Feasibility study of a high-speed SONET self-healing ringarchitecture in future interoffice networks

The economic feasibility of using SONET self-healing-ring (SHR) architecture in survivable interoffice fiber networks is studied. The model used is discussed, and the selection criterion for the candidate area in this study, the SHR cost model, the hubbing network cost model, the network survivability measure, and the network growth model are described. Results of two case studies based on a metropolitan local access and transport area (LATA) network are discussed. One involves a single- and the other a dual-homing interoffice network. Sensitivity analysis and network impact results are highlighted     

A class of self-healing ring architectures for SONET networkapplications

A class of SONET-based self-healing ring (SHR) architectures and associated control schemes are reviewed. It is shown that the cost and capacity tradeoffs between bidirectional SHRs (B-SHRs) and unidirectional SHRs (U-SHRs) depend strongly upon the application, the network size and the demand pattern. An analysis of the impact on the SONET standard suggests that using automatic protection switching (APS) schemes with SONET SHR architectures requires a change of currently standardized SONET K1 and K2 overhead byte definitions and functionality. Alternatively, a simple distributed control scheme using path AIS avoids a change of the SONET standard in terms of K1 and K2 operations, and thus can be deployed on a timely basis and may ease intervendor compatibility problems. The selection of appropriate SONET SHR architectures depends upon the operating telephone companies' economic analysis, emphases on multivendor environment, SHR implementation time frame, and standards progress on making the change to support a bidirectional ring architecture     

Reliability models of a class of self-healing rings

SDH/SONET technology provides the economical and convenient deployment of fault-tolerant high-speed telecommunication networks. This paper analyses a class of SDH/SONET self-healing rings (SHR), i.e. bi-directional SHRs (with two and four fibres) and uni-directional SHRs (including line-switched USHRs and path-switched USHRs). We derived, for both the two-terminal and the all-terminal, reliability models of the above mentioned SHR architectures.     

Service applications for SONET DCS distributed restoration

This paper determines the scope of network applications and services that could be offered using a SONET DCS-based self-recovering mesh architecture with distributed control. The study includes an outage impact analysis on network services and a determination of how network restoration time objectives will affect the applicability for the distributed controlled DCS network architecture. It is concluded that using SONET DCS distributed control architectures to provide more complete survivability of a network would support numerous applications. Future services will demand a fault-tolerant network with complete survivability; this may only be reached through integration of SONET DCS distributed control architectures with other survivable architectures such as cell relay networks (e.g., supporting SMDS) and self-healing rings     

Integrity of public telecommunications networks

Provides an overview of the special issue of the IEEE Journal of Communications, Volume 12, Number 1 (January 1994) which addresses open questions in network integrity, reliability and survivability. Current progress in this area is discussed. The questions addressed include user survivability perspectives on standards, planning, and deployment; the analysis and quantification of network disasters; survivable and fault-tolerant network architectures and associated economic analyses; and techniques to handle network restoration as a result of physical damage or failures in software and control systems. Special interests are devoted to the survivability of broadband networks employing the new transport/switching techniques based on the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) standards due to their emerging role in future B-ISDN. Network integrity due to failures of common channel signaling (CCS) systems is also very critical. The present special issue includes 22 papers and is organized into the following sections: user perspectives and planning, software quality and reliability, network survivability characterization and standards, network restoration for SONET networks, network restoration for ATM networks, traffic effect and performance enhancement for computer networks, and survivable network design methods. Network restoration methods for SONET, ATM, and computer networks correspond to those for the physical layer (SONET), ATM layer, and the network layer, defined in the CCITT broadband ISDN layer structure     

Emerging technologies for fiber network survivability

Reducing network protection costs, while maintaining an acceptable level of survivability, has become an important challenge for network planners and engineers. This article will review technology and architectures that may be used to implement cost effective survivable fiber networks for each transport layer, and discuss the interworking system between survivability mechanisms across different layers and associated open issues. Standards development, product availability and the current status of deployment will also be reviewed. The first section reviews a class of survivable fiber network architectures that has been deployed or is scheduled to be deployed. Next is a review of emerging technologies for these survivable architecture implementations. These emerging technologies include SONET, ATM, and passive optical technology. Finally the issue of multiple layer interworking on SONET/ATM networks is discussed     

