A Review of “Miami: Mistress of the Americas”

Coastal zone management arose as a response to pervasive conflict between the increasingly well-recognized environmental values of the coastal zone and various development activities. In enacting the 1972 federal Coastal Zone Management Act, Congress explicitly called for a balancing of developmental and environmental concerns, leaving the states and territories considerable leeway in how the balance would be struck. The result has been great variation among the states both in the methods of weighing environmental and developmental objectives and in the emphasis given to each in implementation.     

某工程沿海滩涂区的地基处理方法比选

沿海滩涂有丰富的土地资源,尤其是河口和淤泥质海岸的潮滩。随着经济的发展、人口的增长以及城市建设的需要,利用沿海滩涂丰富的土地资源,采用经济合理的地基处理方法造地,从而为经济建设服务。     

Property rights and coastal protection: the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

In 1986, David Lucas purchased two oceanfront lots on the Isle of Palms, South Carolina. Before he built on the lots, the South Carolina Legislature passed the Beachfront Management Act, restricting development along the coast. Unable to build a permanent structure on his property, Lucas sued the South Carolina Coastal Council. The case made its way to the US Supreme Court, and became one of the most significant cases in US planning history. This article situates the case in the context of the history of real property rights, chronicles the events leading up to the case, follows the case through the court system, and analyses its impact on planning practice. Although the case had less significant implications for planning than originally anticipated, it does carry important lessons for land-use planning, subdivision regulation, and planning in sensitive environmental areas. It was a defining moment for coastal conservation in the USA, and had a significant impact on implementation of the US Coastal Zone Management Act, which has been used as a model internationally.     

关中-天水经济区的城镇协同发展

通过对关中一天水经济区内城镇发展现状的分析,研究区域内城镇发展所面临的问题,提出经济区协同发展的基础和方向,探索在跨行政区域经济合作的基础之上,经济区城镇体系的重塑及发展重点.     

Assessing the Implementation of Federal Coastal Policy

Implementation of plans and programs has been the subject of increasing scholarly inquiry in recent years. Some scholars have suggested that particular statutory, administrative, and socioenvironmental conditions are necessary for effective implementation. Applying one framework (that of Mazmanian and Sabatier) of such conditions to the federal Coastal Zone Management Act and its implementation reveals that in the 1970s the prospects for effective implementation of the act were problematic at best. Yet the implementation of the act by the Office of Coastal Zone Management has been at least a partial success, judged in terms of the goals of the act, largely because of the incentives for state participation in the program, the general political support for coastal resource management, and the substantial political and managerial skills of OCZM officials. The history of CZMA also suggests that implementation theory needs to address ways to create the conditions that foster the learning processes necessary to carry out broad and innovative programs.     

柔性工法在海岸防护工程中的应用研究——以江苏海岸带为例

海岸带是一个特殊的地带,有着特殊的地理位置和丰富的自然资源,在人类社会发展中有着极其重要的作用但同时又对人类活动的影响非常敏感。随着经济的发展和科技的进步,人类对海岸带的开发力度不断的加强,对其依赖程度不断提高。近年来,江苏沿海开发日益加剧,海岸工程地质灾害日益严重,为防止灾害的继续发生,海岸防护将是一个非常重要的课题。传统的海岸防护短期内效果显著,但忽略了对自然环境的影响。文章重点讲述了海岸防护工程中柔性防护的原理及应用,并针对江苏沿海开发与防护现状,阐述了柔性防护在江苏沿海防护中的应用设想。     

A Nested Housing Market Structure: Additional Evidence

This paper analyses the housing market and its structure in Málaga, a medium-size European city, which has become one of the main Spanish tourist destinations and thus one of the most active housing markets in Spain. This has led to coastal land being misused to the extent that it has almost been used up. First, the market as a whole is studied using the hedonic methodology. Then a method is presented which segments the market into sub-markets, following an ad hoc design based on two criteria: structural (vertical and horizontal dwellings) and location (proximity to the coast). The results show that this segmentation method is efficient, demonstrating implicit attribute prices as well as final house prices which are statistically different from each other, above all when dwellings are next to the coast and between those further away. Finally, some implications for urban policy are drawn.     

