基于薄层黑磷的电化学传感器研究进展

自2014年首次被报道以来,层状黑磷作为一种新型的二维纳米材料受到了广泛的关注与研究。层状黑磷具有比表面积大、带隙结构可调、载流子迁移率高、生物相容性好及易修饰等特点,是一类潜在的理想生物传感材料。本文将关注层状黑磷在电化学传感器中的应用,根据检测目标物的类型,对最新的研究报道进行了详细分类与讨论,主要包括气体分子、生物小分子、其他小分子、生物大分子、细胞几大类基于层状黑磷构筑的电化学传感器。重点概述了层状黑磷及其复合纳米材料的制备方法与性质,传感器的结构、工作原理与分析性能等。最后讨论了黑磷基纳米材料在电化学传感器中应用的现存问题和未来发展方向,为进一步拓展黑磷纳米材料在分析传感领域的应用提供了参考。     

氯霉素电化学传感器检测技术的研究进展

氯霉素(CAP)是一种典型的广谱抗生素，然而其不恰当的使用对人体健康和环境安全产生显著的有害影响。电化学传感器对检测食品与环境等样品中的氯霉素残留具有重要的意义。近年来，基于碳材料、金属复合材料、金属化合物复合材料、导电聚合物和金属有机骨架(MOFs)等纳米材料已成功地用于氯霉素抗生素检测的传感材料。通过对比基于这些新型纳米材料的氯霉素电化学传感器的特征及适用范围，为氯霉素分析选择检测方法及开发更高效的检测技术提供参考。最后，总结了氯霉素电化学传感器技术目前存在的问题并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

MOFs基电化学传感器及其重金属离子检测应用研究进展

现代工业化快速发展，重金属等环境污染严重影响公众健康和生态系统安全。基于MOFs及其复合材料的电化学传感系统是重金属污染物分析检测领域的研究热点。综述了基于MOFs及其复合材料的电化学传感器的构建及其在重金属离子检测中的应用研究进展，简要概述了MOFs材料的组成、结构、分类命名、制备技术、电化学传感优势性能等；探讨了MOFs/碳纳米材料、MOFs/金属纳米材料和MOFs/导电聚合物复合材料应用于电化学传感器的优势特性；详细讨论了MOFs基电化学传感器在Pb²⁺、Hg²⁺和Gd²⁺等重金属离子检测方面的应用研究进展；对MOFs基电化学传感器在重金属离子检测应用中的优势及存在的问题进行了分析，并对未来研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

电化学生物传感器在疾病诊断中的研究进展

电化学生物传感器技术由于其操作简单、检测成本低、选择性好、灵敏度高、响应速度快等特点,使该技术在疾病诊断领域中成为一项具有长远意义的新技术。本文主要以分子印迹聚合物、碳纳米材料、DNA、纳米颗粒修饰的生物传感器为例,对生物传感器技术的作用机理及在疾病诊断中的最新研究进展作重点论述,并对生物传感器技术在疾病诊断领域中的发展前景进行了展望。     

RNA切割型脱氧核酶功能化纳米材料荧光生物传感研究进展

脱氧核酶是通过体外筛选得到的一种具有酶活性的功能核酸。其中，具有RNA切割功能的脱氧核酶由于具有特异性强、可编程性高及易于合成修饰的特性，已在生物传感领域得到了广泛的发展，但易受核酸酶降解、胞内传输效率低等问题限制了其在体内的应用。纳米材料尺寸小、比表面积大及生物相容性好，在生物领域展现出了出色的应用前景，RNA切割型脱氧核酶与纳米材料的结合为解决上述问题提供了新思路。综述了基于RNA切割型脱氧核酶功能化纳米材料的荧光生物传感的研究进展，首先介绍了RNA切割型脱氧核酶功能化纳米材料的常见功能化策略，随后详细讨论了基于RNA切割型脱氧核酶功能化纳米材料的荧光传感器在体内和体外检测重要生物分子的最新应用，最后就此类传感器的开发所面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望。     

