固溶温度对改型Inconel 718合金组织和性能的影响

用X-射线衍射法(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了960～1020℃固溶+720℃8 h炉冷至620℃8 h空冷(二次时效)处理的改型718合金的力学性能和组织。结果表明,随固溶温度的提高。合金室温和350℃强度降低,塑性和韧性显著提高。随固溶温度升高,合金中强化相η数量减少,1000℃时完全消失;强化相γ′+γ″随固溶温度升高而增加,达到1000℃时最多。固溶+二次时效后,大部分γ′尺寸为10～18 nm。     

热处理过程中FGH96合金的微观组织演变

通过热处理实验研究了热处理过程中FGH96合金的微观组织演化，量化了固溶温度和保温时间对晶粒尺寸、γ′相尺寸、面积分数及晶粒分布的影响，分析了γ′相和应变存储能对晶粒演变的影响。结果表明：在热处理过程中，含有大量应变存储能的变形晶粒发生静态再结晶，晶粒细化，而动态再结晶晶粒发生晶粒长大，当两者平衡时可获得均匀细小的晶粒组织。合金在1060℃保温120 min后，γ′相尺寸和晶粒尺寸分布较为均匀，平均晶粒尺寸为7.37μm。γ′相的面积分数随固溶温度和保温时间的增加而减小，一次γ′相在亚固溶保温过程中存在粗化和分裂现象，使得一次γ′相的面积分数和尺寸先增加后减小。γ′相的非均匀溶解会导致局部晶粒长大较快，形成混晶。     

固溶与时效温度对新型粉末高温合金组织和性能的影响北大核心

采用JMatPro、光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电镜(FEG-SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了固溶与时效温度对新型粉末高温合金NPM01显微组织的影响,分析了合金组织和性能的关系。结果表明:NPM01合金经1160~1190℃亚固溶+740~920℃两级时效热处理后,合金中有热等静压过程中未溶解的大尺寸一次γ′相,导致二次γ′相析出数量减少,减弱了γ′相的强化作用;经1190~1220℃过固溶+740~920℃两级时效热处理后,二次γ′相长大至240 nm,沿<100>晶向的棱边中心向内凹陷,出现分裂的现象,三次γ′相粗化至70 nm;经1190~1220℃过固溶+740~890℃两级时效热处理后,二次与三次γ′相体积分数之和达到56%,二次γ′相形态稳定,排列整齐,显著增加了γ′相的强化效果,提高了合金高温强度,750℃/750 MPa条件下持久寿命达到437 h,综合力学性能最佳。     

新型镍基粉末高温合金相变温度的测定

分别采用热力学计算(thermo-calc,TC),差热分析(differential thermal analysis,DTA)和金相法(metallography observation)测定一种新型镍基粉末高温合金(CSU-A)的铸态母合金及其热挤压态合金的相变温度,分析和对比升温测试和降温测试对差热分析结果的影响。结果表明,热力学计算可准确预测合金的固、液相线温度;铸态合金的γ′相先后发生2次析出/固溶,且γ′相的完全固溶温度高于挤压态合金的γ′相完全固溶的温度;DTA降温曲线的相变温度低于升温曲线的相变温度,凝固过冷度(TL)和γ′相析出过冷度(T1γ′,T2γ′)分别为16,35和43℃。最终确定挤压态CSU-A合金的γ′相完全固溶温度为1 145±5℃,铸态合金的γ′相完全固溶温度为1 196℃,固、液相线温度分别为1 25 9和1 356℃。     

固溶与时效温度对新型粉末高温合金组织和性能的影响

采用JMatPro、光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电镜(FEG-SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了固溶与时效温度对新型粉末高温合金NPM01显微组织的影响,分析了合金组织和性能的关系。结果表明:NPM01合金经1 160～1 190℃亚固溶+740～920℃两级时效热处理后,合金中有热等静压过程中未溶解的大尺寸一次γ′相,导致二次γ′相析出数量减少,减弱了γ′相的强化作用;经1 190～1 220℃过固溶+740～920℃两级时效热处理后,二次γ′相长大至240 nm,沿100晶向的棱边中心向内凹陷,出现分裂的现象,三次γ′相粗化至70 nm;经1 190～1 220℃过固溶+740～890℃两级时效热处理后,二次与三次γ′相体积分数之和达到56%,二次γ′相形态稳定,排列整齐,显著增加了γ′相的强化效果,提高了合金高温强度,750℃/750 MPa条件下持久寿命达到437 h,综合力学性能最佳。     

