“数字黄河”工程规划概要

“数字黄河”工程是一项复杂的、巨大的、长期的系统工程。“数字黄河”工程规划的主要内容包括建设必要性、需求分析、规划目标、业务应用系统、基础设施、应用服务平台等。业务应用系统主要包括防汛减灾、水量调度、水资源保护、水土保持、工程建设与管理、电子政务等，基础设施主要包括数据采集、数据传输、数据存储与管理等系统，应用服务平台包括应用服务和资源管理。     

科技简讯

“数字奇兵”助黄河防汛随着“数字黄河”工程建设步伐的加快,黄河水利委员会依靠遥感、地理信息系统和三维数字模拟等科技手段和计算机宽带网络为支撑的“数字防汛”体系进一步健全和完善。据了解,黄河“数字防汛”体系包括暴雨洪水预警预报、洪水水沙调度、组织指挥、洪水水沙演进、抢险减灾五大系统。目前已经使用的技术手段和应用系统包括小浪底库区物理模型、黄河下游泥沙冲淤数学模型、黄河下游工情险情会商系统、视频异地会商系统、防洪预报调度与管理耦合系统等共14项。同时,依托数字微波、光缆、通信卫星、公共电信网等通信资源,初…     

"数字黄河"工程规划概要

“数字黄河”工程是一项复杂的、巨大的、长期的系统工程。“数字黄河”工程规划的主要内容包括建设必要性、需求分析、规划目标、业务应用系统、基础设施、应用服务平台等。业务应用系统主要包括防汛减灾、水量调度、水资源保护、水土保持、工程建设与管理、电子政务等,基础设施主要包括数据采集、数据传输、数据存储与管理等系统,应用服务平台包括应用服务和资源管理。     

黄河拟建世界一流暴雨洪水预警预报系统

“数字黄河”工程已在黄河水利委员会（简称“黄委”）正式启动，并要率先从“数字防汛”方面打开突破口．日前，黄委正式将小花间（小浪底至花园口区间）暴雨洪水预警预报系统作为“数字防汛”的第一项工程，欲借助现代科技手段，构建世界一流水平的洪水预报系统，以提高黄河治理开发决策的科学性和预见性．据介绍，建成后的小花间暴雨洪水预警预报系统，将由分布在小花间的各气象卫星和各水文遥测站，利用适合黄河流域特点的先进观测设备，自动采集气象、雨量、水位、流量、含沙量等信息，通过先进的通信方式和设备，实时、准确地传输到气…     

"数字黄河"工程建设实践与效果

“数字黄河”旨在集成利用信息技术，构建面向黄河流域及其相关区域的自然、经济、社会等的数字集成平台，并在此基础上通过建立业务应用系统及数学模型系统形成模拟分析和研究黄河问题的虚拟环境。目前，“数字黄河”一期工程已经建成．并开始发挥效益。     

黄河上首个“数字化”水文站投入使用

黄河上首个“数字化”水文站———郑州花园口水文新站今天正式启用，这将大大提高花园口站的洪水测报能力，赢得宝贵的防汛时机．新时期的治黄目标是“堤防不决口、河道不断流、水质不超标、河床不抬高”．为实现这一目标，黄河水利委员会于２００１年７月正式启动了“数字黄河”工程，即借助全数字摄影测量、遥测、遥感、全球定位系统等现代手段及传统手段，把黄河“装进计算机”，从而方便地模拟、分析、研究黄河的自然现象，探索其内在规律，为黄河治理、开发和管理的各种方案提供科技支持．花园口“数字化”水文站是“数字黄河”启动工…     

水利信息化是一个历史过程--访河海大学计算机及信息工程学院艾萍博士

为方便广大读者了解全国水利信息化工作，了解信息技术在水利系统中应用的相关知识，我们特对水利信息化专家、河海大学计算机及信息工程学院艾萍博士进行了专访。2000年以来，艾萍博士一直从事水利信息化及其相关技术方面的研究，曾参加了《江苏省水利信息化规划纲要》编制、《浙江省水利信息化规划》编制、《“数字黄河”工程规划》编制、《全国水利信息化规划》编制、国家水文信息服务系统设计、《国家水利数据中心项目建议书》编制、《“数字黄河”工程实施计划》编制、“数字黄河”工程应用服务平台总体设计、《水利信息化标准指南(一)》编制等项工作。目前，他正在参加国家防汛抗旱指挥系统一期工程初步设计、“数字黄河”工程应用服务平台实验系统研发、《国家电子政务工程——“金水工程”项目建议书》编制，负责《水利电子地图产品模式标准》的编制，并在软件工程和智能信息处理等专业领域从事教学与研究工作。     

"数字黄河"工程的总体框架

“数字黄河”工程的总体框架主要由应用系统、基础设施、应用服务平台以及工程保障体系组成。其中，应用系统包括防汛减灾、水量调度、水资源保护、水土保持、工程建设与管理、电子政务等系统；基础设施包括信息采集、数据传输、数据存储与管理等系统；应用服务平台包括应用服务和资源管理；工程保障体系包括政策法规、组织领导、标准体系与技术支持等。该总体框架以治黄业务应用为主线，满足了先进性、实用性和今后工程建设长期发展的要求。     

建设“数字黄河”工程

“数字黄河”工程是借助全数字摄影测量，遥测，遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS），全球定位系统（GPS）等现代化手段及传统手段采集基础数据，通过微波，超短波，光缆，卫星等快捷传输方式，对黄河流域及其相关地区的自然，经济，社会等要素构建一体化的数字集成平台和虚拟环境。在这一平台和环境中，以功能强大的系统软件与数学模型对黄河治理开发和管理的各种方案进行模拟，分析和研究，并在可视化的条件下提供决策支持，增强决策的科学性和预见性。建设“数字黄河”工程，是实现黄河治理开发和管理现代化的关键途径，包括数据采集，数据传输，数据存储及处理，数学模拟和决策支持5个环节，以及防汛减灾，水量调度，水质监控，水土流失治理与监测，水利工程运行与管理，电子政务，黄河网等7方面的内容。“数字黄河”工程的基础平台包括通信网络，计算机网络和基础数据库。要保证“数字黄河”工程的顺利实施，必须统一组织，做好规划，确保投入，应用牵引。     

“数字黄河”工程建设推动黄河水利现代化进程

“数字黄河”是“原型黄河”的虚拟对照体，是借助信息技术等现代化手段采集基础数据，对全流域及相关地区的自然、经济、社会等要素构建一体化的数字集成平台和虚拟环境。“数字黄河”工程从2001年开始建设，2003年4月水利部正式批复了“数字黄河”规划。在总体规划下，黄委明确了“数字黄河”工程的近期目标，并对各个组成部分进行科学全面的总体设计，明确了工程建设方法与步骤。目前，“数字黄河”工程蓝图绘就，框架体系基本建成，六大业务应用系统建设取得可喜的进展，在黄河治理开发中已初见成效。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。