Architectures for ATM network survivability

This article surveys the restoration architectures for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network survivability that have been actively studied in this decade. Network reliability is critical for recent and future networks that will advance the information era. Moreover, it is one of the biggest factors in designing and managing networks. Since the early telecom network era, many restoration systems have been developed for plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), synchronous optical network (SONET), leased lines and so on; and they were surveyed in many papers and books. This article focuses on new restoration techniques for ATM networks. First, the requirement studies are introduced. This includes the scant results published on the influence of failure and the state of failure analysis. Next, restoration schemes are categorized and briefly introduced. Examples include centralized control, automatic protection switch (APS), self-healing ring (SHR), self-healing network (SHN) and failure resistant virtual path (FRVP). In order to achieve adequate restoration probability with minimum cost, a network design scheme is necessary; thus, network design issues are introduced. Finally, this article focuses on the issues, future work, and problems that remain to be solved.     

Network design sensitivity studies for use of digital cross-connectsystems in survivable network architectures

Provides the results of an economic study on the use of SONET digital cross-connect systems (DCS) to provide survivable transmission network architectures in local exchange networks. Three fundamental survivable transmission technologies are considered: (1) a SONET self-healing ring, (2) a SONET point-to-point fiber system with 1:1 automatic protection switching and diverse routing of protection facilities, and (3) a DCS mesh with automatic DCS restoration (rerouting) protection. These three technologies are used in various combinations to form six survivable network alternatives for evaluation. Two local exchange carrier (LEC) networks are used (a 15 node network and a 53 node network) and demand, network connectivity, and unit equipment cost sensitivities are evaluated on these alternatives. In addition, the survivability of each alternative in the event of a major node failure is calculated. The motivation for the study is to determine the viability of DCS-based survivable network architectures and, in particular, the viability of SONET DCS with integrated optical terminations. The study has two objectives: (1) given a specific survivable network technology, under what conditions is it economical to place a broadband DCS (B-DCS) in a central office as opposed add-drop multiplexers (ADM); and (2) which survivable technologies with B-DCS are economical, and under what conditions. The authors conclude that the most cost-effective networks consist of “hybrids” of SONET point-to-point, ring, and mesh technologies, and that the B-DCS is economically viable for interconnection between these technologies     

A Lagrangian-Relaxation Based Network Profit Optimization For Mesh SONET-Over-WDM Networks

In Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks, the huge capacity of wavelength channels is generally much larger than the bandwidth requirement of individual traffic streams from network users. Traffic grooming techniques aggregate low-bandwidth traffic streams onto high-bandwidth wavelength channels. In this paper, we study the optimization problem of grooming the static traffic in mesh Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) over WDM networks. The problem is formulated as a constrained integer linear programming problem and an innovative optimization objective is developed as network profit optimization. The routing cost in the SONET and WDM layers as well as the revenue generated by accepting SONET traffic demands are modelled. Through the optimization process, SONET traffic demands will be selectively accepted based on the profit (i.e., the excess of revenue over network cost) they generate. Consiering the complexity of the network optimization problem, a decomposition approach using Lagrangian relaxation is proposed. The overall relaxed dual problem is decomposed into routing and wavelength assignment and SONET traffic routing sub-problems. The subgradient approach is used to optimize the derived dual function by updating the Lagrange multipliers. To generate a feasible network routing scheme, a heuristic algorithm is proposed based on the dual solution. A systematic approach to obtain theoretical performance bounds is presented for an arbitrary topology mesh network. This is the first time that such theoretical performance bounds are obtained for SONET traffic grooming in mesh topology networks. The optimization results of sample networks indicate that the roposed algorithm achieves good sub-optimal solutions. Finally, the influence of various network parameters is studied.     

