Implications of optical properties of ocean, lake, and ice for ultrahigh-energy neutrino detection

The collecting power and imaging ability of planned ultrahigh-energy neutrino observatories depend on wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering coefficients for the detector medium. Published data are compiled for deep ice at the South Pole, for deep fresh water at Lake Baikal, and for deep seawater. The effective scattering coefficient is smallest for the clearest deep ocean sites, whereas the absorption coefficient is an order of magnitude smaller for deep ice than for the ocean and lake sites. The effective volume per detector element as a function of energy is calculated for electromagnetic cascades produced by electron neutrinos interacting at the various sites. It is largest for deep bubble-free ice, smallest for shallow bubbly ice, and intermediate for lake and seawater. The effective volume per element is calculated for detection of positrons resulting from the capture of a few megaelectron volt supernova neutrinos by protons in the medium. This volume is proportional to the absorption length and independent of the scattering length; it is larger for ice than for seawater or lake water.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸法舒地尔中有机溶剂残留量

本文应用顶空进样方式,DB-624毛细管柱分离,FID检测器,外标法定量测定盐酸法舒地尔中乙醚,甲醇,二氯甲烷残留量,结果3个组分完全分离.分离度为甲醇,乙醚之间为19.0,乙醚和二氯甲烷之间为20.8.在所考察的线性范嗣内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r分别为甲醇0.9993,乙醚为0.9997,二氯甲烷为0.9963...     

Amplitude-squared and amplitude-cubed squeezing in stimulated Raman and in spontaneous Raman scattering

Coherent light coupled to a third-order nonlinear medium is responsible for spontaneous and for stimulated Raman processes. The analytical solutions up to second order in coupling constants of various field modes for spontaneous Raman and for stimulated Raman processes are utilized to obtain the amplitude-squared and amplitude-cubed squeezing of the input coherent light. The amplitude-squared and amplitude-cubed squeezing are completely ruled out for all modes for spontaneous Raman processes. For stimulated Raman processes, we observe that the squeezing for amplitude-squared and amplitude-cubed are possible for pump and for vibrational phonon modes. It is found that the percentage of higher ordered amplitude squeezing decreases with the increase of the orders. The squeezing in Stokes and in anti-Stokes modes are ruled out even for stimulated Raman processes.     

The insulation of freezers and refrigerators— how thick should it be?

Calculations are presented for the insulation losses for a range of sizes of domestic freezers and refrigerators with different insulation thicknesses. Power consumptions are also evaluated allowing for other losses, such as around doors, for a normal load pattern, and for compressor efficiencies. It is shown that the scope for power savings with increased insulation is only about 20% for freezers and 30% for refrigerators.     

金属材料试样制备与力学性能试验结果的相关性 第一讲 试样的取样部位及机加工与力学性能试验结果的相关性

介绍了金属材料试样制备与力学性能试验结果的相关性。对国家标准中关于力学性能试验试样取样和机加工的要求、力学试验取样和制样过程中需要注意的问题、机加工质量的检验等问题进行了讨论。结果表明金属材料试验试样的制备与力学性能试验的结果有着非常密切的相关性,由于这个原因,力学试验试样的取样和机加工必须严格按照国家标准的要求进行,机加工后必须检验加工质量,以保证力学试验结果的正确性。     

Terrestrial gamma radioactivity levels and their corresponding extent exposure of environmental samples from Wadi El Assuity protective area, Assuit, Upper Egypt

Representative environmental samples (sandy soil, limestone, marble and gravels) collected from Wadi El Assuity, protective area, Assuit governorate in Upper Egypt have been investigated radiometrically using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The specific activity of the radionuclides in Bq kg?1 for soil ranged between 10.5 and 18.7 for 22?Ra, 1.5 to 4.6 for 232Th and from 94 to 107 for ??K, for limestone ranged between 19 and 27.1 for 22?Ra, 32.9 to 50 for 232Th and from 49 to 7 3 for ??K, where, for marble ranged between 12.2 and 30.7 for 22?Ra, 32.6 to 59.5 for 232Th and 55 to 70 for ??K and for gravels ranged between 7.8 and 21.8 for 22?Ra, 19.8 to 30.0 for 232Th and from 151 to 260 for ??K. The mean activity concentrations of measured radionuclides were compared with other literature values. The absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity and external hazard index were calculated and compared with internationally recommended values. The gamma absorbed dose rates in the samples ranged between 8.44 and 50.89 nGy h?1. These dose rates are consistent with the accepted worldwide average 55 nGy h?1 for the public. All values obtained for radium equivalent activity are < 370 Bq kg?1, which are acceptable for safe use. The calculated values of external hazard index obtained varied from 0.12 to 0.24. Since these values are lower than unity, one can say that the radiation hazard is insignificant for the population living in the investigated area. This permits the use of these materials sediments as building materials in any probable development projects at this area.     

