纤维素基油水分离材料研究进展

石油泄漏事故及工业含油废水排放等严重破坏了人类赖以生存的生态环境,如何有效分离油水混合物成了当前的研究热点。传统的油水分离材料的不可回收性带来材料的二次污染极大限制了它们的广泛应用。纤维素是地球上最丰富的天然聚合物,并且具有生物相容性、生物降解性、化学稳定性和低成本等特点,因此纤维素基油水分离材料亦受到广泛关注。本文系统总结了近年来过滤型和吸附型纤维素基油水分离材料的研究进展,重点围绕纤维素类物质作材料基底（滤纸、棉布等）、用其进行表面改性（纤维素纳米晶体、纤维素衍生物等）以及全纤维素基油水分离材料等方面进行详细分析和介绍,对纤维素基油水分离材料存在的问题进行了探讨,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

二维MXene材料在油水分离领域的研究进展

在石油开采、运输和加工过程中，大量油类污染物不可避免地进入到水体中，造成资源浪费的同时也严重破坏了生态环境。MXene是一种拥有二维片层结构的过渡金属碳/氮化物，由于其特殊的微观结构和优异的亲水性，已在油水分离领域得到了研究者的广泛关注。然而，MXene的油水分离研究还处在起步阶段，分离机理也有待进一步明确。首先归纳总结了MXene纳米片的制备方法，从MXene表面润湿性原理的角度出发，结合MXene独特的物理化学性质，从理论上论证了MXene材料应用于油水分离领域的可行性。其次，综述了当前MXene基吸附材料与MXene基膜材料在油水分离领域的最新研究进展，证明了MXene材料能有效地处理不同类型的含油废水，并系统地分析了MXene材料对于油污的吸附和分离机理。最后，归纳了目前MXene在油水处理过程中面临的各种挑战，并对MXene在油水分离领域的未来发展做了展望。     

废矿物油水分离技术研究进展

着重综述了目前主流的两类油水分离技术(过滤分离和吸附分离技术)的研究进展,包括分离技术的原理和适用范围、高性能过滤/吸附材料的构建和制备、分离性能的表征和优缺点分析。油水分离技术的研发具有广阔的应用前景,开发新型高效的过滤/吸附材料,提升其分离性能和抗环境干扰能力,降低生产成本,是该领域发展的主要方向。     

废矿物油水分离技术研究进展

着重综述了目前主流的两类油水分离技术(过滤分离和吸附分离技术)的研究进展,包括分离技术的原理和适用范围、高性能过滤/吸附材料的构建和制备、分离性能的表征和优缺点分析。油水分离技术的研发具有广阔的应用前景,开发新型高效的过滤/吸附材料,提升其分离性能和抗环境干扰能力,降低生产成本,是该领域发展的主要方向。     

高通量、抗污染油水分离膜的研究进展

膜分离是深度处理含油废水的有效技术之一,对生态环境保护,提高资源利用率,实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。开发分离效率高、运行稳定性强的高性能膜材料是油水分离膜研制的热点。综述了近年来油水分离膜在渗透性能和抗污染性能强化方面的研究进展,重点对膜性能强化的机制进行讨论,并分别从传质机制和抗污染机制角度对强化策略进行归纳总结。最后,提出了高性能油水分离膜材料开发存在的问题,对未来的油水分离膜材料的研制方向进行了展望。     

金属有机框架材料分离碳四烃的研究进展

结合金属有机框架材料在碳四烃吸附分离中的优势,分析了金属有机框架材料吸附分离碳四烃的机理,总结了多种金属有机框架材料在吸附分离碳四烃方面的最新研究进展,探讨了金属有机框架材料在碳四烃吸附分离研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

