热处理过程中纯锌镀层的组织转变和表面氧化

采用FE-SEM,EPMA和XRD等分析了纯锌镀层在加热过程中的组织转变和表面氧化。试验结果表明:GI镀层在较低温度加热后,厚度相对原始镀层没有改变,镀层与基板界面明显,高于800℃加热后,镀层厚度大幅增加,镀层/基体界面并不清晰;500℃加热后镀层组织为ζ相和δ相;随着加热温度升高,镀层组织转变为含铁量更高的Γ1相、Γ相和α-Fe(Zn);900℃加热后镀层几乎全为α-Fe(Zn),只在表面存在少量的Γ相;镀层中的铝随着加热温度升高逐渐向镀层表面迁移,900℃加热后铝完全迁移至镀层表面,形成连续的氧化铝层;低温加热后镀层表面只有很少的Fe-Zn相和氧化物。随着加热温度升高,表面的氧和铝含量增加,锌含量降低。900℃加热后,镀层表面存在Γ相、Al2O3和ZnO。     

冷却速度对锌铝镁镀层组织及耐蚀性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、电化学工作站、中性盐雾试验等手段研究了3种不同冷却速度(5℃/s、10℃/s和20℃/s)对锌铝镁镀层组织及耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:热浸镀获得锌铝镁镀层截面组织由块状富Zn相、Zn-MgZn2二元共晶相和细小的Zn-MgZn2-Al三元共晶相组成;随着冷速的提升,锌铝镁镀层表...     

内氧化对热镀锌高强钢镀层/基板界面的影响

 由于高强钢中添加的Si、Mn等合金元素会在退火时会发生选择性氧化,从而影响镀液与带钢之间的润湿性,因此热镀锌高强钢生产存在可镀性的难题。为了提高热镀锌高强钢的镀层附着性,以不同镀层附着性的连续热镀锌0.2%C-1.8%Si-1.8%Mn高强钢为研究对象,采用GD-OES、SEM、FIB、TEM等研究了镀层/基板界面抑制层与基板次表层内氧化层的特征,同时采用模拟退火试验研究了退火气氛露点对内氧化层形成的影响,揭示了退火气氛露点、内氧化层厚度、抑制层覆盖率与镀层附着性之间的相关性。结果表明,该热镀锌高强钢镀层附着性优劣由镀层/基板界面位置抑制层决定,当抑制层覆盖率达到80%以上时,可获得良好的镀层附着性。内氧化层厚度对抑制层覆盖率的影响存在临界厚度,约为0.58 μm。当内氧化层厚度由0逐渐增加至0.58 μm时,抑制层覆盖率由约10%增加至约80%;当内氧化层厚度由0.58进一步增加至3.85 μm时,抑制层覆盖率略有增加,介于80%~90%之间。提高退火气氛露点可以促进基板次表层形成内氧化,在退火温度分别为800和870 ℃、保温时间为120 s、退火气氛为N₂-5% H₂(体积分数)的试验条件下,当退火气氛露点由-40 ℃提高到+10 ℃时,内氧化层厚度由基本为0提高至3~5 μm。为了获得合适的内氧化层厚度,建议将0.2%C-1.8%Si-1.8%Mn高强钢的退火气氛露点控制在-20~-10 ℃范围内。     

使用温度对镀铝锌合金镀层微观结构的影响

采用金相显微镜和电镜研究了铝锌合金镀层钢板在不同温度条件下使用的镀层微观结构.结果表明:在300～450℃的温度范围内长时间使用,镀层表面颜色虽没有变化,但随温度的提高枝晶裂纹逐渐扩展,扩散生成的Al-Si-Fe合金层逐渐由断续分布到连续分布,厚度增加,以致镀层与钢板基体开裂、剥落,耐蚀性能降低.500℃时,镀层很快全部合金化和氧化变色,镀层鼓泡,完全丧失耐蚀性能.     

