Experimental and parametrical investigation of pre-stressed ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete railway sleepers

In this study, ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) used in a type B70 concrete sleeper is investigated experimentally and parametrically. The main parameters investigated are the steel fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%). Under European standards, 35 UHPFRC sleepers are subjected to static bending tests at the center and rail seat sections, and the screw on the fastening system is pulled out. The first cracking load, failure load, failure mode, crack propagation, load–deflection curve, load–crack width, and failure load from these tests are measured and compared with those of a control sleeper manufactured using normal concrete C50. The accuracy of the parametric study is verified experimentally. Subsequently, the results of the study are applied to UHPFRC sleepers with different concrete volumes to investigate the effects of the properties of UHPFRC on their performance. Experimental and parametric study results show that the behavior of UHPFRC sleepers improves significantly when the amount of steel fiber in the mix is increased. Sleepers manufactured using UHPFRC with a steel fiber volume fraction of 1% and a concrete volume less than 25% that of standard sleeper B70 can be used under the same loads and requirements, which contributes positively to the cost and surrounding environment.     

超高性能纤维增强混凝土板的受弯性能试验研究

为研究超高性能纤维增强混凝土(ultra high performance fiber-reinforced concrete, UHPFRC)板的受弯性能,进行了10块UHPFRC板的弯曲试验,研究了板的破坏形态、破坏过程、开裂弯矩、极限弯矩以及混凝土和钢筋的应变。在试验结果基础上,建立了考虑受拉区混凝土抗拉强度和应变硬化效应的UHPFRC板受弯承载力计算式。研究结果表明：UHPFRC板的弯曲破坏形态表现为一条主裂缝并伴有多条微裂缝出现,其破坏过程可分为线性变形、微裂缝发展、主裂缝发展和承载力下降四个阶段;UHPFRC板首次出现裂缝时的弯矩为极限弯矩的50%~55%;在设计板时应以变形作为控制指标,且可以少配或不配钢筋以发挥UHPFRC的材料优势;UHPFRC板在受力过程中表现出显著的应变硬化特性。给出了UHPFRC板的弯曲承载力计算式,可以反映受拉区UHPFRC的应变硬化特性。     

Bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC): Experimental study

Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars are currently used to reinforce concrete in an attempt to overcome the corrosion issue encountered with ordinary steel. In order to exploit more efficiently their tensile capacity, it is interesting to use CFRP bars as prestressing tendons. This application requires a high quality concrete matrix. The advantageous characteristics of UHPFRC, such as high strength, good ductility and durability, mean that a UHPFRC structure prestressed with CFRP bars may be lighter and require less maintenance. Since the flexural behaviour of prestressed concrete members reinforced with CFRP bars is highly dependent on the bond between the two materials, an experimental program was carried out in order to investigate the bond of CFRP bars embedded in UHPFRC. Two types of surface, smooth and sand-coated, were investigated. Pullout tests were performed to examine the effect of varying parameters such as embedment length, bar diameter and concrete age. The results clearly show that the bond strength of macroscopically smooth bars embedded in UHPFRC is close to that of sand-coated bars. It was also found that ultimate bond strength decreases with bar diameter and with embedment length. Moreover, the bond strength can be expected during early age (3 days). A post-test examination revealed that damage occurred only in the outer layers of the CFRP bars.     

软弱围岩隧道钢纤维混凝土衬砌承载特性模型试验研究

为满足软弱围岩隧道开挖后尽快封闭岩面、适应一定变形及提供足够支护力的要求,通过素混凝土、钢筋混凝土及钢纤维混凝土衬砌力学行为室内模型试验,对钢纤维混凝土衬砌的承载特性进行研究。研究结果表明:钢纤维混凝土衬砌初裂荷载提高了20%,极限荷载得到较大提高;掺入钢纤维后衬砌结构韧性增强,初裂后仍能抵抗一定变形并较大降低变形速率,与素混凝土、钢筋混凝土相比可承受更大的变形;钢纤维混凝土衬砌初裂后承载特性曲线缓慢上升,至2倍初裂荷载时仍无收敛迹象,素混凝土快速收敛,钢筋混凝土在一定缓慢上升后快速趋于收敛,软弱围岩条件下,钢纤维混凝土初支在一定变形后可与围岩特征曲线相交,达到围岩–结构稳定状态,是一种力学性能良好的快速支护材料。研究成果对软弱围岩隧道的设计与施工都具有重要的意义。     