Metrological Support to Oil Product Metering with Stationary and Transportable Capacity Measures

The state of the art and upgrading prospects are considered for metrological support to accounting for oil products. There is a need for methods of measuring level, temperature, volume, density, and mass for oil products and for the creation of computerized installations for checking stationary and transportable capacity measures.     

Patient skin dosimetry in haemodynamic and electrophysiology interventional cardiology

With the increase in number and complexity of interventional cardiology (IC) procedures, it is important to monitor skin dose in order to decrease skin injuries. This study investigated radiation doses for patients undergoing IC procedures, compare results with the literature and define a local dose-area product trigger level for operators to identify situations likely to exceed the threshold for transient skin erythema of 2 Gy. Dosimetric data were collected for 77 haemodynamic and 90 electrophysiological procedures. Mean maximum local skin doses (MSDs) were 0.28 Gy for coronary angiography, 1.03 Gy for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 0.03 Gy for pacemaker insertion, 0.17 Gy for radiofrequency ablation for nodal tachycardia, 0.10 Gy for WPW and 0.22 Gy for atrial flutter. Since MSD values for the other procedures were well below the deterministic effect limit, a trigger level of 140 Gy cm2 was derived for PTCA procedures alone.     

Suggested diagnostic reference levels for paediatric X-ray examinations in India

Exposure of children to ionising radiation is considered to carry higher risk than that of adults; therefore a need to suggest diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the common paediatric diagnostic X-ray procedures was recognised for the X-ray machines meeting the requirements of the recently implemented Safety Code for Medical Diagnostic X-ray Equipment and Installations in India. Measurements were carried out for entrance surface air kerma (free in air) in conventional paediatric X-ray diagnostic examinations among four age groups: <1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-15 y. A total of 2240 air kerma measurements at different fixed focus to skin distances were studied for 7 paediatric diagnostic examinations with 11 different projections on 62 X-ray machines installed in 22 selected hospitals in the country. The third quartile values of air kerma per paediatric examination for the age group of 5-9 y were considered as values of paediatric DRLs. The suggested values of DRLs are 0.2 mGy for chest AP/PA, 0.3 mGy for chest LAT, 0.7 mGy for lumber spine AP, 1.3 mGy for lumber spine LAT, 0.3 mGy for thoracic spine AP, 0.6 mGy for thoracic spine LAT, 0.5 mGy for abdomen AP, 0.7 mGy for pelvis AP, 0.6 mGy for skull PA, 0.5 mGy for skull LAT and 0.8 mGy for hip joints AP.     

Consistency of MGEX Orbit and Clock Products

The analysis centers of the Multi-GNSS Pilot Project of the International GNSS Service provide orbit and clock products for the global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) Global Positioning System (GPS), GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, as well as for the Japanese regional Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). Due to improved solar radiation pressure modeling and other more sophisticated models, the consistency of these products has improved in recent years. The current orbit consistency between different analysis centers is on the level of a few centimeters for GPS, around one decimeter for GLONASS and Galileo, a few decimeters for BeiDou-2, and several decimeters for QZSS. The clock consistency is about 2 cm for GPS, 5 cm for GLONASS and Galileo, and 10 cm for BeiDou-2. In terms of carrier phase modeling error for precise point positioning, the various products exhibit consistencies of 2–3 cm for GPS, 6–14 cm for GLONASS, 3–10 cm for Galileo, and 10–17 cm for BeiDou-2.     

