Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Two‐Phase Fluid in Inclined Pipes on a Rotation Platform

A rotating platform was used to create dynamic load, and the mixture air–water two‐phase flow and boiling steam–water two‐phase flow were obtained in an inclined test pipe. By changing the parameters, such as inclination of the test pipe, rotational speed, inlet temperature, flow rate, and so on, the experiments for two‐phase flow in the pipe at inclination of 0°, 45°, and 66° were conducted, respectively. The effects of acceleration and inclination on their flow and heat transfer characteristics were investigated. The two‐phase flow patterns in inclined pipes under rotation conditions were caught with a video camera. The images show that the impact mixed flow and churn flow were found in this research. The results show that the acceleration and pipe inclination significantly influence the flow characteristic and heat transfer of the two‐phase pipe flow. As the directions of the dynamic load and the gravity are opposite to the flow direction, the greater the dynamic load and inclination, the higher the pressure drop and the heat emission, and the lower the flow rate, the void fraction, and the fluid temperature. Therefore, the dynamic load and gravity will improve the flow resistance, enhance heat emission and reduce the heat gained by the fluid.     

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of cone orifice jet (effects of cone angle)

The use of a jet from an orifice nozzle with a saddle‐backed‐shape velocity profile and a contracted flow at the nozzle exit may improve the heat transfer characteristics on an impingement plate because of its larger centerline velocity. However, it requires more power to operate than a common nozzle because of its higher flow resistance. We therefore initially considered the use of a cone orifice nozzle to obtain better heat transfer performance as well as to decrease the flow resistance. We examined the effects of the cone angle α on the cone orifice free jet flow and heat transfer characteristics of the impinging jet. We compared two nozzles: a pipe nozzle and a quadrant nozzle. The first one provides a velocity profile of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow, and the second has a uniform velocity profile at the nozzle exit. We observed a significant enhancement of the heat transfer characteristics of the cone orifice jets at Re=1.5×10⁴. Using the cone orifice impinging jets enhanced the heat transfer rates as compared to the quadrant jet, even when the jets were supplied with the same operational power as the pipe jet. For instance, a maximum enhancement up to approximately 22% at r/d_o?0.5 is observed for α=15^°. In addition, an increase of approximately 7% is attained as compared to when the pipe jet was used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20243     

Forced convective mixing in a zero boil-off cryogenic storage tank

This paper presents the results of a study of fluid flow and heat transfer of liquid hydrogen in a cryogenic storage tank with a heat pipe and an array of pump-nozzle units. A forced flow is directed onto the evaporator section of the heat pipe to prevent the liquid from boiling off when heat leaks through the tank wall insulation from the surroundings. An axisymmetric computational model was developed for the simulation of convective heat transfer in the system. Steady-state velocity and temperature fields were solved from this model by using the finite element method. Forty five configurations of geometry and velocity were considered. As the nozzle fluid speed increases, the values of the maximum, average, and spatial standard deviation of the temperature field decrease nonlinearly. Parametric analysis indicates that overall thermal performance of the system can be significantly improved by reducing the gap between the nozzle and the heat pipe, while maintaining the same fluid speed exiting the nozzle. It is also indicated that increased inlet tube length of the pump-nozzle unit results in slightly better thermal performance. Increased heat pipe length also improves thermal performance but only for low fluid speed.     

Entropy Generation Analysis of the MHD Flow of Couple Stress Fluid between Two Concentric Rotating Cylinders with Porous Lining

An attempt has been made to study the entropy generation analysis of couple stress fluid flow in an annulus between two concentric rotating vertical cylinders. There is a porous lining attached to the inside of an outer cylinder. The flow is under the influence of a radial magnetic field. The flow in the annular gap is caused by rotation of the cylinders. The Stokes couple stress flow model is employed. The flow in the porous sleeve is governed by Darcy's law. The velocity, temperature, entropy generation number, Bejan number, wall shear stress and heat transfer rate at the inner and outer cylinders are obtained numerically by employing a finite difference scheme with vanishing of couple stresses on the boundary. The effect of relevant parameters on the flow and entropy generation rate are discussed and depicted through graphs.     

Heat Transfer of Supercritical CO2 Flow in Natural Convection Circulation System

Measurements are reported of heat transfer to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) flow in a natural convection circulation system that consists of a closed-loop circular pipe. Systematic data of heat transfer coefficients are given for various pressures and pipe diameters. Heat transfer coefficients of SCD flow are confirmed to be very much higher than those of usually encountered fluid flow and are shown to be expressed by a nondimensional correlation equation proposed in this work. Numerical model calculations are also presented for the velocity and temperature distributions in SCD flow to elucidate the exceedingly high value of heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer enhancement of SCD is concluded to result from the high-speed flow near the pipe wall. This strong flow is shown to have velocity and temperature gradients steep enough to cause the enhancement of the rate of heat transfer in the vicinity of the pipe wall.     

