Fatty acid and sterol compositions of malagasy tamarind kernel oils

The oil contents of six samples of Malagasy tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) kernel were determined by hexane extraction (6.0–6.4%) and chloroform/methanol extraction (7.4-9.0%). The protein contents were very low (trace-0.1%). Investigation by gas liquid chromatography revealed 15 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (14–20%), stearic (6–7%), oleic (15–27%), linoleic (36–49%), arachidic (2–4%), behenic (3–5%) and lignoceric (3–8%) acids. Testing for the sterol fraction enabled seven sterols to be separated and quantitatively analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The main sterols were β-sitosterol (66–72%), campesterol (16–19%) and stigmasterol (11–14%).     

Component Acids of Azima tetracantha,lam, Seed Oil

The seed oil of Azima tetracantha, lam, contains the following acids (wt.%): myristic 0.2% palmitic 5.0%, stearic 14.8% arachidic 6.7%, behenic 2.4%, oleic 31.8%, linoleic 18.0% and eicosenoic acid 21.1%.     

Fatty acid composition of tamarind kernel oil

The fatty acid composition (% by wt) of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) kernel oil, as determined by gas liquid chromatography was: trace lauric acid, tracte myristic acid, 14.8% palmitic acid, 5.9% stearic acid, 27.0% oleic acid, 7.5% linoleic acid, 5.6% linolenic acid, 4.5% arachidic acid, 12.2% behenic acid, and 22.3% lignoceric acid.     

Chemical Composition and Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Commiphora wightii</Emphasis> (Arnott) Bhandari Seed Oil

The seeds of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari contain 9.8 ± 0.7% oil. The fatty acid composition and chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 46.62% saturated fatty acids and 51.40% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: capric acid 3.50%, myristic acid 14.51%, palmitic acid 6.68%, stearic acid 4.70%, arachidic acid 3.18%, behenic acid 14.05%, myristoleic acid 1.34%, palmitoleic acid 12.07%, oleic acid 14.15%, eicosenoic acid 0.11%, linoleic acid 22.34% and alpha linoleic acid 1.37%.     

Pithecolobium dulce II: Lipoids from the Seed

The component fatty acids of P. dulce seed fat has been found to be palmitic 7.2%, stearic 7.1%, arachidic 1.4%, behenic 6.9%, lignoceric 6.2%, oleic 47.3%, linoleic 21.7% and linolenic 1.7%. The phosphatide fatty acids also showed the presence of behenic and lignoceric acids.     

Chemical investigation of the seed-oil ofLeucaena Glauca,Benth.

Summary The fixed oil from the seeds ofLeucaena glauca, Benth. (N. O. Leguminosae) has been studied for its component acids. The fatty acid composition, as determined by the ester-fractionation analysis, was found to be palmitic (12.74%), stearic (5.01%), behenic (3.64%), lignoceric (0.67%), oleic (23.63%), and linoleic (54.31%). The latter unsaturated acids are the major components.     

Chemical Examination of the Seed Oil of Butea parveflora

A yellow coloured oil has been obtained from the seeds of Butea parveflora in an yield of 16%. This oil contains the glycerides of palmitic, stearic, lignoceric, oleic and linoleic acids. The percentage of these acids has been determined as palmitic 20.89, stearic 15.89, lignoceric 5.55, oleic 40.62 and linoleic 17.05%. The unsaponifiable matter of the oil was found to contain β-sitosterol.     

Chemical Investigations of the Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil

Two lipid fractions ‘A’ and ‘B’ were isolated from Sapindus mukorossi seed oil by preparative TLC. Fraction ‘A’ (70.4%, R_f value 0.76) is a normal triglyceride and its fatty acid compositions was determined by GLC. Fraction ‘B’ (29.6%, R_f value 0.51) shows the presence of nitrogenous constituents. It develops a reddish brown colour in contact with alkali or alkoxide solution. Percentages of individual acids present in fraction ‘A’ were found to be: palmitic, 5.5; stearic, 3.2; oleic, 64.6; linoleic, 2.9; arachidic, 3.1; eicosenoic, 20.1; minor acids, 0.6. Fraction ‘A’ is composed of 0.1,3.6,29.9 and 66.4 percent trisaturated, monounsaturated-disaturated, diunsaturated-monosaturated and triunsaturated glycerides respectively. On GLC analysis, the percentages of individual acids constituting fraction ‘B’ were found to be:palmitic, 3.8; stearic, 1.5; oleic, 33.6; linoleic, 2.9; arachidic, 11.1; eicosenoic, 30.2; behenic, 2.8; docosenoic, 1.4 and two unidentified acids 7.3 and 5.4. Fraction ‘B’ responded to hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase and the product with polarity equivalent to that of 2-mono-glyceride was isolated by TLC and converted to methyl ester. Percentages of individual acids constituting that methyl esters were found to be:palmitic, 11.8; stearic, 4.1; oleic, 12.8; linoleic, 3.7; arachidic, 8.3; eicosenoic, 10.2; behenic, 6.5; docosenoic, 4.2; and two unidentified acids 22.2 and 16.2. This non-glyceridic component of the S. mukorossi seed oil is a cyanolipid, 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl prop-1-ene-3-ol. The structure was confirmed by I. R., N.M.R. and Mass spectral-analysis.     