超疏水材料在油水分离中的研究进展

石油工业产生的采出水对环境是一个重大的问题,也是对水资源的一种浪费。油田采出水中存在大量的油,为了保护环境和节约水资源,我们可以对其进行回收再利用。受到大自然的启发,仿生超疏水材料应用到了油水分离领域。在这篇综述中,主要关注在油水分离应用中超疏水材料的研究进展。基本上都是通过对表面化学成分和表面形貌之间的协同作用实现基材的超疏水特性。将超疏水材料根据其除油方式的不同分为超疏水过滤材料和超疏水吸附材料两大类,并分别展开详细的介绍了超疏水过滤材料的各种基材包括金属网、纺织物、聚合物膜等,超疏水吸附材料的各种基材如粉末颗粒、海绵泡沫、气凝胶等,简单的介绍了材料的制备方式,油水分离的效率以及各种材料的优势、劣势。最后总结了过滤材料和吸附材料在油水分离领域中存在的一些挑战,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

氙气吸附捕集与分离研究进展

综述了氙气在工业技术、日常生活和基础研究领域的重要作用,总结了氙气分离富集方法,概括了活性炭、分子筛与金属有机框架三类典型氙气吸附分离材料的选择性、吸附容量及稳定性的研究进展,并展望了新型氙气吸附捕集材料的发展趋势,金属有机骨架材料作为高选择性多孔固体具有广阔的应用前景。     

稀有气体Xe/Kr吸附分离研究进展

稀有气体Xe/Kr的高效捕集分离是气体工业、核环境监测和乏燃料处理等领域的重要分离过程之一。氙与氪结构与极化率相似,传统低温精馏方法借助氙与氪的沸点差异实现二者分离,能耗巨大,吸附分离是较为理想的替代分离技术。以金属有机框架材料为代表的新型多孔材料具有结构多样性与高度可设计性,通过调节材料微孔表面的极化环境与孔道窗口结构,借助氙与氪极化率的微小差异,可实现对二者的精准辨识,有良好的吸附分离性能与应用前景。重点综述了金属有机框架材料在氙氪分离中的研究进展,归纳了材料的极化环境、孔道结构、框架柔性等因素对氙氪吸附分离性能的影响规律,探讨了金属有机框架材料在氙氪吸附分离研究中存在的问题和局限,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

磁性颗粒在油水分离中的应用

叙述了磁性颗粒材料在油水分离领域的研究应用进展,包括磁性颗粒的性质及制备方法,磁性颗粒直接作为吸附剂,及磁性颗粒与其它吸附材料结合作为复合吸附剂等方面。总体而言,磁性颗粒油水分离技术展现出分离效率高、成本低、运行操作简单,且吸附剂可重复利用等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。进一步提升磁性材料的分离性能,增加单位吸附容量,保持材料在多种场合中的处理能力,开发出具有实用价值的功能化材料是未来磁性油水分离材料领域的主要发展方向。     

SiO2改性聚丙烯纤维棉对油水乳状液的高效分离

近年来,基于特殊润湿性理论制备表面具有微纳米粗糙结构的多孔材料成为油水分离领域研究的重点。为了满足不同环境下对不同形式油-水乳状液高效高通量分离的需求,该研究利用纳米SiO2颗粒对聚丙烯（PP）纤维棉有针对性地亲（疏）水改性,构建了系列不同润湿性和粗糙度的PP纤维棉,探究了不同孔隙度和表面能的PP纤维棉对W/O及O/W型乳状液的分离性能,结果表明,经过亲（疏）水改性后的PP纤维棉对水/正己烷和水/甲苯乳状液的分离效率都高于99.5%,通量高于700 L/(m2·h),并针对不同形式油-水乳状液阐释其相应的分离机制,为后续油-水乳状液分离材料的科学设计和可控制备提供了理论依据。     