福建三都澳区域经济发展的策略研究

三都澳区域拥有得天独厚的港口优势、区位优势和生态海湾资源优势,为把握机遇实现跨越式发展,三都澳区域必须突出新兴产业基地、海西战略前沿、绿色宜居度假海湾、专业化国际枢纽港口功能定位;着重工业化、城镇化、区域化、生态化发展战略;着手临海重化工业、机械装备制造、滨海旅游等临海产业发展策略;着力深化区域经济发展规划、启动滨海新城建设、加大基础设施建设力度、打造三都澳区域品牌、争设国家级开发区和自由贸易区。     

Multi-dimensional evaluation and ranking of coastal areas using GIS and multiple criteria choice methods

Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by short-sighted management policies that focus on human activities rather than the systems that sustain them. The early assessment of the impacts of human activities on the quality of the environment in coastal areas is important for decision-making, particularly in cases of environment/development conflicts, such as environmental degradation and saturation in tourist areas. In the present study, a methodology was developed for the multi-dimensional evaluation and ranking of coastal areas using a set of criteria and based on the combination of multiple criteria choice methods and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The northeastern part of the island of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea, Greece was the case study area. A distinction in sub-areas was performed and they were ranked according to socio-economic and environmental parameters. The robustness of the proposed methodology was assessed using different configurations of the initial criteria and reapplication of the process. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as the usefulness of this methodology for comparing the status of coastal areas and evaluating their potential for further development based on various criteria, is further discussed.     

Nature conservation and integrated coastal zone management in Europe: present and future

The present and future of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Europe is discussed with an emphasis on nature conservation. The position of nature conservation in physical planning and in legislation is discussed within the historical perspective of the Netherlands. With regard to the present position of nature conservation in planning and legislation, differences in Europe between the northwest, the south and the east are discussed. The roles of various organisations (such as NGOs, GOs, Universities and the European Union) in ICZM is briefly mentioned. The paper advocates a strong position for nature conservation in integrated coastal zone management if it is to be developed on a sustainable basis.     

Landscaping patterns and sociodemographic profiles in suburban areas: Implications for water conservation along the Mediterranean coast

The act of watering a garden greatly increases domestic water consumption in residential areas. This issue has caused local governments and managers to become concerned over how homeowners shape and maintain their gardens. This subject is critical along the Mediterranean coast, where residential urban sprawl has expanded over the last few decades and water resources are scarce. Suburban residents from the Girona region of Catalonia, Spain were surveyed to determine the main landscaping typologies used on suburban properties. Four garden typologies were identified and characterised: ornamental, vegetable, lawn and tree. Furthermore, a multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed how each landscaping pattern is associated with particular sociodemographic characteristics of the households (e.g., age, size, unemployment, length of residency). Management guidelines for water users, real estate companies and local governments are provided in the conclusions, focused on raising awareness and cooperation.     

以自然为取向的旅游设施作为促进生物多样性保护的策略手段 以欧洲西南部萨尔加多湿地为例

人类的福祉有赖于自然生态系统所提供的大量的生态系统服务。为此欧盟已经建立了一个名为＂自然2000＂的大型生态保护区网络;然而,在经历了一段时期的城市扩张和土地使用的集约化后,欧洲的生物多样性已经迅速减少,大多数物种和栖息地的利益仍未处于一个良好的保护状态。在过去的几十年里,可持续旅游概念的提出和以自然为取向的自然型旅游业的出现,作为一项重要的生态系统服务,为保护自然环境和发展当地经济提供了大量的支持。并且这些支持的大部分已经集中投入在了保护区域,但是要看到,在这里我们是假设以自然为取向的旅游业对于尚未被正式保护的荒野环境而言,是一项具有高潜力的保护策略和可持续发展的基础。尤其是在具有多种且相互竞争用途的景观中,它能在自然修复、生物多样性保护和人类活动之间取得一种保证。为了验证这一假设,以位于阿尔加维地区（欧洲西南部）一处与沼泽地带相连的湿地作为研究案例。该案例研究涉及一处重要的但还未处于任何正式保护状态的滨海野生环境,并且20世纪末,在此环境中,几项限制条件促进了创造性的管理模式。描述了在21世纪初,设计并执行一项以自然为取向的旅游设施的过程。这一研究成果以景观生态学的概念框架以及一处涉及修复和保护的环境为支撑。同时文章还探讨了这种基于自然的旅游设施在促进可持续管理和自然保护策略方面的潜在意义。     

《成都市南部新区起步区核心区地下空间综合规划》实例研究——结合城市设计方案

《成都市南部新区起步区核心区城市设计及地下空间综合规划》方案征集活动是将城市设计与地下空间规划相结合的一次尝试,在做城市设计时必须统筹地面和地下规划.《成都市南部新区起步区核心区地下空间综合规划》的总体构想是人为引导地下空间的"有机生长",最终形成树枝状"生长型"的地下空间网络结构,通过与城市设计的结合,强化整体开发、依托轨道交通、分区控制的平面布局,确保地下空间开发的有序实施.     