钛合金技术引进中的知识产权分析研究

通过分析新型材料中钛合金材料专利与非专利技术的现状与发展,尤其针对钛合金技术专利申请情况、关键技术引进状态、关键技术分布、重点专利等,提出了钛合金材料关键技术的引进方向及知识产权保护策略,同时为该领域的研究与发展、专利风险规避和预警提供可靠的专利技术情报支撑。调研了国内武器装备钛合金关键技术引进现状及知识产权保护情况,重点开展了钛合金技术国内外专利情况分析以及关键技术引进中的知识产权保护现状分析,并通过图表的形式,明确了钛合金技术在引进过程中的可行性。研究成果可应用于武器装备新型材料的研发,为装备新型材料先进技术引进或借鉴提供依据。     

A model for the transfer of alkaline earth elements to the fetus.

A biokinetic model has been developed for the transfer of calcium, strontium, barium and radium to the human fetus. For the mother, ICRP models were adapted for pregnancy to include increases in gastrointestinal absorption, urinary excretion and bone turnover rates. The fetus was modelled with blood, soft tissue and bone compartments. Fetal requirements for Ca were determined by skeletal calcification, and recyling between fetal and maternal blood was inlcluded. Daily transfer of Sr, Ba and Ra to the fetus was taken to be lower than for Ca by factors of 0.6 for Sr and 0.4 for Ba and Ra. For acute intakes in late pregnancy at 35 weeks after conception, when maximum transfer occurs, the model predicts whole-body fetus:mother concentration ratios (C(F):C(M)) of 18 for Ca, 8 for Sr and 2 for Ba and Ra, respectively. Estimates of committed equivalent doses to the red bone marrow of offspring, including in utero and postnatal dose, after maternal ingestion in late pregnancy, were greater than corresponding doses in adults by factors of 20-31 for 45Ca, 2-3 for 90Sr and 3-4 for 226Ra but slightly lower (0.8-1.9) for 133Ba.     

Occupational exposure to staff during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Sudan

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure is an invasive technique that requires fluoroscopic and radiographic exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the occupational dose of ionising radiation at three gastroenterology departments (Fedial, Soba and Ibn seena hospitals) in Khartoum, Sudan. The radiation dose was measured during 55 therapeutic ERCP procedures. Thermoluminescence dosemeters were used. The mean radiation dose for the first operator was 0.27 mGy for the eye lens, 0.21 for the thyroid, 0.32 for the chest, 0.17 for the hand and 0.22 for the leg. The mean radiation dose for the second operator was 0.21 mGy for the hand and 0.20 mGy for the chest, while the mean radiation dose for the nurse was 0.44 mGy for the hand and 0.19 for the chest. The radiation dose received by the staff in these hospitals was found to be higher than most of the values in the literature. The radiation absorbed dose received by the different organs is relatively low. Additional studies need to be conducted for radiation dose optimisation.     

Schichten über Schichten

Films over films: innovative coatings for complex applications Thin films and coatings have developed as a prerequisite for many technical applications. In this paper, some applications for electrical, electronic, biomedical and optical applications are presented. In this contribution, examples for coatings for conductive and transparent films in photovoltaics, films for biomedical electrodes, for semiconductor contacts and for high‐temperature contacts are presented and discussed. The films are prepared by magnetron‐sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. The influence of the processing parameters on the functional properties of the films is presented.     

Spectral reflectance and responsivity of Ge- and InGaAs-photodiodes in the near-infrared: measurement and model

The spectral reflectance and responsivity of Ge- and InGaAs-photodiodes at (nearly) normal and oblique incidence (45 degrees) were investigated. The derived data allow a calculation of the photodiodes responsivities for any incident angle. The measurements were carried out with s- and p-polarized radiation in the wavelength range from 1260 to 1640 nm. The spectral reflectance of the photodiodes was modeled by using the matrix approach developed for thin-film optical assemblies. The comparison between the calculated and measured reflectance shows a difference of less than 2% for the Ge-photodiode. For the InGaAs-photodiode, the differences between measured and calculated reflectance are larger, i.e., up to 6% for wavelengths between 1380 and 1580 nm. Despite the larger differences between calculated and measured spectral reflectances for the InGaAs-photodiode, the difference between calculated and measured spectral responsivity is even smaller for the InGaAs-photodiode than for the Ge-photodiode, i.e., < or =1.2% for the InGaAs-photodiode compared to < or =2.2% for the Ge-photodiode. This is because the difference in responsivity is strongly correlated to the absolute spectral reflectance level, which is much lower for the InGaAs-photodiode. This observation also shows the importance of having small reflectances, i.e., appropriate antireflection coatings for the photodiodes. The relative standard uncertainty associated with the modeled spectral responsivity is about 2.2% for the Ge-photodiode and about 1.2% for the InGaAs-photodiode for any incident angle over the whole spectral range measured. The data obtained for the photodiodes allow the calculation of the spectral responsivity of Ge- and InGaAs-trap detectors and the comparison with experimental results.     

