考虑钢材锈蚀的桥梁焊接节点概率疲劳寿命评估

由于循环外荷载和腐蚀性环境的共同作用,近海桥梁结构易受疲劳破坏.本文提出了一种考虑钢材锈蚀的桥梁结构改进疲劳可靠度评估模型,并基于青马大桥长期结构健康监测数据对其典型焊接节点的概率疲劳寿命进行了评估.通过建立有效截面衰减模型和材料疲劳性能退化函数,利用Miner损伤累积准则的连续概率函数表达式,提出了考虑钢材锈蚀的疲劳可靠度解析模型.同时考虑交通载荷(包括汽车载荷和火车载荷)和台风影响,通过统计分析长期应变监测数据建立了标准日应力谱.采用有限混合分布方法及基于遗传算法的混合参数估计算法,得到了标准日应力谱多模态有限混合分布函数.比较分析了考虑和未考虑钢材锈蚀的焊接节点疲劳寿命失效概率和可靠度指标,研究结果表明钢材锈蚀因素对桥梁焊接节点的疲劳可靠度评估结果有较大影响.     

钢桥疲劳荷载效应监测数据概率建模与疲劳可靠性分析方法

疲劳荷载效应的概率模型是钢桥疲劳极限状态方程的关键内容。针对钢桥疲劳荷载效应监测数据的多峰分布特征,提出基于高斯混合模型的监测数据概率建模方法。首先,构造疲劳荷载效应观测数据的完整似然函数,在此基础上采用Expectation Maximum算法对高斯混合模型的权重、均值及方差等参数进行迭代估计。同时,采用信息统计学中的AIC和BIC准则来确定高斯混合模型的最优高斯分量数,以此来兼顾概率模型的准确性和简洁性。研究发现,高斯混合模型可以较好地描述日等效应力范围和循环次数的多峰分布特征。最后,采用荷载效应的高斯混合模型建立钢桥疲劳极限状态方程,在此基础上分析润扬大桥钢箱梁3个焊缝细节的疲劳可靠度。     

大跨度斜拉桥扁平钢箱梁的多尺度可靠度分析研究

以润扬大桥斜拉桥为分析对象,提出了扁平钢箱梁结构的多尺度可靠度分析方法。采用子结构方法将扁平钢箱梁整体结构尺度模型和局部构件尺度模型相互衔接,在此基础上采用改进响应面法分析了扁平钢箱梁结构的静力可靠度。分析结果表明：①采用改进响应面法能有效地解决传统响应面法存在的收敛失败和计算误差大的缺点;②采用钢箱梁多尺度模型可以较准确地计算斜拉桥在活荷载作用下的静力可靠指标;③钢箱梁活荷载的分布方式和斜拉桥的几何非线性对斜拉桥静力可靠度具有较大的影响;④采用钢箱梁多尺度模型,可以较真实地研究钢箱梁局部构件损伤对斜拉桥静力可靠度的影响。钢箱梁局部构件损伤对斜拉桥静力可靠指标的影响程度要明显大于对斜拉桥静力特性的影响。因此,在斜拉桥钢箱梁的可靠度设计与状态评估中需要计入结构多尺度效应的影响。     

苏通大桥钢箱梁仰角焊缝焊接工艺及疲劳性能研究

通过苏通大桥钢箱梁仰角焊缝的焊接工艺及疲劳性能研究,确定了一种钢箱梁仰角焊缝的焊接工艺方法,可为公路斜拉桥类似结构的焊接提供参考。     

温度和车载对钢桥面板疲劳效应的影响分析

在服役环境和荷载作用下,正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳损伤会严重影响到桥梁结构安全。钢桥面板的疲劳荷载效应与温度、车辆荷载之间有着显著的关联性,需要深入研究温度与车辆荷载共同作用对钢桥面板焊接细节疲劳荷载效应的影响。以润扬大桥悬索桥的钢桥面板为研究对象,提出车辆荷载和温度共同作用下疲劳荷载效应的分析方法。为充分考虑温度对铺装层的影响,建立带铺装层的钢桥面板疲劳分析有限元模型。研究随机车辆荷载作用下的疲劳应力时程计算方法,包括车辆荷载作用的随机模拟方法和车辆荷载作用下的疲劳应力时程计算方法。在此基础上,借助标准疲劳车辆荷载模型,研究了温度和随机车辆荷载对疲劳荷载效应的影响。     