基于纳米碳材料的重金属电化学检测

面对重金属离子污染问题，开发快速且准确的重金属离子检测器具有重要意义，碳纳米材料因其易修饰、灵敏度高，常用于电化学检测重金属。此外，碳纳米材料还具有高稳定性、使用寿命长等优点，同时也存在形貌调控困难、传感效率低等问题。通常对碳材料进行官能团修饰或与其他材料复合等，加强其作为电化学传感器的传感效果。依据当前研究现状，主要介绍不同形貌碳纳米材料，如碳纳米管、碳纳米片、石墨烯等，以及其复合材料对重金属离子检测的研究前沿和动态。最后，对碳基纳米材料电化学检测重金属进行展望。     

重金属离子电化学传感器的研究进展

随着现代工业技术的发展,残留重金属离子对环境和人体健康构成的威胁愈发严重。重金属离子污染已成为全球环境面临的严峻问题。因此,重金属离子的检测具有重要性和挑战性。而重金属离子的检测已经由传统分析技术为主导方法过度到便携式传感技术和传统分析技术相辅相成的局面。早期,便携传感技术以传统传感器为主,一些功能材料、新型复合材料和纳米材料的合成及发现,使便携传感技术得以高速发展。本文介绍了早期的重金属传感器、高性能材料和纳米复合材料工作电极在重金属离子检测中的应用,以及材料的制备方法在电化学传感性能方面的应用。     

水滑石纳米材料特性及其在电化学生物传感器方面的应用

阐述了水滑石纳米材料结构和性能之间的关系及近年来水滑石纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面应用的最新进展。重点介绍了水滑石纳米材料在吸附生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定其它活性组分制备电化学传感器、水滑石自构筑电化学传感器等方面的应用。着重对水滑石纳米材料制备电化学传感器的机理和制备方法进行了系统概述。提出了水滑石纳米材料构筑电化学生物传感器应用研究的发展趋势：对水滑石纳米材料进行多层、多组分、微型化和阵列化等多样化设计,指出高选择性和高灵敏度检测是未来新型电化学生物传感器应用研究的主要发展方向。     

纳米材料比色分析传感器在食品检测中的应用进展

近年来食品检测作为食品安全的重要保障而备受关注,特别是简便、灵敏、准确的食品检测手段和方法已成为研究热点。本文简述了食品分析的基本内容和检测方法,在阐述基于模拟酶纳米材料和纳米粒子的两类比色分析传感器构建原理的基础上,介绍了两类纳米材料比色分析传感器在食品添加剂和生物毒素、化学毒素等食品污染物检测中的应用,特别对金属离子、农/兽药残留和非法添加物等化学毒素的检测进行了回顾,最后对基于纳米材料比色分析传感器的发展趋势进行了展望。纳米比色分析传感器可通过溶液颜色变化直观地检测食品中的各类物质,具有灵敏度高、响应快速和易微型化等优点,未来该类传感器应加强与生物复合材料的结合,在实现检测快速化、精准化的同时提高传感器的稳定性。     

碳纳米复合材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用

碳纳米材料以其优异的导电特性和机械特性及极佳的生物相容性而引起研究者的极大兴趣,在电化学生物传感器的开发和研究中极具应用价值。碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面的应用主要是将碳纳米材料作为传感器界面的修饰材料、生物分子的固载基质以及信号标记物等。文章综述了碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用,并展望了未来碳纳米材料的研究方向。     

Strategies for the Development of Metallic-Nanoparticle-Based Label-Free Biosensors and Their Biomedical Applications

Label-free biosensors offer accurate sensing capabilities due to the reliable quantification of biological and biochemical processes. These devices function by establishing a dynamic interaction of analyte and receptor molecules and convert this interaction into a measurable signal through a transducer. In recent decades, label-free biosensors have attracted attention in biomedical applications due to the ease of linking nanomaterials with bioreceptor molecules. In this review, recent advances in sensitivity, specificity, and sensing mechanism related to label-free biosensors of metallic nanoparticles of gold, silver, aluminium, copper, and zinc oxide are presented. Selected sensing methods based on fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, metal-enhanced fluorescence, and electrochemical sensors are discussed. New measurement techniques and rapid progress of label-free biosensors are going to play a vital role in the real-time detection of biomarkers in clinical samples, such as blood plasma, serum, and urine, as well as in targeted drug delivery. Future trends of these label-free biosensing mechanisms and their development are also discussed.     