Al-Ti合金电镀镀层的耐蚀性

研究了不同含钛量的Al Ti合金电镀镀层在 0 5mol/LH2 SO4、0 1 %NaCl、3 5%NaCl水溶液中的耐蚀性能 ,80 0℃抗高温氧化性能以及 30 0℃、5%SO2 气氛下的抗硫化性能 ,并测定了镀层的硬度。Al Ti合金镀层在稀H2 SO4及含Cl- 的溶液中具有优良的耐蚀性能以及具有良好的抗高温氧化性能及耐硫化性能。增加镀层中的含钛量 ,则可进一步提高Al Ti合金镀层的耐蚀性。     

锌铝镁镀层黑变缺陷分析

钢材表面的锌铝镁镀层由于耐蚀性能优秀,近年来国内逐渐开始生产。针对锌铝镁镀层大生产中出现的一种黑变缺陷,采用了X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法进行综合分析,最终确认该缺陷的微观本质表现是铝、镁元素在镀层表层更深的氧化,是带钢镀层表面大尺度上的不均匀氧化的反映。     

三种利用钛的性质和特性的新的表面处理工艺

<正>钛具有较高的比强度、良好的耐蚀性及耐高温性(熔点超过1 650℃),并且可呈+2、+3、+4价态的氧化态,部分可在溶液中以离子态存在,因此可利用钛的这些性质和特性进行表面处理。日本大阪府立大学科研工作者利用钛的性质和特性进行表面处理工艺研究时,获得了三种新的工艺,分别如下。(1)通过化学方法,利用氧化还原离子对Ti3+/Ti4+制备高纯镍镀层。(2)利用氧化还原离子对Ti N/Ti F2-6制备金属纳     

化学镀法制备Ni/TiH2复合粉末的显微组织及其Ni镀层的生长和作用机理

采用化学镀法对TiH2粉末表面镀Ni,制备Ni/TiH2复合粉末。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)及差热分析(DSC/TG)对Ni/TiH2复合粉末进行表征,探索Ni镀层的生长及作用机理,建立镀层在粉末表面的生长模型。结果表明:施镀温度为85℃时Ni/TiH2复合粉末表面Ni层包覆完整,镀层均匀致密,Ni层厚度约为1.0~2.0μm;施镀温度低于65℃时施镀几乎无法进行,而施镀温度高于95℃时,镀层很不均匀,且容易脱落;镀层的生长机制遵循奥斯特瓦尔德(Ostwald ripening)机制;与包覆前TiH2粉末相比,Ni/TiH2复合粉末的释氢反应开始温度由450℃上升至540℃。包覆层可降低TiH2粉末和熔融铝的温度梯度,从而推迟开始释氢的时间。     

水溶液中电沉积Sm-Fe合金

Sm2Fe17是一种性能优异的永磁材料(SmFeN)的前驱体。用循环伏安法研究了三价钐(Sm(Ⅲ))和二价铁(Fe(Ⅱ))在含甘氨酸的水溶液中的电化学行为,在Pt电极上,Fe(Ⅱ)一步还原为Fe,Sm(Ⅲ)能被Fe(Ⅱ)诱导共沉积。在水溶液中成功电沉积出Sm-Fe合金。研究了pH和电流密度对镀层组分的影响,在电流密度为40mA.cm-2时,随着pH升高,镀层中Sm含量增加,在pH=4.5时,随着电流密度的增加,镀层中Sm含量增加。电子显微镜(SEM)显示镀层表面是紧密一致的。镀层在热处理前是非晶态Sm-Fe合金和微晶Fe的混合相,经750℃热处理后,镀层转化为Fe和Sm-Fe合金的混合相。     

镀锡镀锌板分析试样的制备

随着武钢一米七轧机的引进,镀锡镀锌板的研究与应用也得到迅速的发展。镀锡板的构造(示意图)如图1。图1 镀锡板断面图 1.钢基板2.合金层3.锡层4.氧化膜5.油膜镀锡镀锌薄板分析试样的制备,过去沿用磨去镀层后再加工的方法。要磨去薄板两面的镀层,不是试样局部被氧化而发黄或发     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.