油水强化分离技术

油水混合物广泛存在于各类工业过程中,其体系性质、强化分离技术一直是化工分离领域研究的重要课题之一。以沉降、旋流、电聚结等常规物理分离技术配合化学药剂破乳的传统分离方法,存在分离效率低、二次污染等问题,近年来以多物理场耦合、新型分离材料等为代表的强化分离技术的发展受到广泛关注。本文以石油工业中大体量的油包水型原油乳状液和水包油型含油污水乳状液的分离为对象,阐述了油水混合物的形成、体系分类及其基本理化性质,通过分析微观界面膜指出打破乳状液的稳定性是强化分离的关键,并从常规分离技术、外场强化、分离材料、耦合强化等方面系统介绍了各类分离技术及其特点,最后对油水强化分离技术的研究和发展方向进行了展望。     

Fabrication of magnetically responsive anti-fouling and easy-cleaning nanofiber membrane and its application for efficient oil-water emulsion separation

The magnetically responsive anti-fouling nanofiber membrane(MRANM) was fabricated for efficient oilwater emulsion separation,which could be cleaned using oscillating magnetic field.MRANM was prepared by grafting superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles onto the surface of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane(PANM),Compared with PANM,the water contact angle of MRANM decreased from 104° to 0°,indicating that the hydrophilicity of the membrane was significantly improv...     

油水分离膜表面结构可控合成及性能研究

石油开采过程中会产生大量的油水混合物,每天生产生活中也会产生大量含油废水,如何处理这些油水混合物,是环境保护和可持续发展的重大需求。针对含油量较高的油水混合物,本工作制备了疏水-超亲油分离膜。以机械性能较好的泡沫镍为过滤基体,采用电沉积方法,在泡沫镍表面沉积铜颗粒,构筑亲油疏水表面。研究了沉积电位和沉积时间对表面结构的影响,并测试了分离膜表面结构、表面粗糙度及水滴在膜表面的接触角,并对所制备的分离膜进行油水分离性能测试和多次循环的稳定性测试。结果表明,所制备的分离膜具有良好的循环分离性能,对于油水混合物循环十次后分离效率仍在90%以上。本研究为高效油水分离膜材料开发提供了新思路,并拓展了电化学表面改性的应用领域。     

Entsorgung von Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen durch Elektrokoagulation

Separation of oil-water emulsions by electrocoagulation. Separating emulsified fluid drops or suspended solid particles from oil-water mixtures is one of the central problems of disposal technology. Reprocessing used emulsions or suspensions, however, is complicated by emulsion stabilisers and impurities. The efficiency of mechanical separation methods often leaves much to be desired, so that flocculants or demulsifiers are added. These additives are expensive, produce secondary waste, and may have adverse effects on the properties of the resultant product as far as its reuse or disposal is concerned. Electrocoagulation, a treatment process developed at Battelle, has none of these drawbacks. It is based on the fact that the stability of colloids, suspensions, and emulsions is critically influenced by electric charges being repelled by like charges on the surface of particles. Therefore, if additional electric charges are supplied to the charged particles via appropriate electrodes, the surface charge of the particles is neutralised and several particles combine into larger, separable agglomerates. The process-technological design is such that the emulsion (or suspension) flows through an electrochemical cell where it is demulsified. Energy consumption for this is low, chemicals need not be added, and no secondary waste results. Thus, a pretreatment process is available with which the separating efficiency of existing processes can be increased without having to modify the relevant apparatus significantly.     

Recent advances in membrane hydrophilic modification with plant polyphenol-inspired coatings for enhanced oily emulsion separation

Oily wastewater, especially the emulsified one, causes serious environment pollution and poses threats to the ecosystem and resource recycling. Among various filtration media, porous polymeric membranes have gained tremendous attention in dealing with oily emulsions due to their energy-saving, cost-effective, and highly efficient features. However, to alleviate membrane fouling by oil droplets and ensure high separation efficiency, endowing membrane with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity via facile strategy is highly desired. Taking advantages of the mild forming conditions, universality and cost-efficiency, more and more efforts have been devoted to membrane hydrophilic modification by plant polyphenol-inspired coatings in recent years. In this review, we focus on recent advances in constructing plant polyphenol-involved coatings on membrane surface for oil-in-water emulsion separation. The interactions between plant polyphenol and functional materials including amino-functionalized materials, transition metal ions and oxidants via covalent chemistry, coordination chemistry, and rapid oxidation are highlighted. In addition, the impacts of the resultant coating on the wettability, oily emulsion separation performance, and anti-oil fouling performance of the modified membrane are systematically summarized. Finally, future outlooks in membrane surface engineering with plant polyphenol-involved coatings are discussed to further broaden the research related to high-efficiency oil/water separation based on membrane technology.     