核酸探针在抗生素残留生物传感检测中的应用

抗生素作为动物治疗剂和生长促进剂广泛应用于农业、畜牧业、水产品养殖业,导致动植物食品中抗生素残留量超标,严重威胁人体健康。因此,检测食品中抗生素残留具有重要意义。而现有的抗生素残留检测方法如微生物法、免疫学分析、液相色谱-质谱法、毛细管电泳等,通常具有耗时长、操作复杂、成本高等缺点。生物传感器作为一种高新技术,具有快速简单、灵敏度高、选择性好、成本低等特点,在抗生素残留检测领域具有较大优势。核酸探针作为一种新型生物分析工具广泛应用于生物传感器的开发中,将其引入抗生素残留的生物传感检测为实现抗生素残留的高效检测开辟了新途径。该文从电化学生物传感器、荧光生物传感器、比色生物传感器以及其他常见生物传感器方面综述了核酸探针在抗生素残留生物传感检测中的应用研究进展,并展望了该领域未来的发展前景。     

核酸探针在抗生素残留生物传感检测中的应用

抗生素作为动物治疗剂和生长促进剂广泛应用于农业、畜牧业、水产品养殖业，导致动植物食品中抗生素残留量超标，严重威胁人体健康。因此，检测食品中抗生素残留具有重要意义。而现有的抗生素残留检测方法如微生物法、免疫学分析、液相色谱-质谱法、毛细管电泳等，通常具有耗时长、操作复杂、成本高等缺点。生物传感器作为一种高新技术，具有快速简单、灵敏度高、选择性好、成本低等特点，在抗生素残留检测领域具有较大优势。核酸探针作为一种新型生物分析工具广泛应用于生物传感器的开发中，将其引入抗生素残留的生物传感检测为实现抗生素残留的高效检测开辟了新途径。该文从电化学生物传感器、荧光生物传感器、比色生物传感器以及其他常见生物传感器方面综述了核酸探针在抗生素残留生物传感检测中的应用研究进展，并展望了该领域未来的发展前景。     

Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles to provide a suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity, and to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized proteins and electrode surfaces, have led to an intensive use of this nanomaterial for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with enhanced analytical performance with respect to other biosensor designs. Recent advances in this field are reviewed in this article. The advantageous operational characteristics of the biosensing devices designed making use of gold nanoparticles are highlighted with respect to non-nanostructured biosensors and some illustrative examples are commented. Electrochemical enzyme biosensors including those using hybrid materials with carbon nanotubes and polymers, sol-gel matrices, and layer-by-layer architectures are considered. Moreover, electrochemical immunosensors in which gold nanoparticles play a crucial role in the electrode transduction enhancement of the affinity reaction as well as in the efficiency of immunoreagents immobilization in a stable mode are reviewed. Similarly, recent advances in the development of DNA biosensors using gold nanoparticles to improve DNA immobilization on electrode surfaces and as suitable labels to improve detection of hybridization events are considered. Finally, other biosensors designed with gold nanoparticles oriented to electrically contact redox enzymes to electrodes by a reconstitution process and to the study of direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrode surfaces have also been treated.     

Single-walled carbon nanotubes as optical materials for biosensing

In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as optical materials for biosensing applications. First, as optical labels, we discuss the use of SWNTs in Raman-based protein detection. Strong and simple resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs opens up a method of protein microarray with detection sensitivity down to femtomolar range. Also, tunable isotopic SWNT-Raman signature enables the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in complex fluids. Second, the photoluminescence properties of SWNTs are also explored. We examine fluorescence biosensors that integrate the quenching property of SWNTs and the recognition property of functional nucleic acids. Particularly, SWNTs are established as an efficient signal transduction substrate in different biosensing systems, including the detection of specific proteins and DNA sequences, regulation of singlet oxygen generation and label-free fluorescence assays, and all have exhibited very high selectivity and sensitivity.     

Facile direct electron transfer in glucose oxidase modified electrodes

Glucose oxidase (GOx) is widely used in the glucose biosensor industry. However, mediatorless direct electron transfer (DET) from GOx to electrode surfaces is very slow. Recently, mediatorless DET has been reported via the incorporation of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles in the modification of electrodes. Here we report GOx electrodes showing DET without the need for any nanomaterials. The enzyme after immobilization with poly-l-lysine (PLL) and Nafion^® retains the biocatalytic activities and oxidizes glucose efficiently. The amperometric response of Nafion-PLL-GOx modified electrode is linearly proportional to the concentration of glucose up to 10 mM with a sensitivity of 0.75 μA/mM at a low detection potential (−0.460 V vs. Ag/AgCl). The methodology developed in this study will have impact on glucose biosensors and biofuel cells and may potentially simplify enzyme immobilization in other biosensing systems.     