热处理工艺对注射成形IN713C合金组织与力学性能的影响

以气雾化IN713C合金粉末为原料,采用注射成形工艺制得合金材料,分别在1 150,1 175和1 200℃下进行固溶处理,然后在760,850和930℃进行时效热处理,通过扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱仪对合金的显微组织与物相组成进行观察与分析,并测定时效态合金的硬度与抗拉强度。结果表明:固溶温度达到1 175℃后,继续升高温度,则冷却过程中γ′析出相减少,固溶处理温度为1 175℃时合金的硬度(HRC)和抗拉强度分别为42.4和1175.9 MPa。时效处理温度为760℃时,合金的硬度(HRC)和抗拉强度分别达到43.6和1 223.7 MPa;时效温度高于760℃时,γ′相尺寸由于晶格错配度过大而粗化,随时效处理温度升高,γ′相尺寸逐渐增大,数量逐步减少,强化相体积分数降低,合金的硬度与抗拉强度都降低。注射成形IN713C合金的最优热处理制度为1 175℃/2h/AC+760℃/16 h/AC。     

变形Ni_3Al基合金的热处理工艺

研究了固溶处理温度对Ni3Al基合金板材组织和高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着固溶温度升高到1 280℃,β相含量逐渐降低,γ′+γ两相区的含量逐渐升高,继续升高到1 310℃后,β相含量出现增长,γ′+γ两相区的含量维持一定;由于随着温度的升高,β相沿晶界析出,直到1 280℃时合金晶粒才开始长大,1 280℃以下热处理时合金的晶粒尺寸存在取向性;1 000℃拉伸时,裂纹在β相与γ′相包覆层交界处萌生;γ′+γ两相区含量的增多有利于合金强度的提高,经1 280℃×16min,空冷热处理后合金具有优异的综合力学性能。     

新一代镍基变形高温合金GH4065A的组织控制与力学性能

由于GH4065A合金的强化相γ′相的体积分数为43.0%,显微组织演化规律不同于传统的变形高温合金与粉末高温合金。系统分析了GH4065A合金的锻态组织特点与演化机制,发现其显微组织是一种不完全的动态再结晶(DRX)组织,动态再结晶晶粒被大尺寸γ′相限制长大,同时这些γ′相因晶界短路扩散而粗化,而未动态再结晶(unDRX)晶粒内弥散分布的小尺寸γ′相阻碍位错运动,进而形成大量由位错胞壁构成的亚结构。基于合金的锻态组织特点,可以通过固溶处理,利用动态回复(DRV)机制基本消除残留的未动态再结晶组织。根据GH4065A合金γ′相的固溶温度,可将热处理制度分为亚固溶处理与过固溶处理2种,亚固溶处理后的晶粒度为8.0级,过固溶处理的晶粒度为4.0级。经亚固溶处理后,GH4065A合金涡轮盘锻件的力学性能达到了第2代粉末涡轮盘的水平。     

含5%铬镍基单晶高温合金相分析

近年来单晶技术的发展解决了镍基高温合金晶界强化问题,使镍基高温合金具有优良的综合性能。合金的高温性能除取决于合金成份和工艺外,还必需进行适宜的热处理。对于新型单晶合金应选择合适的固溶温度,尽可能使铸态粗化γ′,相固溶而使显微组织均匀化,以便时效时能保证析出大量均匀弥散的γ′,相(二次γ′),这种弥散γ′相能提供在一定γ′体积百分数下的最佳蠕变抗力。为了研究不同固溶温度对NASAIR—100合金的组织和性能的影     

固溶温度对GH2787合金组织性能的影响

研究了GH 2787合金在不同固溶温度处理后的组织性能.结果表明,在900、940和980℃固溶处理时,GH 2787合金的晶粒尺寸分别为20、30和40μm.当固溶温度低于γ'溶解温度时,GH 2787合金中的γ'相分布均匀,并有少量针状的η相出现.900℃固溶处理时,GH 2787合金硬度、屈服强度和拉伸强度最高.GH 2787合金的主要强化方式为γ'相沉淀强化和晶界强化.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.