风荷载作用下斜拉桥拉索疲劳可靠性分析

以某斜拉桥为研究背景,对风载作用下斜拉桥拉索疲劳可靠性和疲劳损伤进行分析。首先依据当地风速统计资料获得桥梁模拟点的风速时程,对影响桥梁抖振作用下的风荷载进行计算;然后采用自编的风桥动力响应程序,得到风荷载作用下部分斜拉索的应力时程;基于构件累积损伤理论,得到拉索的疲劳可靠度和疲劳损伤。结果表明:风荷载对长索的损伤影响程度较短索大,抖振作用下,拉索的可靠度都满足使用要求,疲劳寿命满足设计要求,拉索不会破坏。     

斜拉桥钢桥面板细节疲劳分析

正交异性钢桥面板存在大量焊接疲劳薄弱坏节,活载反复作用下容易发生疲劳破坏,国内外针对钢桥面板的力学性能及细节疲劳研究主要考虑第二结构体系效应,通过混合有限元方法模拟斜拉桥第一结构体系效应对疲劳应力的影响,以全梁段板壳单元代替相应位置的鱼骨主梁,采用蒙特·卡洛方法模拟车流,加载于疲劳细节的应力影响面,选用Eurocode疲劳曲线验算各疲劳细节的累积损伤,结果表明受压梁段由于第一体系效应影响可不进行疲劳验算,而对受拉梁段钢桥面系进行疲劳评估时可以忽略全桥结构体系效应的影响.     

桥面铺装对正交异性钢桥面板疲劳性能的影响效应研究

为研究桥面铺装温度、表面不平顺度及车速等关键因素对正交异性钢桥面板纵肋与顶板焊接细节疲劳损伤的影响,提出考虑铺装层效应的车桥耦合动力模型,并采用健康监测实测数据对所提出的理论模型进行验证。在此基础上,以珠江口某超大跨径悬索桥正交异性钢桥面板为研究对象,量化各关键影响因素对其纵肋与顶板焊接细节的疲劳损伤累积效应的影响,并确定关键参数对疲劳损伤动力放大系数。研究结果表明:车桥耦合动力模型可以用于铺装层温度和车速等关键影响因素对疲劳损伤的影响效应;当桥面铺装温度为70℃且路面状况较差时,实际疲劳损伤为传统分析方法所得疲劳损伤的2. 5倍;该悬索桥正交异性钢桥面板在夏季最高气温时,钢桥面板实际疲劳损伤为基于传统分析方法所得疲劳损伤的2. 25倍,夏季某天平均的实际疲劳损伤为传统方法分析所得的1. 48倍;冬季某天平均的实际疲劳损伤为传统方法分析所得的0. 77。     

铁路桥梁设计中的疲劳可靠性理论

本文主要介绍了铁路钢桥疲劳可靠性的研究成果,其中包括疲劳荷载及标准荷载效应比频谱的制定,疲劳抗力的研究,疲劳验算方法及表达式,现有桥梁疲劳可靠度评估和新建桥梁目标可靠度的建议。采用新理论进行疲劳检算,不仅可以估计结构完成预定功能的概念,而且能平衡结构中每个构造细节的功能要求水平,对结构的安全与经济都有十分重要的意义。     

车辆荷载作用下斜拉索疲劳可靠度分析

针对桥梁疲劳损伤累积过程中的大量不确定性因素,基于Miner线性累积损伤理论提出车辆荷载作用下大跨斜拉桥的疲劳可靠度评估方法。通过"影响面"计算得到车辆荷载作用下各斜拉索的时点应力,采用"雨流计数法"统计斜拉索的应力幅和循环次数。在此基础上,对车辆荷载作用下斜拉索的疲劳可靠度进行分析。结果表明:斜拉索应力随机过程可采用Poisson过程描述;车辆荷载作用下的斜拉索疲劳可靠指标为7.19~17.57,靠近索塔处的斜拉索疲劳可靠指标较大,远离索塔处的斜拉索疲劳可靠指标较小。     