Coating material innovation in conjunction with optimized deposition technologies

Concentrating on physical vapour deposition methods several examples of recently developed coating materials for optical applications were studied for film deposition with optimized coating technologies: mixed evaporation materials for ion assisted deposition with modern plasma ion sources, planar metal and oxide sputter targets for Direct Current (DC) and Mid-Frequency (MF) pulsed sputter deposition and planar and rotatable sputter targets of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) for large-area sputter deposition.Films from specially designed titania based mixed evaporation materials deposited with new plasma ion sources and possible operation with pure oxygen showed extended ranges of the ratio between refractive index and structural film stress, hence there is an increased potential for the reduction of the total coating stress in High-Low alternating stacks and for coating plastics.DC and MF-pulsed sputtering of niobium metal and suboxide targets for optical coatings yielded essential benefits of the suboxide targets in a range of practical coating conditions (for absent in-situ post-oxidation ability): higher refractive index and deposition rate, better reproducibility and easier process control, and the potential for co-deposition of several targets.Technological progress in the manufacture of rotatable indium tin oxide (ITO) targets with regard to higher wall-thickness and density was shown to be reflected in higher material stock and coater up-time, economical deposition rates and stable process behaviour. Both for the rotatable ITO targets and higher-dense aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) planar targets values of film transmittance and resistivity were in the range of the best values industrially achieved for films from the respective planar targets. The results for the rotatable ITO and planar AZO targets point to equally optimized process and film properties for the optimized rotatable AZO targets currently in testing.     

Dialysis Staff Time and Supply Cost for the LifeSite System vs. Hemodialysis Catheters

The LifeSite System is a new subcutaneous vascular access option for hemodialysis patients. As the procedure for accessing the LifeSite differs from hemodialysis catheters, we prospectively studied the differences in time required to initiate and discontinue treatments for LifeSite patients compared to patients with hemodialysis catheters. We also collected data on the cost of supplies and the number of alarms during dialysis for both groups. 5 LifeSite and 5 catheter patients were chosen at random for participation in the study. The time required for the ON and OFF procedures was recorded for 3 consecutive dialysis sessions for each patient for a total of 15 observations/group. The average staff time required per session for supply preparation, ON/OFF procedure, dressing changes, and responding to alarms was 15.9 min for the LifeSite and 16.9 min for catheters. Catheter patients experienced 4.5 access-related alarms per session compared to 2.5 access-related alarms per session for LifeSite patients. This increase in the number alarms for catheter patients resulted in an increase in average staff time required to resolve the cause of these alarms vs. LifeSite patients (3.4 vs. 0.87 min/session). There was a minimal difference in the cost of access-related supplies between LifeSite and catheter patients at our center ($3.71 vs. $3.88 per session, respectively) based on dialysis center acquisition costs. This study demonstrates that attaining a critical mass of LifeSite patients in a dialysis unit enables the dialysis staff to develop the skill to initiate and discontinue treatments for patients with the LifeSite in a timeframe similar to that required to do the same for catheter patients. The overall cost of supplies to care for LifeSite patients in a dialysis unit is also similar to those used for catheter patients.     

The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: part i: the prevalence of drug use in drive the drug-positive group

Blood samples from 2,500 injured drivers were analysed for alcohol, cannabinnoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants. Overall, three-quarters of drivers tested negative for drugs. Alcohol was the most frequently detected drug. Cannabinoids were also detected at high rates, but the majority of drivers tested positive for THC-acid, the inactive metabolite of THC. Benzodiazepines and stimulants were detected at low rates, and detection rates for combinations of drugs were also low. Males were more likely to test positive for drugs, especially alcohol and THC, whereas females were more likely to test positive for benzodiazepines. A similar proportion of car drivers and motorcycle riders tested positive for drugs, although riders were more likely to test positive for THC. Single-vehicle crashes were particularly associated with alcohol for both car driver and riders, and for riders, multiple-vehicle crashes were particularly associated with THC.