纤维增强复合材料及其结构研究进展

纤维增强复合材料因其轻质高强、可设计性和高耐久性在基础设施领域逐步得到关注与应用,通过结构体系创新,可部分替代钢和混凝土制造各类结构构件,满足建筑、桥梁、海洋等工程结构的强度、刚度及使用功能需求。国内外有关学者已进行了大量的研究和实践,基于相关成果从以下四个方面系统总结了国内外关于纤维增强复合材料结构的研究进展： 1） 组成材料及制造工艺方面,介绍了增强材料纤维、树脂基体和芯材的种类和性能,并阐述了几种典型制造工艺; 2） 基本构件与结构应用方面,归纳总结了复合材料筋索、型材、管材、板材以及夹芯结构的受力特点及在土木工程中的主要应用; 3） 复合材料结构力学理论方面,详细介绍了其基本力学性能以及冲击、疲劳、蠕变、耐火等性能,并阐述了监测与设计方法; 4） 复合材料结构耐久性方面,总结了温度、湿度、紫外线照射、化学介质（酸、碱、盐等）的侵蚀以及多因素耦合作用对其耐久性的影响,并归纳了耐久性提升技术研究现状。通过对基础设施领域复合材料结构的发展现状、应用的局限性以及前景的系统综述,促进复合材料结构的研究与工程应用。     

Shear behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete beams prestressed with external carbon fiber-reinforced polymer tendons

The ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering. The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to improvement of structural performance and corrosion resistance. Unfortunately, only limited studies are available for shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with FRP bars, and few suggestions exist for prediction methods for shear capacity. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) and prestressed with external carbon FRP (CFRP) tendons. The failure mode of all specimens with various shear span to depth ratios from 1.7 to 4.5 was diagonal tension failure. The shear span to depth ratio had a significant influence on the shear capacity, and the effective prestressing stress affected the crack propagation. The experimental results were then applied to evaluate the equations given in different codes/recommendations for FRP-reinforced concrete structures or UHPC structures. The comparison results indicate that NF P 18-710 and JSCE CES82 could appropriately estimate shear capacity of the slender specimens with a shear span to depth ratio of 4.5. Further, a new shear design equation was proposed to take into account the effect of the shear span to depth ratio and the steel fiber content on shear capacity.     

CFRP布加固局部腐蚀圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱受力性能

钢管混凝土目前已被广泛应用于各类建筑结构中,但是钢材存在易腐蚀的缺点,尤其是局部腐蚀。当钢管混凝土出现局部腐蚀时,其受力性能会有所退化,因此有必要对局部腐蚀后钢管混凝土的受力性能进行研究,并研究局部腐蚀后钢管混凝土的加固方法。为此,完成了7个圆钢管混凝土短柱的轴压试验,研究了机械开孔模拟局部腐蚀对圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱受力性能的影响,同时采用CFRP布加固机械开孔圆钢管混凝土短柱,研究CFRP布包裹层数对局部腐蚀圆钢管混凝土加固效果的影响。试验结果表明局部开孔会降低圆钢管混凝土短柱的轴压承载力、刚度和延性,且随着开孔长度的增加,降低幅度有所提高。采用CFRP布加固局部开孔圆钢管混凝土短柱能够提高试件的承载力,单层CFRP布加固时,试件达到极限荷载时CFRP布纤维突然断裂,试件延性较差;两层CFRP布加固时,试件的延性得到明显改善,整体加固效果更好,试件受力性能接近于未开孔的圆钢管混凝土。同时,采用ABAQUS软件建立了圆钢管混凝土有限元模型,并与试验结果进行了对比,验证了有限元模型的正确性。基于有限元分析结果,建议偏于保守地采用环向应力等于钢材屈服强度的计算方法等效计算CFRP布厚度,用于加固局部腐蚀圆钢管混凝土。     

Mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete composites with hybrid steel fibers

The aim of this study is to develop concrete composites that are resistant to armor-piercing projectiles for defense structures. Different reinforcement configurations have been tested, such as short steel fibers, long steel fibers, and steel mesh reinforcement. Three different concrete mix designs were prepared as “Ultra High Performance (UHPFRC), High Performance (HPFRC) and Conventional (CFRC) Fiber Reinforced Concrete”. The content of hybrid steel fibers was approximately 5% in the UHPFRC and HPFRC mixtures, while the steel fiber content was approximately 2.5% in the CFRC mixture. In addition, a plain state of each mixture was produced. Mechanical properties of concrete were determined in experimental studies. In addition to the fracture energy and impact strength, two important indicators of ballistic performance of concrete are examined, which are the penetration depth and damage area. The results of the study show that the depth of penetration in UHPFRC was around 35% less than that in HPFRC. It was determined that the mixtures of UHPFRC and HPFRC containing 5% by volume of hybrid steel fibers showed superior performance (smaller crater diameter and the less projectile penetration depth) against armor-piercing projectiles in ballistic tests and could be used in defense structures.     