Experimental study on rack cooling system based on a pulsating heat pipe

A rack cooling system based on a large scale flat plate pulsating heat pipe is proposed. The heat generated from IT equipment in a closed rack is transferred by the rear door pulsating heat pipe to the chilled air passage and is avoided to release into the room. The influence of the start-up performance of the heat pipe, the load of the rack and the load dissipation to the temperature and the velocity distribution in the rack are discussed. It is found that the temperature would be lower and the temperature distribution would be more uniform in the rack when the pulsating heat pipe is in operation. Also, the effect of rack electricity load on temperature distribution is analyzed. It is indicated that higher velocity of chilled air will improve heat transfer of the rack.     

Steady mixed convection in a differentially heated square enclosure with an active rotating circular cylinder

Mixed convection in a square enclosure with a rotating cylinder centered within it is numerically studied. Depending on the rotation of the cylinder, the natural and forced convection effects can be combined or opposite. However, due to the complex flow structure assumed by the flow, in some conditions the combined effects do not lead to the maximum overall heat transfer crossing the enclosure. The rotating cylinder participates on both the conductive and convective heat transfer processes, and exchanges heat with the fluid naturally, without imposition of a thermal condition at its surface. It is explored the influence of the cylinder through its radius, rotating velocity, thermal conductivity and thermal capacity on the resulting mixed convection problem. Thermal field is visualized using the isotherms, the flow structure is visualized through the streamlines, and the heat transfer process is visualized through the heatlines. For the first time, these visualization tools are applied to a moving solid. The overall thermal performance of the enclosure is analyzed through the overall Nusselt number. For a better understanding of the participation of the cylinder on the heat transfer process, the local heat exchanged between the cylinder surface and the fluid is also analyzed. Results clearly show how the rotating cylinder affects the thermal performance of the enclosure, and how the thermophysical properties of the cylinder are important on the overall heat transfer process across the enclosure.     

Flow felid and heat transfer enhancement investigations by using a combination of corrugated tubes with a twisted tape within 3D circular tube based on different dimple configurations

Different dimple geometrical configurations with a combination of corrugated tubes and twisted tape are numerically investigated. Water is used as a working fluid for constant heat flux heat transfer conditions at the pipe wall. The dimensionless diameter of the dimples (d/D) used in this study is 0.09, 0.18, 0.27, and 0.36. However, the corrugation configuration diameter is 1 mm. The numerical simulations are carried out at the Reynolds number in the range of 1500–14,000. The outcomes reveal that the friction factor (f) and Nu number are augmented as the dimple diameter increases. The Nu number ratio of 1.25 is found for a dimple pipe tube with a diameter of 4 mm. The numerical outcome presented more mixing, secondary, and vortex produced in the main flow direction and near the pipe wall to the rotating flow induced by twisted tape. Moreover, mixed, secondary vortices and rotational flow originate behind and near the dimple, twisted tape, and corrugation surfaces. These rotational and vortices can promote mixing in flow between the thermal boundary layer and velocity boundary flow layer. So, increase the heat transfer enhancement. The improved pipes with different dimple diameters produce a maximum performance evaluation factor of is more than 1.25.     

CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A RADIALLY ROTATING COOLANT PASSAGE

The three-dimensional flow field and heat transfer in a radially rotating coolant passage are studied numerically. The passage chosen has a square cross section with smooth isothermal walls of finite length. The axis of rotation is normal to the flow direction with the flow radially outward. The effects of Coriolis forces, centrifugal buoyancy, and fluid Reynolds number on the flow and heat transfer have all been considered. The analysis has been performed by using a fully elliptic, three-dimensional, body-fitted computational fluid dynamics code based on pressure correction techniques. The numerical technique employs a multigrid iterative solution procedure and the standard κ ? ε turbulence model for both the hydrodynamics and heat transfer. The effect of rotation is included by considering the governing equations of motion in a relative frame of reference that moves with the passage. The consequence of rotation is to bring higher velocity fluid from the core to the trailing surface, thereby increasing both the friction and heat transfer at this face. At the same time, the heat transfer is predicted to decrease along the leading surface. The effect of buoyancy is to increase the radial velocity of the fluid, thus generally increasing the heat transfer along both the leading and trailing surfaces. These effects and trends that have been predicted are in agreement with experimental heat transfer data available in the literature [1,2]. The quantitative agreement with the data was also found to be quite satisfactory.     

Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance of Rectangularly Coiled Pipes

A numerical simulation was conducted to investigate convective heat transfer from small and compact coiled pipes heat exchangers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent V6. One fluid (air) moves over the coiled pipe while a second fluid (refrigerant R141B) at different temperature flows through the pipe. The studied heat exchanger is composed with bends and straight tubes. Calculations were done for two cases with different outside flow arrangements. The simulation results showed remarkable differences in the flow characteristics and heat transfer rate of different single tubes of the entire heat exchangers. The temperature distribution and heat transfer are mainly influenced by temperature gradient, backflow conditions, exterior flow velocity, and surface area. The results also show the effect of the bends on the flow in straight tubes and vice-versa.     

Effect of Operating Parameters on the Heat Transfer and Liquid Film Thickness of Revolving Heat Pipe

This paper presents a study on the effects of operating parameters on the liquid film thickness and heat transfer of revolving heat pipe. The effects of speed, radius of rotation, evaporator and condenser temperatures, and mass of the working fluid are considered. Also, the effects of these parameters on the maximum heat transfer and minimum mass of the working fluid supplied to the heat pipe are considered. A simplified theoretical model is presented to estimate the heat transfer and the liquid film thickness. The theoretical model is used to determine the driven forces on the control volume. The system of equations associated with the heat pipe model is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method through a numerical code written in MATLAB. The results show that the heat transfer increases by decreasing the mass of the working fluid and increasing the temperature difference through the heat pipe. They also show that the liquid film thickness increases with the decrease in temperature difference and with increase in the mass of fluid. The maximum heat transfer increases with the increase in the rotation speed. The minimum mass of the working fluid supplied to the heat pipe increases with the increase in temperature difference and with the decrease in the rotation speed.     

半圆柱空间异形孔板换热器热工水力性能的数值模拟

为研究半圆柱空间异形孔板换热器的流动与传热特性,建立换热器简化物理模型,运用ANSYS软件建立CFD模型进行数值模拟,分析了开孔形状与板间距的影响,并对比了半圆柱空间异形孔板换热器与弓形板换热器的联系与区别。研究结果表明：半圆柱异形孔板换热器壳侧流体呈纵向流动,壳侧流体通过孔隙形成射流冲刷管壁,具有强化传热作用;板间距一定,开孔面积相近时,开孔形状对壳侧压降的影响较小,对换热性能的影响稍大;板间距越小壳侧换热系数越高但其综合性能指标越小;圆头三角孔板换热器在板间距30 mm时的壳侧换热系数比40及50 mm方案分别高5.62%,10.06%,综合性能指标低1.44%,2.07%;异形孔板换热器的综合性能指标比弓形折流板换热器平均约高27.89%。     

Time‐dependent flow due to noncoaxial rotation of an infinite vertical surface subjected to an exponential space‐dependent heat source: An exact analysis

The effect of an exponential space‐dependent heat source on heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid past an infinite vertical plate is examined. The flow is generated due to noncoaxial rotation of the infinite plate. The noncoaxial rotation creates sine or cosine oscillation in its plane and the fluid at infinity. The flow is assumed to be laminar and time‐dependent. The mathematical formulation is developed by considering certain physical initial and boundary conditions. The Laplace transform method is utilized to obtain the exact solutions of the concentration, temperature as well as velocity fields. The Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin‐friction coefficient are also calculated and presented in tabular form for various embedded parameters. The velocity distributions are obtained for three different cases. The obtained analytical expressions are found to be identical with published results in the limiting sense.     

MHD convective rotating flow of viscoelastic fluid past an infinite vertical oscillating porous plate with Hall effects

It is considered the unsteady and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic rotating free convection flow of viscoelastic fluid with simultaneous heat and mass transfer near an infinite vertical oscillating porous plate under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field and taking Hall current into account. The governing equations of the flow field are then solved by a regular perturbation method for a small elastic parameter. The expressions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration have been derived analytically and also its behavior is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters with the help of graphs. The skin friction on the boundary, the heat flux in terms of the Nusselt number, and the rate of mass transfer in terms of the Sherwood number are also obtained and their behavior discussed. The resultant velocity enhances with increasing Hall parameter and rotation parameter. The reversal behavior is observed with increasing viscoelastic parameters. The resultant velocity enhances and experiences retardation in the flow field with increasing radiation parameters, whereas the secondary velocity component increases with increasing rotation parameters. The temperature diminishes as the Prandtl number and/or the frequency of oscillations. The concentration reduces at all points of the flow field with the increase in the Schmidt number.     

