenomenon. Consequently, relationships were derived describing the dependence between the interfacial adhesion strength of the liquid drop to the surface of a given composition, the mass of the drop, the measured contact angles and the sliding angle. For a given surface chemistry, the sliding angle on a nanometric roughened surface can be predicted based on measurements of contact angles and the sliding angle on the respective smooth surface. Various hydrophobic coatings having different surface nanoroughnesses were prepared and, subsequently, contact angles and sliding angles on them as a function of drop volume were measured. The validity of the proposed model was investigated and compared with the existing models and the proposed model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.     

热塑性丙烯酸树脂快干涂料附着力性能研究

探讨了热塑性丙烯酸树脂快干涂料附着力的影响因素,结果表明在加入改性树脂增强附着力时,E-44比EP2325的效果好;在选择涂料的溶剂时,要选用挥发速度适中、溶解度参数与树脂接近的溶剂,这样能得到较好的附着力;增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的加入能改善涂料的附着力;在保证涂膜使用性能的基础上,涂膜厚度小,对附着力有利。     

Bacterial adhesion to poly(vinyl chloride) films: Effect of chemical modification and water induced surface reconstruction

Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphyloccus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria adhesion to pure and modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated through classical wettability measurements, captive bubble time dependent measurements, and static adhesion tests. Various chemical modifiers were studied, namely 4-mercaptophenol, 4-mercaptobenzylalcohol, 4-methoxybenzenethiol, 2-naphthalenethiol and 4-mercaptopyridine. The surface thermodynamics of the modified PVC films was investigated via the van Oss, Chaudhury and Good (vOCG) theory and an increase in the hydrophilic character was deduced from the increase of the contact angle of the air bubble in water with time of immersion. This is ascribed to a water induced surface reconstruction of the modified PVC surface. E. coli bacteria exhibit a hydrophilic character and strong adhesion, dependence on the nature of the PVC modifier as shown by the remaining attached bacteria. S. aureus which is hydrophobic showed no difference in its adhesion to pure or modified PVC. A slight increase in the adhesion of E. coli is observed with the water induced surface reconstruction. This work highlights the predominance of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature over the acid–base in the bacteria/polymer adhesion mechanism. It also provides, through chemical modification of PVC, a nice route to control the micro-organisms' adhesion to biomedical devices.     

Adhesion of blood platelets under flow to wettability gradient polyethylene surfaces made in a shielded gas plasma

Adhesion and activation of platelets are important steps in the thrombosis of blood after contact with a biomaterial surface and are governed, in part, by the wettability of the surface. Since most implanted devices are in contact with blood under flow conditions, it is important to study the effect of wettability of device surfaces on the behavior of platelets also under flow. To this end, wettability gradient polyethylene surfaces were prepared through glow discharge with partial shielding over a length of 5 cm, with advancing water contact angles varying from 95 to 45 degrees and a contact angle hysteresis of 30 degrees. The role of blood flow on the adhesion of platelets was examined by incubating these gradient surfaces in anticoagulated, whole human blood under static conditions or in blood under a flow of 10 or 40 ml/min through a 3 mm diameter circuit or for 5 or 15 min with either the hydrophobic or hydrophilic end upstream. Generally, more platelets adhered on the hydrophilic end of the wettability gradient than on the hydrophobic end, although the increment along the wettability gradient was dependent on both the flow conditions and direction. More platelets adhered under a flow of 10 ml/min than under static conditions, due to higher mass transport. Especially when the hydrophilic end was upstream, there was a more pronounced adhesion. This can be explained in terms of immediate platelet activation by shear stress imposed at the upstream end. During flow of 40 ml/min, platelet adhesion on an upstream hydrophilic end was less than on a downstream hydrophilic end. We conclude that platelets detach from the hydrophilic end at high shear stress due to the spherical form of adhered platelets. Platelets on the hydrophobic end could withstand detachment by strong, flat shaped platelet-material contact.     

γ-异氰酸酯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性环氧树脂/聚酰胺膜层的吸水性

为了提高环氧/聚酰胺(EP/PAI)树脂体系的耐水性,在环氧树脂的主链上成功地接枝了γ-异氰酸酯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(IPTES)。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试了两种树脂在氯化钠溶液中浸泡不同时间后的玻璃化温度(Tg)。采用旋转法在铝合金表面形成IPTES改性EP/PAI和未改性EP/PAI树脂保护膜层。用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)法测定了IPTES改性与未改性两种EP/PAI树脂膜层在氯化钠溶液中浸泡不同时间的电容大小,由此计算出两种膜层在浸泡不同时间吸水的体积百分数,并分析了水在两种膜层中的吸附行为。结果发现,改性树脂的Tg随浸泡时间增长而增加,改性树脂膜层的吸水性显著降低,水在改性树脂膜层中的扩散不遵从菲克第二定律。     

Superhydrophobic surface decorated with vertical ZnO nanorods modified by stearic acid

Static and dynamic wettability of the ZnO nanorod surface prepared by a facile and inexpensive route is reported. The wettability of the ZnO surface was controlled and tuned by post hydrophobization using different stearic acid concentrations. The surface of the ZnO nanorods modified with 8 mM stearic acid showed a static water contact angle of 152° and sliding angle of 9°, which indicates superhydrophobicity. This suggests that the combination of the rough structures achieved by the ZnO nanorods and low surface energy provided by stearic acid modification results in superhydrophobicity and a very low sliding angle. The crystal structure, surface chemical elements, surface morphology, surface roughness, and static and dynamic water contact angles of the ZnO coatings were studied in detail. Further, the surface properties were assessed by calculating the surface free energies and work of adhesion for unmodified and stearic-acid-modified ZnO nanostructure surfaces. These coatings can find potential industrial applications in the electronic industry.