Chromatographic Studies of Soybean Oils

Six varieties of soybean cultivated in Pakistan have been studied. These contain 15.9-20.1% oil and their fatty acid composition as determined by GLC is myristic (0.2-0.4%), palmitic (11.7-13.9%), stearic (1.2-5.4%), oleic (21.2-31.8%), linoleic (41.2-53.4%), arachidic (0.2-0.6%), behenic (0.2-0.6%) and lignoceric (0.3-0.5%).     

Fatty Acid Composition of Indica-and Japonica-Types of Rice Bran and Milled Rice

Fatty acid compositions of 10 cultivars each of Indicaand Japonica types of rice bran and milled rice were investigated. The Indica-type, as compared with the Japonica-type, had significantly higher palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidic acid contents and lower linoleic and eicosenoic acid contents in the bran and milled rice, and lower oleic acid content in the bran. The correlation coefficient between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice was negative in the Indica-and Japonica-types and was the highest between all fatty acids. The regression line in the scatter diagrams between oleic and linoleic acid contents of bran and milled rice divided the Indica and Japonica lines.     

Cyclopropenoid and Fatty Acid Composition of Kydia calycina Seed Oil

The seed oil of Kydia calycina is found to contain the following acids (Wt%): Lauric 3.7, myristic 6.0, palmitic 4.9, stearic 11.4, arachidic 2.8, behenic 2.5, oleic 60.6, linoleic 5.3, and cyclopropenoid fatty acid content 2.9.     

Characterization of polar and nonpolar seed lipid classes from highly saturated fatty acid sunflower mutants

The seed lipids from five sunflower mutants, two with high palmitic acid contents, one of them in high oleic background, and three with high stearic acid contents, have been characterized. All lipid classes of these mutant seeds have increased saturated fatty acid content although triacylglycerols had the highest levels. The increase in saturated fatty acids was mainly at the expense of oleic acid while linoleic acid levels remained unchanged. No difference between mutants and standard sunflower lines used as controls was found in minor fatty acids: linolenic, arachidic, and behenic. In the high-palmitic mutants palmitoleic acid (16∶1n−7) and some palmitolinoleic acid (16∶2n−7, 16∶2n−4) also appeared. Phosphatidylinositol, the lipid with the highest palmitic acid content in controls, also had the highest content of palmitic or stearic acids, depending on the mutant type, suggesting that saturated fatty acids are needed for its physiological function. Positional analysis showed that mutant oils have very low content of saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols, between the content of olive oil and cocoa butter.     

Studies on the Seed Fat Composition of Moringaceae family

The component fatty acids of the seed fats of Moringa pterygosperma and Moringa concanensis have been investigated by using the techniques of urea-adduct segregation and quantitative paper chromatography. The present analysis indicates the percentage composition of the mixed fatty acids to be: palmitic 3.1, 11.7; stearic 8.0, 3.8; arachidic 7.8, 2.4; behenic 3.5, 4.1; lignoceric 5.8, 0.6; oleic 71.0, 75.5 and linoleic 0.8, 0.9% respectively.     

Fatty acid composition of buckwheat seed

The embryo, endosperm, testa and pericarp from seeds of three buckwheat species were analyzed for total lipid content and fatty acid composition. The average lipid content of these tissues was 8.2%, 0.4%, 2.0% and 0.5%, respectively. Eighteen fatty acids were tentatively identified in buckwheat oil. The following eight constituted an average of more than 93% of the total acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids. The embryo tissue of cultivated and Tartary buckwheats contained the fewest minor acids with an average of 95% of the acids containing either 16 or 18 carbons. The pericarp, or hull, had a unique composition with higher levels of saturated acids, odd carbon acids and acids of 20 or more carbons than any other tissues. The compositions of the testa and endorsperm were intermediate.     