Effect of dynamic load on heat transfer characteristic of a two‐phase pipe boiling flow

An experimental investigation was performed to obtain the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a single‐phase water flow and a two‐phase pipe boiling water flow under dynamic load in the present work. By analyzing the fluid resistance, effective heat, flow pattern, and heat transfer coefficient of the experimental data, the effects of dynamic load on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of single‐phase water and two‐phase boiling water flow were investigated. The results show that the dynamic load significantly influences the flow characteristic and boiling heat transfer of the two‐phase pipe flow. It will enhance the fluid resistance and heat dissipation toward the ambient environment, and reduce the heat transferred to the two‐phase fluid. The impact mixing flow caused by the dynamic load breaks the uniform and varying principle of the wall temperatures. As a result of that, the greater the dynamic load, the lower the wall inner bottom temperature and the higher the wall inner top temperature in a certain extent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20378     

Influence of nonlinear thermal radiation on mixed convective hybrid nanofluid flow about a rotating sphere

The present study investigates the mixed convective hybrid nanofluid flow over a rotating sphere under the impact of nonlinear thermal radiation. A model is built to examine the heat transport performance of ferrimagnetic magnetite and copper nanoparticles over a rotating sphere. Nonsimilar transformations are used to nondimensionalize the coupled nonlinear governing equations and the flow model's boundary conditions. Furthermore, the nondimensional governing equations were solved using implicit finite difference approximation and the quasilinearization technique. The impacts of the flow regime on many controlling parameters are then thoroughly addressed. Temperature patterns improve when nonlinear thermal radiation and hybrid nanofluid values increase. The fluid velocity and skin friction coefficient increase in the streamwise direction while decreasing in the rotating direction. The separation of the boundary layer is delayed as the sphere's rotation weakens. The stationary sphere has a larger boundary layer separation than the revolving sphere. The velocity distribution improves with increasing rotation parameter values while decreasing with increasing combined convection parameter values in the rotating direction. An increase in the temperature ratio parameter makes the fluid get hotter, and the Nusselt number goes down simultaneously. Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient in the rotation direction increase, while skin friction coefficient in streamwise direction reduces for increasing values of hybrid nanofluid. The velocity of the fluid enhances in the stream-wise direction while reducing in the rotational direction with the increasing values of the combined convection parameter.     

新型拐角式整体针翅回转热管设计与试验

提出了一种新型拐角式整体针翅回转热管,对该热管进行了详细的理论分析与设计,并对其传热性能进行了试验测试。结果表明:拐角式整体针翅回转热管的轴向温度从蒸发段到冷凝段逐渐降低,最大轴向温差随着转速的增大而减小;回转热管蒸发段的管壁温度沿圆周方向上的温差随转速的增大而变大,冷凝段的管壁温度沿圆周方向上的温差随转速增大而变小;回转热管的整体传热功率随转速的提高而增大;当充液率约为15%时回转热管的热阻最小,传热性能最好;吸液芯对热管传热性能的影响不占主导地位,在低转速工况下吸液芯提高热管传热能力,在高转速下则起阻碍作用;与平行轴回转热管相比,拐角式回转热管传热性能提高了5倍。     

Mixed convective heat transfer of water in a pipe under supercritical pressure

Because of the rapid properties variation of fluid under supercritical pressure, there is a violent secondary flow in a heated pipe, which will certainly complicate the heat transfer of fluid in a pipe under supercritical pressure. In this paper, a numerical study is conducted for the laminar developing mixed convective heat transfer of water under supercritical pressure. The velocity field and temperature field are given, and the influence of different parameters on flow and heat transfer is investigated in detail. The results show that secondary flow has a great influence on velocity and temperature distributions and thus affects the friction factor and the Nusselt number remarkably. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(8): 608–619, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20079     

Energy loss distribution in the plane Couette flow and the Taylor–Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders

The distribution of energy loss due to viscosity friction in plane Couette flow and Taylor–Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders are studied in detail for various flow conditions. The energy loss is related to the industrial processes in some fluid delivery devices and has significant influence on the flow efficiency, flow stability, turbulent transition, mixing, and heat transfer behaviours, etc. Therefore, it is important to know about the energy loss distribution in the flow domain and to know its influence on the flow for better understanding of the flow physics. The calculation or methodology of calculating the energy loss distribution in the Taylor–Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders are not readily found in the open literature. In this paper, the principle and the calculation are given for single cylinder rotation of either the inner or outer cylinder, and counter and same direction rotation of two cylinders. For comparison, the distribution of energy loss in a plane Couette flow is also derived for various flow conditions. Discussions of the effect of energy loss on the flow behaviour are carried out from which some findings are suggested.     

Laminar forced convection from a rotating horizontal cylinder in cross flow

The influence of non-dimensional rotational velocity, flow Reynolds number and Prandtl number of the fluid on laminar forced convection from a rotating horizontal cylinder subject to constant heat flux boundary condition is numerically investigated. The numerical simulations have been conducted using commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics package CFX available in ANSYS Workbench 14. Results are presented for the non-dimensional rotational velocity α ranging from 0 to 4, flow Reynolds number from 25 to 40 and Prandtl number of the fluid from 0.7 to 5.4. The rotational effects results in reduction in heat transfer compared to heat transfer from stationary heated cylinder due to thickening of boundary layer as consequence of the rotation of the cylinder. Heat transfer rate increases with increase in Prandtl number of the fluid.