Comparative study of a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor based on Metamaterial and Graphene

In this study, a surface plasmon resonance biosensor at near infrared frequency based on a metamaterial is proposed. The proposed biosensor utilizes the properties of plasmons and metamaterial for enhancement of its performance parameters i.e. sensitivity, detection accuracy and quality factor. The thickness of the metamaterial and gold film has been optimized for optimal performance of the proposed biosensor at near infrared wavelengths. Results obtained from the proposed biosensor were compared with existing two-dimensional nanomaterials such as a graphene based biosensor and a conventional surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Finally, it is observed that the performance parameters of the proposed biosensor are very high when compared to existing surface plasmon resonance biosensors.     

新型碳纳米材料在电化学免疫传感器的应用

近十几年来,随着免疫检测技术、传感技术和碳纳米材料合成技术的发展,碳纳米材料修饰的电化学免疫传感器得到了广泛的应用和发展。文章简述了碳纳米管、碳纳米球、石墨烯、碳纳米角和碳纳米纤维这5种新型碳纳米材料在构建电化学免疫传感器上的应用进展,并对碳纳米材料修饰的电化学免疫传感器的发展前景进行了展望。     

Target-triggered polymerization for biosensing

Because of the potential applications of biosensors in clini- cal diagnosis, biomedical research, environmental analysis, and food quality control, researchers are very interested in developing sensitive, selective, rapid, reliable, and low-cost versions of these devices. A classic biosensor directly transduces ligand-target binding events into a measurable physical readout. Because of the limited detection sensitivity and selectivity in earlier biosensors, researchers have developed a number of sensing/signal amplification strategies. Through the use of nanostructured or long chain polymeric materials to increase the upload of signal tags for amplification of the signal readout associated with the ligand-target binding events, researchers have achieved high sensitivity and exceptional selectivity. Very recently, target-triggered polymerization-assisted signal amplification strategies have been exploited as a new biosensing mechanism with many attractive features. This strategy couples a small initiator molecule to the DNA/protein detection probe prior to DNA hybridization or DNA/protein and protein/protein binding events. After ligand-target binding, the in-situ polymerization reaction is triggered. As a result, tens to hundreds of small monomer signal reporter molecules assemble into long chain polymers at the location where the initiator molecule was attached. The resulting polymer materials changed the optical and electrochemical properties at this location, which make the signal easily distinguishable from the background. The assay time ranged from minutes to hours and was determined by the degree of amplification needed. In this Account, we summarize a series of electrochemical and optical biosensors that employ target-triggered polymerization. We focus on the use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as well as activator generated electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) for in-situ formation of polymer materials for optically or electrochemically transducing DNA hybridization and protein-target binding. ATRP and AGET ATRP can tolerate a wide range of functional monomers. They also allow for the preparation of well-controlled polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, which was predetermined by the concentration ratio of the consumed monomer to the introduced initiator. Because the reaction initiator can be attached to a variety of detection probes through well-established cross-linking reactions, this technique could be expanded as a universal strategy for the sensitive detection of DNA and proteins. We see enormous potential for this new sensing technology in the development of portable DNA/protein sensors for point-of-need applications.     

Electrochemical sensor array for bioprocess monitoring

A silicon-based biosensor chip consisting of an array of amperometric enzyme sensors has been developed for monitoring the concentration of glutamate and glutamine in cell-culture fermentation processes. The glutamate sensor was constructed by immobilising glutamate oxidase, while the glutamine sensor by sequential coupling of glutaminase and glutamate oxidase. The enzymes were immobilised by means of cross-linking with glutaraldehyde on the surface of the patterned platinum thin-film electrodes. The developed biosensors have been electrochemically characterised in solutions with different concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in terms of sensitivity, response time, linear working range and lifetime. A high sensitivity of 96 nA/mM and 100 nA/mM was registered for the glutamate and glutamine sensors, respectively. The preliminary experiments in cell-culture medium have shown a good correlation between the glutamine and glutamate concentrations measured with the biosensor chip and the commercially available biochemistry analyser. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the realised biosensor chip for monitoring the glutamine and glutamate concentrations in fermentation processes.