Oil content,fatty acid composition,and other agronomic characteristics of sunflower introductions

Twenty sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) introductions and the variety Mammoth Kussian were grown at Experiment, Georgia. Total oil, fatty acid composition, and other agronomic characteristics were used to evaluate the various introductions. Total oil content varied from 17.7 to 32.7%. All introductions were relatively low in palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and behenic acids. About 90% of the oil was composed of oleic and linoleic acids, and there was considerable variation in the ratios of these two fatty acids. Seed yields varied from 329 to 3,224 lb per acre and were related to the number and size of flowers. The more profusely flowering and higher yielding introductions originated in countries of lower latitudes.     

Cyclopropenoid Acid and Fatty Acid Content of Ten Varieties of Hybrid Cotton Seed Oils

The cyclopropenoid (Malvalic acid) fatty acid content of oils from ten varieties of cotton seeds has been determined range (0.7 to 1.3). Iodine values varied from 32.9 to 114.0. The fatty acid composition was in the following range: Myristic, 0.9-3.0; palmitic, 18.3-34.1; stearic, 2.2-4.5; arachidic, 0.8-1.4; behenic, 0.9-1.2; oleic, 9.7-22.1; linoleic, 42.4-52.5. The oil content varied from 22.5% to 24.5%.     

Studies on Apocynacea Seed Oils

The fatty acid composition of three seed oils of Apocynaceae has been studied in this investigation. The seed oils of Apocynaceae were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids: Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth, (wt.%) lauric 0.2 %, myristic 0.8 %, palmitic 17.7%, stearic 4.9 %, arachidic 0.9 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 34.4 %, and linoleic 40.5 %. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Linn. syn. Rauwolfia canescens, Linn., Rauwolfia heterophylla, Roem and Schult, (wt.%) lauric 0.9 %, myristic 3.4 %, palmitic 25.7 %, stearic 10.3%, arachidic 1.6%, behenic 1.4%, oleic 36.5 %, and linoleic 20.2 %. Vinca rosea Linn syn. Lochnera rosea, Linn. (wt.%) lauric 0.2%, myristic 1.0%, palmitic 1.4 %, stearic 6.8 %, arachidic 1.3 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 73.6 %, and linoleic 15.1 %.     

Assimilation of dietary eicosenoic and erucic acid esters

1. Eicosenoic acid, fed to rats as methyl ester to the extent of 5% by weight of the diet, was deposited in substantial amount in the body fat.
2. Erucic acid, fed in the same way, was deposited in considerably lesser amount.
3. Neither of these acids appeared to be as readily deposited in body fat as the linoleic acid of corn oil.
4. The three monounsaturated acids, oleic, eicosenoic, and erucic, were apparently deposited without alteration in chain length or degree of saturation. There was no evidence of conversion of eicosenoate to arachidic or stearic acids, or of erucate to behenic, arachidic, or stearic acids in any appreciable amount. Similarly there appeared to be little or no conversion of eicosenoate to oleic acid or of erucate to eicosenoic acid.
5. The eicosenoate in the diet was not converted to arachidonic acid by the animal.
6. The amount of total fat deposited and the proportion in carcass, skin, and viscera were approximately the same on diets of oleate, eicosenoate, and erucate.

     

Fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil of calodendrum capense (l.f.) thunb.

Seed kernels ofCalodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. yielded 60% of a light yellow oil which had the following fatty acid composition: 23.8% palmitic, 4.5% stearic, 33.7% oleic, 35.6% linoleic, 1.4% linolenic and 1.0% arachidic. Myristic and behenic acids were present in trace amounts, and the kernel cake contained 37.6% crude protein.     

Fenugreek seed oil

Summary Comparison of the heretofore known analytical constants of the fatty oil with those herein reported show that the order of magnitude thereof is substantially the same. The list has been increased, however, to include values not previously recorded. A separation of the fatty acids of this oil has been made with the following approximate results: palmitic acid, 7.3 per cent; stearic acid, 2.4 per cent; arachidic acid, 0.9 per cent; behenic acid, 0.6 per cent; oleic acid, 21 per cent; linoleic acid, 37 per cent; and linolenic acid, 19 per cent.