Effect of particle morphology on the emulsion stability and mechanical performance of polyolefin modified asphalts

Recent federal regulations concenrning roadbed performance have motivated research in polymer modified asphalt binders. Earlier studies on these binders have shown that many of them are susceptible to gross phase separation when the binder is stored at high temperatures under quiescent conditions. This phase separation, in turn, is affected by the initial morphology and storage conditions. In this effort we investigate the effect of particle morphology on the high-temperature emulsion stability of a low-density polyethylene-modified asphalt binder, as well as the concomitant effects on the mechanical behavior. We show for unstabilized emulsions that the dominant phase separation mechanism shifts from coalescence to creaming at a critical particle radius of 4 μm at 110°C. However, stabilized emulsions showed no evidence of gross phase separation for up to 48 hours at 110°C. Dramatically different morphologies were observed for the unstabilized and stabilized emulsions; unstabilized emulsions having teardrop shaped particles and stabilized emulsions having both spherical particles and long cylindrical domains. The mechanical behavior, including the high-temperature dynamic viscoelastic behavior and low-temperature fracture toughness, increased with polyolefin content, but was insensitive to the particle morphology.     

Preparation and power consumption of surfactant-fuel oil-water emulsions using axial, radial, and mixed flow impellers

Surfactant-oil-water emulsions could have applications in enhanced oil recovery and the bio-desulfurization process applied to crude oil and some fractions. A simple way to prepare oil in water (O/W) emulsions is using a tank and an agitation device. The aim of this work is to propose a technology to prepare surfactant-fuel oil-water emulsions by means of a system involving a tank equipped with baffles, and an agitation device. The employed fuel oil was a high-viscosity fraction, which makes it difficult to handle. Axial, radial, and mixed flow impellers were assessed in the preparation of O/W emulsions, with and without the presence of baffles. Sixteen commercial surfactants were evaluated on the O/W emulsion formation. The effect of the storage temperature on the emulsions stability was assessed. The presence of salt on the surfactant-fuel oil-water emulsion was also investigated. Power vs. Reynolds numbers, extremely important data for the scaling up of the process, were calculated in basis of the power drawn when preparing the emulsions. Total consumption energy applied to the system, as well as pumping capacity were measured and related to the quality of the O/W emulsions obtained.     

多尺度研究油水乳状液稳定性的技术进展

油水乳状液在石油化工、食品、医药等领域有广泛的应用,其中乳状液的稳定性一直是人们研究的热点。本文回顾了近年来乳状液稳定性的研究方法,从宏观相分离、介观液滴粒度及微观界面膜稳定性3个不同尺度对油水乳状液稳定性研究技术的进展进行综述,并简要比较了同尺度不同研究方法的优劣。宏观尺度上,稳定性分析仪和低场核磁共振的引入使得乳状液相分离过程的表征更加准确便捷;介观尺度上,通过对分散相表征结果的拟合计算实现对乳状液液滴粒度的原位表征;微观尺度上,微量吸液管技术、显微观测等表征技术的发展和引入使得界面膜的机械强度、厚度及形态结构三方面的研究更加深入,从而更加直接准确地表征界面膜的稳定性。此外,本文还重点对综合运用不同尺度研究方法全面深入探究乳状液稳定机制进行了论述,并指出原位表征技术是乳状液稳定性研究方法的重要发展方向。