加速器中子源大厅内散射中子分布的模拟

本文针对加速器中子源可在较宽能量区间产生单能中子的特点,采用MCNP5对0.2～20 MeV的源中子在加速器中子源大厅内的散射情况进行模拟计算和分析。结果表明,直射中子通量随离源距离的增大呈平方反比衰减,散射中子通量则随离源距离的增大而几乎保持不变;大厅内的散射中子主要来自墙壁的贡献,离墙壁越近散射率越高。能量为0.4 MeV和1 MeV的源中子散射率最高,10 MeV和15 MeV的源中子散射率最低。用中子的宏观散射截面可较好解释散射率模拟结果,中子的弹性散射截面远大于非弹性散射截面,因此弹性散射起主导作用。中子能量大于1 MeV后,散射截面随中子能量增加而减小直至进入一段坪区,散射率也随之降低并进入坪区。结合待测位置处直射、散射中子通量和不同能量的散射中子份额的计算,能解释能量较高的源中子散射率较低的现象。通过在墙壁表面附上一层中子慢化吸收材料的方法可有效减弱中子散射,如5 cm的含硼聚乙烯(10%B_4C)可降低散射率约40%。     

电子直线加速器驱动的光中子源装置的研制

核反应堆的安全运行、新一代反应堆设计以及核废料处理等需要精确的中子核数据。光中子源联用飞行时间谱(Time of Flight,TOF)测量是最精确的中子能量测量技术,在热中子和共振中子能区的截面测量中发挥了非常重要的作用。钍基熔盐堆(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor,TMSR)项目中15 MeV电子加速器驱动的光中子源装置(TMSR Photo-Neutron Source Phase 1,TPNS1)是专为钍-铀循环核数据测量设计和建造的,它位于中国科学院上海应用物理研究所嘉定园区内。第一阶段采用15 MeV电子直线加速器(LINAC)驱动,第二阶段拟建造电子能量约100 MeV(TPNS2)驱动的光中子源。前者建成后可提供飞行路径5 m、通量约104 n·s-1·cm-2的连续能量中子束(白光中子)及约1 MeV低能伽马射线,它们分别用于测量中子反应截面和伽马辐照研究,这是国内首台用于核数据测量的白光中子源。     

加速器周围散射中子的测定

散射中子比值可通过计算和实测得到。但因计算误差较大,所以用散射锥体挡住直射中子,再测量中子场周围的散射中子的方法是比较好的。 14MeV中子的减弱过程可表示为φ=φ_0exp(-ΣRd)。式中φ_0和φ分别为原有的和经减弱后的中子通量,cm~(-2)·s~(-1);ΣR为屏蔽物的总吸收截面,cm~(-1);d为屏蔽物     

用散射中子测量管道油垢厚度的实验与模拟

由~(241)Am-Be中子源、锂玻璃探测器和微机多道谱仪等组成的实验装置,测量了不同石蜡(模拟油垢)厚度的散射中子计数.同时用蒙特卡罗模拟,分别对~(241)Am-Be中子源、~(252)Cf中子源和14MeV中子源,计算得到了相似几何条件下,对应于不同石蜡(模拟油垢)厚度的散射中子计数.在模拟计算中,考虑了锂玻璃探测器的探测效率.对实验和模拟计算的结果进行了比较和讨论.     

加速器中子源大厅内散射中子分布的模拟

本文针对加速器中子源可在较宽能量区间产生单能中子的特点，采用MCNP5对0.2～20 MeV的源中子在加速器中子源大厅内的散射情况进行模拟计算和分析。结果表明，直射中子通量随离源距离的增大呈平方反比衰减，散射中子通量则随离源距离的增大而几乎保持不变；大厅内的散射中子主要来自墙壁的贡献，离墙壁越近散射率越高。能量为0.4 MeV和1 MeV的源中子散射率最高，10 MeV和15 MeV的源中子散射率最低。用中子的宏观散射截面可较好解释散射率模拟结果，中子的弹性散射截面远大于非弹性散射截面，因此弹性散射起主导作用。中子能量大于1 MeV后，散射截面随中子能量增加而减小直至进入一段坪区，散射率也随之降低并进入坪区。结合待测位置处直射、散射中子通量和不同能量的散射中子份额的计算，能解释能量较高的源中子散射率较低的现象。通过在墙壁表面附上一层中子慢化吸收材料的方法可有效减弱中子散射，如5 cm的含硼聚乙烯（10%B4C）可降低散射率约40%。     