Fatigue reliability analysis of steel bridge details based on field-monitored data and linear elastic fracture mechanics

This article presents the fatigue reliability analysis of welded details of a 40-year old steel box-girder bridge, based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and the long-term stress monitoring. The fatigue crack growth is described by using the LEFM, based on which the ultimate limit state is established as a function of the crack size. Effective stress ranges are obtained from daily stress range histograms, and lognormal probability density functions (PDFs) are used to model the uncertainties in stress data. Details at discontinuous backing bar splices, which have not been explicitly listed in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specification, and the welded details at the base of bridge bents are evaluated on their fatigue reliabilities. It is found that the backing bar splice detail may have high fatigue reliability, considering that low stress ranges and small number of cycles occurred in the monitoring period. For the weld detail at the base of bent, stress ranges higher than the constant amplitude fatigue limit (CAFL) existed, and currently the reliability indexes are all below the target value, showing that maintenance or retrofit actions may be required. For the details at the upper base of bridge bents, sufficient reliabilities are expected throughout the service life.     

沪通铁路长江大桥主梁新细节疲劳性能试验研究

为了研究沪通铁路长江大桥主梁桁架斜腹杆过焊孔焊接细节的疲劳性能,根据相似理论设计了疲劳试验 模型,并完成了3组（9个）试件的疲劳试验研究。试验中测得了各个试件在不同应力幅值下的疲劳寿命与应变状 态;并建立试件的有限元模型对比分析试验结果。试验结果表明：疲劳试验中每个试件的裂纹扩展与破坏模式具 有一致性;有限元计算结果与试验测试结果吻合良好,且误差均在15%以内;通过试验数据拟合得到过焊孔构造 细节的S-N曲线,其斜率为1/2.66,与Eurocode3的71焊接细节S-N曲线存在一定的差异;失效概率为2.3%的200万 次对应的该焊接细节疲劳应力幅值为37.89MPa。     

Fatigue and fracture simulation of welded bridge details through a bi-linear crack growth law

This paper deals with the application of a probabilistic fracture mechanics approach to predict the fatigue life of welded steel details in the presence of cracks under bridge spectrum loading. It is based on a recently proposed bi-linear relationship to model fatigue crack growth and incorporates a failure criterion to describe the interaction between fracture and plastic collapse. The formulation leading to the expected number of cycles to failure is first outlined, followed by a simple example on a butt-welded detail. Uncertainty modelling, especially on fatigue crack growth parameters, is undertaken with the aid of recently published data in support of the bi-linear crack growth relationship. Results pertaining to fatigue reliability and fatigue crack size evolution are presented using simulation with Latin Hypercube Sampling, and emphasis is placed on a comparison between linear and bi-linear crack growth models. The latter is found to lead to higher fatigue life estimates and significantly different crack size distributions, both of which have implications on inspection schemes for steel bridge components.     

Transforming reliability limit-state constraints into deterministic limit-state constraints

This research proposes an efficient methodology that can transform a reliability limit-state constraint into a deterministic limit-state constraint. This new method may have broad applications in reliability-based design and optimization. The method is based on subset simulation and is applicable to general systems, e.g. linear or nonlinear systems and static and dynamical systems with high-dimensional uncertainties. Once the reliability constraint is transformed into a deterministic one, it is no longer necessary to conduct reliability analyses to verify the former. This can potentially save lots of computational time during the process of reliability-based design and optimization. The main idea of the new method is the introduction of the limit-state factor and nominal limit-state function, from which a deterministic nominal limit-state constraint is established. We propose two methods of establishing this nominal constraint, and they are verified with several simulated examples, showing that the established nominal constraint is indeed a satisfactory approximation of the target reliability constraint. Finally, we propose a simplified procedure requiring only two reliability analyses that can effectively transform reliability constraints into deterministic nominal constraints.     