Plans and considerations for SONET deployment

A perspective is given from the local exchange carrier (LEC) viewpoint on the advantages of deploying SONET (synchronous optical network), the rate at which SONET will be deployed, some typical early applications and architectures, and the role SONET will play in the evolution of the LEC network of the future. The SONET deployment timeline and capabilities are examined. Aspects of SONET architecture are discussed, namely, the access network, the interoffice transport-network, and SONET operations and control. New network capabilities and services and evolution to broadband are considered     

SONET implementation

The status of the synchronous optical network (SONET) infrastructure development and deployment are examined to see whether or not they meet original expectations. Issues arising from deployment, such as the use of new features and the necessary support from operations systems, and future directions of SONET are discussed. These future trends include digital cross connect systems (DCSs), SONET ring architectures, and hybrid ring-DCS networks. New SONET services are also discussed     

Survivable virtual concatenation for data over SONET/SDH in optical transport networks

Next-generation SONET/SDH technologies-namely, generic framing procedure, virtual concatenation, and link-capacity-adjustment scheme-enable network operators to provide integrated data and voice services over their legacy SONET/SDH infrastructure to generate new revenue. An important open research problem on data over SONET/SDH (DoS) is survivability: SONET automatic protection switching is too resource inefficient for data services, and the protection mechanisms of data networks are too slow for mission-critical applications. We propose two approaches for provisioning survivable DoS connections. Our approaches exploit the tradeoff between resource overbuild and fault-recovery time while utilizing the inverse-multiplexing capability of virtual concatenation to increase backup sharing. Our results show that one approach achieves low resource overbuild and much faster fault recovery than that of data networks, and the other approach achieves fast fault recovery comparable to SONET 50-ms protection (for typical U.S. backbone networks) while still achieving modest backup sharing. We further investigate the tradeoff between network blocking performance and network control and management complexity resulting from the number of paths M a connection can be inversely multiplexed onto: larger M leads to more freedom in routing and better network performance but increases network control and management complexity. Our results indicate that the network blocking performance for small values of M (e.g., M=2 for some representative backbone network topologies) is almost as good as the case in which M is infinity.     

Unavailability analysis of long-haul networks

Network survivability is a key concern in today's network, and will become increasingly important in future optical networks as they carry ever more traffic. Networks are also becoming more complex, with the requirement for increased functionality. Currently, there is a lack of understanding in the industry as to the exact relationship between the choice of network architecture and the meeting of a set availability objective. This paper analyses a number of long-haul network architectures from an unavailability point of view. The long-haul networks analyzed include: networks with diversity, networks with restoration capability, and networks with survivability. Derivations are given for each architecture; formulas for 2 and 4-fiber rings, and dual fed routing are new. A hypothetical reference connection (HRX) and its unavailability objectives are used as references. Networks with restoration capability and networks with survivability meet the proposed objective. Self-healing rings (both 2 and 4-fiber bidirectional line switched rings) and dual fed systems offer the highest level of survivability, by eliminating service impacts caused by cable cuts and equipment failures     

Survivable Load Sharing Protocols: A Simulation Study

The development of robust, survivable wireless access networks requires that the performance of network architectures and protocols be studied under normal as well as faulty conditions where consideration is given to faults occurring within the network as well as within the physical environment. User location, mobility, and usage patterns and the quality of the received radio signal are impacted by terrain, man-made structures, population distribution, and the existing transportation system. The work presented herein has two thrusts. One, we propose the use of overlapping coverage areas and dynamic load balancing as a means to increase network survivability by providing mobiles with multiple access points to the fixed infrastructure. Two, we describe our simulation approach to survivability analysis which combines empirical spatial information, network models, and fault models for more realistic analysis of real service areas. We use our simulation approach to compare the survivability of our load balancing protocols to a reference scheme within two diverse geographic regions. We view survivability as a cost-performance tradeoff using handover activity as a cost metric and blocking probabilities as performance metrics. Our results illustrate this tradeoff for the protocols studied and demonstrate the extent to which the physical environment and faults therein affect the conclusions that are drawn.     

