魔芋粉-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚合成高吸水树脂

以魔芋粉，丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺等为原料，经接枝聚合合成了魔芋粉－丙烯酸－丙烯酰胺类超强吸水性树脂。讨论了引发剂，交联剂，丙烯酸，丙烯酰胺等用量以及反应时间和反应温度等因素对树脂吸水性能的影响。结果表明: 在魔芋粉与单体质量比为1:4，引发剂用量为0.35%（占单体的质量）,丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺（质量）为1:1，丙烯酸中和度为80% ，反应温度为55～65℃，交联剂用量为0.75%（占单体的质量）的条件下，制得的SAP吸去离子水可达720g/g，吸0.9%的NaCl溶液为110g/g。     

具有高通液性能高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酸、功能单体为聚合单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成了一种具有优异通液性能和吸液性能的高吸水性树脂,研究了自制功能单体用量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、中和度、引发温度对高吸水性树脂吸液能力和通液能力的影响,并使用扫描电镜对高吸水性树脂的颗粒形态进行表征。结果表明,合成最佳条件为：丙烯酸用量为250 g,功能单体用量为25 g,交联剂用量为1.5 g,引发剂用量为0.375 g,氢氧化钠用量为97.2 g,引发温度为55℃。此条件下制备得到的高吸水性树脂具有良好的吸液性能和通液性能,吸盐水倍率为103.25 g/g,通液速度为201.55 mL/min。扫描电镜结果表明高吸水性树脂由于分子链的刚性变强,颗粒表面形状更规则。     

蒙脱土改性三元共聚高吸水树脂制备与性能研究

以酸处理有机蒙脱土为改性剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备蒙脱土改性丙烯酸基三元共聚高吸水性树脂。在丙烯酸∶丙烯酰胺∶烯丙基磺酸钠单体质量配比为8∶4∶0.5,中和度70%,反应温度75℃,交联剂用量为单体的0.1%,引发剂用量为单体的0.18%和有机蒙脱土用量为单体的4%条件下,所制得树脂的吸水倍率、吸生理盐水倍率和吸人工尿液倍率分别为735.6,58.5,46.6 g/g。     

黄原胶接枝改性制备高吸水性树脂的研究

以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,采用溶液聚合方法对黄原胶进行接枝改性,制备了黄原胶基新型高吸水性树脂。利用正交实验研究了引发剂用量、聚合反应温度、丙烯酸中和度、黄原胶与单体AA和AM质量比和交联剂用量等因素对合成高吸水性树脂的影响,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)对树脂进行了表征。实验结果表明,最佳合成聚合反应温度为65℃,m(黄原胶)∶m(AA)∶m(AM)=1∶5∶1,w(引发剂)=1.5%,丙烯酸中和度为70%,w(交联剂)=0.06%。红外光谱分析结果表明,丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺接枝到黄原胶分子链上;扫描电镜观察结果表明,树脂形成一种多孔网络结构。最佳合成条件下制备的高吸水性树脂吸自来水倍率达869.0 g/g,吸盐水倍率为126.7 g/g,重复利用性较好。     

木薯淀粉接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸水剂合成研究初探

用过硫酸钾做引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了木薯淀粉接枝丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂.研究了丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺用量比、反应温度及引发剂用量等对吸液性能的影响,分析了木薯淀粉在接枝前和接枝后的结构和性能.最佳反应条件为:丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺质量比1∶3,引发剂过硫酸钾用量是单体质量的0.125%,交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的用量为单体质量的0.167%.反应温度为70℃,反应时间为4 h.     

丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂的合成与性能

以过硫酸钾为引发剂、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NNMBA)为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备聚丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂,研究了丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺比例、单体浓度、引发剂用量、交联剂用量以及聚合温度对树脂吸水性能的影响。制备的高吸水性树脂吸蒸馏水为593g·g-1,吸自来水为260g·g-1,吸0.9%Na Cl溶液为66.7g·g-1。     

聚（丙烯酸-醋酸乙烯酯）- 聚乙烯醇互穿网络高吸水性树脂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)、醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,环己烷作为油相,span60为分散剂,采用反相悬浮法制备出聚(丙烯酸-醋酸乙烯酯)-聚乙烯醇互穿网络(IPN)高吸水性树脂。研究了丙烯酸中和度、单体物料比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、反应时间以及聚乙烯醇用量对高吸水性树脂吸液倍率的影响。筛选出了最佳工艺条件为:丙烯酸中和度为70%,丙烯酸与醋酸乙烯酯质量比为3∶1,引发剂质量分数为0.4%,交联剂质量分数为0.035%,反应温度为70℃,PVA质量分数为8%。在最佳工艺条件下,树脂对蒸馏水和质量分数0.9%生理盐水的吸液倍率分别为1 889 g/g和124 g/g,具有良好的吸水性。并用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜、热重分析仪对其结构进行了表征。     

三元共聚耐盐性高吸水树脂的合成研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺和马来酸酐为单体,过硫酸钠为引发剂,聚乙二醇双丙烯酸酯600(PEGDA600)为交联剂,合成了高吸水树脂。考察了单体配比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量和聚合温度对吸水树脂吸盐水性能的影响。结果表明,当丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺/马来酸酐质量比为10/2.5/1.8,PEGDA600用量为3种单体总质量的4%,引发剂用量为3种单体总质量的0.2%,丙烯酸中和度为75%,聚合温度为65℃时,吸水倍率具有最大值,对0.9%NaCl盐水的最大吸水倍率为128g/g。     

高吸水性树脂的研制

通过正交实验方法,以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)作交联剂,过硫酸铵作引发剂,将部分中和的丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺聚合制备高吸水性树脂,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酰胺用量和中和度对树脂吸水性能的影响,所得高吸水性树脂吸水可达1297g/g,吸0.9%的盐水90g/g。     

反相悬浮法合成耐盐性超强吸水剂

以甲氧基聚氧乙烯单甲基丙烯酸酯大单体(PEO-MA),丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为原料,十八烷基磷酸单酯为分散剂,环己烷为分散介质,经反相悬浮聚合合成了甲氧基聚氧乙烯单甲基丙烯酸酯-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺类超强吸水性树脂。最佳工艺条件为反应温度75℃,单体水溶液浓度为23%,引发剂用量为0.23%(占AA、AM的总质量),交联剂用量为0.37‰(占AA、AM的总质量),大单体用量占单体总质量的39%。制得的树脂吸去离子水可达930ml/g,吸0.9%的NaCl溶液为94ml/g。最佳工艺条件下得到的树脂8min内即可吸水460倍。其吸水前3min为CaseⅡ扩散,3～50min为Fickian扩散。     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.