The fatigue behaviour of welded web attachments

Several superstructures located in the United States contain welded web details possessing low fatigue resistance. The cracking of several steel pier bents on the Dan Ryan Rapid Transit Line in Chicago and small cracks observed in other bridges with similar details has demonstrated that this is true. The objective of this paper is to examine the fatigue resistance of two commonly used web attachments. The first attachment considers a flange plate passing through the web of a girder and attached by welds on one or both sides. The second detail considers flange plates welded on both sides of the girder web.The stress distribution along the eventual crack path is used to predict the fatigue resistance of these details. The predicted fatigue resistance under cyclic load for the detail without web penetration and for details which penetrate relatively thin webs and were attached by welds on each side were in good agreement with other test results on long attachments. The predictions and test results fall within the fatigue limits of cover-plated beam data used to derive design provisions for the AASHTO Bridge Specification (Category). Tests with web penetrations in girders with thick webs typically gave results much more severe. This can mainly be attributed to lack of fusion in the web behind the weld and its adverse affect on the stresses in the weld. The applicability of Category E to such details is dependent upon the thickness of the web to which it is attached and the size of the welds used to connect the flange to the girder web that it passes through.     

Statistical analysis of online strain response and its application in fatigue assessment of a long-span steel bridge

This paper covers reliability assessment of the fatigue life of a bridge-deck section based on the statistical analysis of the strain–time histories measured by the structural health monitoring system permanently installed on the long-span steel bridge under study. Through statistical analysis of online strain responses in the frequency domain using multiple linear regression, a representative block of daily cycles of strain history is obtained. It is further assumed that all cycles of online strain response during bridge service are repetitions of the representative block. The rain-flow counting method is then used to determine the stress spectrum of the representative block of daily cycles. The primary assessment of fatigue life at a given value of failure probability is undertaken for the sample component in a bridge-deck section by using the classification of details for welded bridge components and the associated statistical fatigue model provided by the British Standard BS5400. In order to evaluate bridge fatigue at any value of failure probability, a modified probability model is proposed based on BS5400. The fatigue life of the considered component in the bridge-deck section is then evaluated for some other values of probability of failure which are not included in BS5400 by use of the modified probability model. The analytical results show that the modified model is practical for reliable evaluation of the service life of existing bridges under random traffic loading.     

移动荷载作用下双参数弹性地基板动力响应分析

同时考虑干扰源的运动性和随机性,对双参数弹性地基上的无限大Kirchhoff薄板的动力响应进行了研究。获得了运动的确定性和随机性的点源作用下双参数弹性地基上无限大Kirchhoff薄板的Green函数、脉冲响应函数、频率响应函数和位移场的理论解。详细分析了随机动力响应的时域统计特性。在随机性问题的研究中,发现地面系统对运动平稳随机载荷作用下的随机响应不再是平稳过程。为今后进行地面结构可靠度设计和疲劳设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

采用损伤力学-有限元法预估钢桥梁焊接构件疲劳寿命

采用损伤力学有限元全耦合方法对钢梁焊接构件的疲劳寿命进行分析,并将分析方法嵌入大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS用户接口里,便于对工程结构疲劳损伤累积过程进行分析。分别以线性米勒准则和高周疲劳损伤演化方程为疲劳损伤演化规律,对青马大桥纵向加劲桁架整体节点进行疲劳损伤全耦合分析,计算构件焊缝处的疲劳损伤演化过程并预测其相应的寿命。     

A Kriging-based hybrid optimization algorithm for slope reliability analysis

First, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was used to optimize the Kriging model. A typical example was given to validate a good function fitting performance of the ABC-optimized Kriging model. Next, a structural reliability optimization method was proposed on the basis of the Kriging surrogate model, combined with the artificial bee colony optimization method and penalty function method. A nonlinear limit-state function example was provided to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the hybrid algorithm by comparing the algorithm’s solution with the exact solution of the example. Finally, the proposed method was applied to earth slope reliability analysis using a commercial finite difference program to calculate the slope’s factor of safety. Comparison of the results between the proposed method and the other methods shows that the proposed algorithm is the most suitable for slope reliability analysis.