一种高生存性的光接入网结构

提出了一种新的双环加星型环的高生存性光接入网拓扑结构,并和现行各种光接入网拓扑结构的生存性进行了定量比较.在多故障情况下,具有比现行各种光接入网结构更高的生存率.随着故障数目的增加,其网络生存率均值下降缓慢,当故障数为6时,依然可以保持99.997%的高生存率均值,大大好于现行光接入网结构,说明该接入网结构能更好地满足用户对下一代光接入网生存性的要求.     

Comparison of SDH/SONET-WDM multi-layer networks with static and dynamic optical plane

SDH/SONET-WDM multi-layer networks are a very attractive solution to cope with the increasing dynamics and capacities in today’s core networks. In SDH/SONET multi-layer networks, client layer SDH/SONET connections are groomed to wavelength channels and transported using end-to-end lightpaths. Also, intermediate grooming can yield to a more efficient utilization of network resources.In this paper, two principal SDH/SONET-WDM multi-layer network architectures are investigated covering the dynamics either only in the electrical layer or in both layers, respectively. In order to show benefits and drawbacks for the introduction of dynamics in the optical plane of today’s backbone networks, we present a detailed performance evaluation based on simulation studies and compare both architectures for different total network capacities and grooming strategies. We also systematically analyze the traffic composition which until now has only rarely been investigated. We show that changes in the traffic pattern can be covered by a dynamic optical plane. Further, we figure out the timescale for switching operations in the optical layer which is at least two orders of magnitude below the connection’s interarrival rate.     

Deployment issues of CCS links on self-healing rings

Fiber-based self-healing rings (SHRs) are being deployed for trunking purposes for voice/data/video services because of their high reliability and survivability. To reduce deployment and maintenance costs of provisioning different facilities for these services and common channel signaling (CCS) networks, network planners have begun to deploy CCS network signaling links on SHRs. This paper examines some issues of deploying A/B/C/D link sets on SHRs     

A vision for residential broadband services: ATM-to-the-home

The arrival of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks has enabled a wide range of new interactive multimedia applications for the residential market. The article presents a vision for supporting universal residential broadband services based on an ATM-to-the-home (ATTH) network architecture. This network architecture applies to the various residential access network (RAN) architectures being deployed today, such as hybrid fiber/coax (HFC), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and asymmetric digital subscriber loop (ADSL) technologies. The article addresses today's residential networks and applications, to understand why a switched broadband residential network is required to support residential broadband services. After exploring residential broadband application requirements, a new class of service is proposed to support a very important class of residential broadband applications that has been not addressed. Then, the technical and strategic motivations for using the ATTH architecture are discussed in detail. A universal model for residential broadband network architecture based on ATTH is described, which is shown to apply to various RAN architectures. Finally, it discusses the signaling requirements of residential broadband services and explain why the ATM multiconnection per-call model is much more efficient than the digital stored media command and control (DSM-CC) session control protocol approach for the ATTH architecture     

基于GMPLS的光网络保护恢复的研究

文中首先比较了GMPLS和SDH／SONET的保护和恢复机制，接下来阐述了GMPLS用于增强网络的保护与恢复能力的信令机制，最后对网络的保护和恢复机制如何使用GMPLS信令来实现进行了详细的分析和讨论．     

Comparing Heuristics for Demand Routing and Slot Assignment on Ring Networks

This paper examines various heuristic strategies for solving the demand routing and slotting problem (DRSP) on ring networks. This problem arises in the economic design of survivable networks using SONET (or WDM) technology. To cost-effectively deploy SONET rings, we must determine the minimum capacity required to assure survivability while obeying constraints on how traffic must be assigned. We present several heuristics for sizing rings and compare their solutions. Our results give rise to a heuristic that consistently delivers solutions that are within 5% of the optimal over a wide range of randomly generated test problems.