Urban ecosystem health assessment: A review

Due to the important role of cities for regional, national, and international economic development and the concurrent degradation of the urban environmental quality under rapid urbanization, a systematic diagnosis of urban ecosystem health for sustainable ecological management is urgently needed. This paper reviews the related research on urban ecosystem health assessment, beginning from the inception of urban ecosystem health concerns propelled by the development needs of urban ecosystems and the advances in ecosystem health research. Concepts, standards, indicators, models, and case studies are introduced and discussed. Urban ecosystem health considers the integration of ecological, economic, social and human health factors, and as such it is a value-driven concept which is strongly influenced by human perceptions. There is not an absolute urban ecosystem standard because of the uncertainty caused by the changing human needs, targets, and expectation of urban ecosystem over time; thus, suitable approaches are still needed to establish health standards of urban ecosystems. Several conceptual models and suitable indicator frameworks have been proposed to organize the multiple factors to represent comprehensively the health characteristics of an urban ecosystem, while certain mathematical methods have been applied to deal with the indicator information to get a clear assessment of the urban ecosystem health status. Instead of perceiving the urban ecosystem assessment as an instantaneous measurement of the health state, it is suggested to conceptualize the urban ecosystem health as a process, which impels us to focus more studies on the dynamic trends of health status and projecting possible development scenarios.     

沿海地区城镇与产业空间布局模式探索

随着经济社会的快速发展,我国沿海地区出现城镇与产业发展建设用地非常紧张的局面.在宏观调控等多种约束条件下,提出"新城+新区"的空间布局模式,为沿海地区城镇与产业发展空间合理拓展提供指导.     

Creating urban platforms — Opportunities and challenges for innovation in commercial real estate development

Current theories on commercial urban development are dominated by the concept of linearity, which does not adequately take into account the demands of adaptation posed by the pace of change in digital developments, a pace that stands in marked contrast to the pace of change in physical developments. In the hi-tech sector, platform ecosystems have been employed to accommodate innovation and change. This paper explores the potential application of platform ecosystem theory to the commercial urban development process, where there is now great uncertainty regarding the future economic implications and societal requirements of physical commercial space. The boundary conditions for value creation in platform ecosystems are as follows: modularity, standardisation, complementarity and connectivity. Each is explored through a survey of key actors in recently completed commercial urban developments. The analysis identifies significant differences in the capacity of public- and private-sector actors to promote the creation of platform ecosystems, particularly in the complementary actions of development participants. Applying an approach to urban development based on a platform ecosystem might offer great opportunities, but will also be limited by the major challenges identified in this paper.     

基于EFM修正的城市生态空间服务 价值评价模型

科学认识生态系统服务价值是构建城市生态格局的 基础性工作。针对自然生态系统空间场景,等效因子法基于 1个国家甚至全球平均水平的价值当量开展评估,是国内外较 为公认的生态系统服务价值评估方法。城市人类活动集中,生 态系统服务的时间动态性和空间异质性特征明显,但适应城市 场景的生态空间服务价值评价的研究成果相对较少,更未形成 统一的定量测算方法。根据天府新区规划建设实践需求,通过 文献调查,结合专家访谈,在等效因子法的基础上,开展了基 于城市场景的生态系统服务价值理论和实践研究,主要包括确 定了5个自然地理和3个社会经济因素修正系数,对基础当量 表进行时间动态性、空间异质性的价值修正,结合各类生态系 统的面积Aj及1标准当量的价格D值,建立了同时受自然地理 和社会经济两方面突出影响的城市地区生态空间服务价值动态 评价模型。研究结果为天府新区基于生态空间服务价值量化评 价的规划选址及空间布局提供了科学依据,以期为城市生态空 间绩效评估、生态价值转化、生态空间格局优化提供理论支 撑,助力生态文明建设国家战略的实施。     

A NEW WAY OF REVITALIZING DISTRESSED URBAN COMMUNITIES? ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE FEDERAL EMPOWERMENT ZONE PROGRAM

ABSTRACT: The Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community Initiative of 1993 offered targeted funding and tax incentives to distressed urban and rural communities. This initiative required a community‐involvement component, setting it apart from more traditional economic development initiatives of the Reagan and Bush administrations. Using reports required by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and census data, this study examines the programmatic emphases of four of the original six urban zones and evaluates the overall impact of zone programs on socioeconomic trends. These trends are evaluated by matching zone‐designated census tracts to nonzone tracts through a propensity‐score matching model using 1990 census data. Trends in poverty and other socioeconomic outcomes are measured by 1990–2000 change at the census tract level for individual zones, as well as across all zones using a series of fixed‐effect models. Findings indicate that community building and involvement initiatives received the least amount of funding. Traditional economic development programs received the most emphasis but this did not translate into positive socioeconomic outcomes. With the exception of a few isolated incidences where individual zones fared better than comparison areas, zone initiatives had little impact.     

Comparison of scottish firths and Spanish rías

A collaborative programme enables coastal problems in the Cantabrian rías of NW Spain to be compared with those of the firths of the Scottish east coast. Engineers and scientists have studied the problems of the two coastal areas and commenced joint research into problems of coastal stability, with a view to improving protection techniques currently used in the two regions.