凸度测量过程中点扩展函数的蒙特卡罗模拟与解析表达研究

散射校正是高精度凸度测量中的技术难点。本文采用点扩展函数(PSF)理想模型估计的方法,建立了点扩展函数的蒙特卡罗(MC)计算模型,分析了PSF随射线能量和钢板厚度的变化关系,并提出用多个单能的线性组合来代替连续能谱计算的方法,取得了较好的效果。采用双高斯函数模型,结合蒙特卡罗模拟的计算结果,对凸度测量系统的单能点扩展函数进行了解析求解,并给出0.18MeV射线下,凸度测量系统PSF的解析公式,为凸度测量系统的散射校正奠定了基础。     

γ射线探测器能量响应标定技术

叙述了γ射线探测器能量响应的标定原理和方法，即利用Compton散射将强⁶⁰Co源的1.25MeVγ射线转换为0.36~1.02MeV(25°~90°)范围内任意能量的系列单能γ射线；采用辐射屏蔽技术和提高能量分辨率方法对γ射线探测器进行了该能区的能量响应标定；通过MCNP程序对探测器的能量沉积趋势和不同散射角散射γ射线的能量分布进行模拟计算。结果表明：该标定系统信噪比达到了20∶1左右，能量分辨率约为6%，0.66MeV的灵敏度与标准¹³⁷Cs源直照标定的灵敏度基本一致。     

φ60mm×600μm硅PIN探测器γ灵敏度和时间响应测量

φ60mm×600μm硅PIN半导体探测器是近年国内新研制的大面积高灵敏度探测器,用1013Bq级的60Coγ放射源测量了该类探测器的60Co γ灵敏度,用CΓC脉冲辐射源(约0.2MeV)测量了该类探测器的时间响应.实验和理论计算表明:该类探测器的60Co γ灵敏度约为5 fC*cm2/MeV.脉冲响应上升时间约为10ns,脉冲响应半高宽约为35ns.     

用4道脉冲幅度甄别器[φ4×4英寸 NaI(Tl)为探测器]测量环境天然辐射水平

本文主要介绍以φ4×4英寸 NaI(Tl)为探测器的4道脉冲甄别器,用以测量和区分包括宇宙射线在内的不同成分的环境天然辐射水平的方法。4道:Disr、Ch1、Ch2、Ch3的甄别阈范围设定为使其能记录的γ射线的能量范围(主要包括天然辐射成分)依次约为0.58MeV—∞(~(40)K、铀、钍系核素的γ射线,宇宙射线)、2.0—4.2MeV(铀系~(214)Bi 中能量为2.2MeV 的γ射线,钍系~(208)Tl 中能量为2.61MeV 的γ射线,少量低能宇宙射线)、>4.2 MeV(除少量低能宇宙射线外的全部宇宙射线)、>12.5MeV(能量较高的宇宙射线)。用此方法在中国辐射防护研究院低本底放射性实验室和地下铁室进行了测量,评价了地下铁室的屏蔽效果。文中还给出了在广州—太原和北京—大阪航线的飞机上的测量结果。     

2H(d,n)3He核反应中子注量的伴随粒子法测量

^2H(d,n)^3He核反应单能中子源广泛应用于MeV中子的散射和极化实验。采用伴随粒子法测量中子注量，用Si半导体探测器测量^3He粒子，用0.8μm Al箔来屏蔽散射的d束，系统可很好地分辨^3He,d,T和p，可测d^ 束能量到165keV，测量结果与用NE213探测器的结果相比较，一致性好于97％。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

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<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-