聚合物乳胶对钢纤维增强混凝土力学性能的影响

通过对聚合物乳胶/钢纤维增强混凝土材料的抗折、抗压、劈裂抗拉强度等试验,研究了此类复合材料的力学行为和乳胶及钢纤维的增强机理.结果表明,乳胶的掺入,能够改善纤维表面与水泥砂浆基体性能,增加纤维与基体之间的界面粘结强度,从而可以显著提高混凝土的抗折、劈裂抗拉强度等性能.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of the compressive behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-strengthened tubular steel T-joints

A method for strengthening damaged tubular steel T-joints under axial compression by wrapping them with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets was proposed and evaluated. The influence of the CFRP strengthening on the failure mode and load capacity of T-joints with different degrees of damage was investigated using experiments and finite element analyses. Five T-joints were physically tested: one bare joint to obtain the peak load and corresponding displacement (D_1m), two reinforced joints to provide a reference, and two pre-damaged then retrofitted joints to serve as the primary research objects. The ratio of the pre-loaded specimen chord displacement to the value of D_1m was considered to be the degree of damage of the two retrofitted joints, and was set to 0.80 and 1.20. The results demonstrate that the maximum capacity of the retrofitted specimen was increased by 0.83%–15.06% over the corresponding unreinforced specimens. However, the capacity of the retrofitted specimen was 2.51%–22.77% lesser compared with that of the directly reinforced specimens. Next, 111 numerical analysis models (0.63≤b≤0.76, 9.70≤g≤16.92) were established to parametrically evaluate the effects of different geometric and strengthening parameters on the load capacity of strengthened tubular T-joints under different degrees of damage. The numerical analysis results revealed that the development of equivalent plastic strain at the selected measuring points was moderated by strengthening with CFRP wrapping, and indicated the optimal CFRP strengthening thickness and wrapping orientation according to tubular T-joint parameters. Finally, reasonable equations for calculating the load capacity of CFRP-strengthened joints were proposed and demonstrated to provide accurate results. The findings of this study can be used to inform improved CFRP strengthening of damaged tubular steel structures.     

增强石膏板改性性能探究

试验对一片灌芯玻璃纤维增强石膏板进行了侧向力作用下的低周反复试验，得到了试验模型的裂缝分布特点、开裂荷载及极限荷载。分析表明：混凝土灌芯玻璃纤维石膏板受力时作为一个整体共同工作，结构通过纤维石膏板的开裂耗散能量，提高了结构的抗震性能，使结构具有较好的延性。灌芯混凝土玻璃纤维增强石膏板类似于有连接键的带缝剪力墙结构，具有良好的抗震性能。     

侧向冲击下钢管混凝土(CFST)构件的性能:试验和有限元模型

研究钢管混凝土(CFST)构件的冲击特性。通过一系列试验来获得侧向冲击下受冲击力影响的组合构件的失效模式和时程分析。试验参数包括CFST样本的轴向载荷等级、约束因素和冲击能。建立一个包含钢筋和混凝土材料应变率效应、钢管和核心混凝土间相互作用以及外部钢管对核心混凝土约束效应的有限元模型。试验数据被用于验证有限元模型的准确性且基本上与之吻合。同时使用有限元模型进行了CFS冲击性能的全过程分析。     

钢纤维高强预应力混凝土扁梁框架拟动力试验研究

采用MTS伺服加载系统对钢纤维高强无粘结预应力混凝土扁梁框架结构进行拟动力地震反应试验研究。试验采用经过调幅的具有不同地震加速度峰值的ElCentro地震波作为激励进行加载,对两榀钢纤维高强预应力混凝土扁梁框架和一榀用来对比的普通高强混凝土扁梁框架进行拟动力试验,对结构在地震作用下的加速度反应、位移反应、滞回性能、刚度和耗能进行研究,分析钢纤维对无粘结预应力扁梁框架动力性能的影响。试验结果表明,钢纤维扁梁框架结构屈服后,其最大位移反应、最大恢复力反应和阻尼比均比普通混凝土扁梁框架要大,钢纤维可以有效提高扁梁框架在剧烈地震运动作用下的耗能能力,降低结构损伤。钢纤维对高强无粘结预应力扁梁框架的刚度、自振频率和动力放大系数的变化影响不大。     

Bauteile aus ultrahochleistungsfähigem Faserbeton (UHPFRC) und traditionellem Stahlbeton: Eine innovative Lösung zur Instandsetzung und Veränderung bestehender Betonbauten

Structural Elements combining Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) and Concrete: An innovative solution for rehabilitation and modification of existing concrete structures Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concretes (UHPFRC) are ideal materials for rehabilitation and modification of existing concrete structures due to their outstanding material properties. Experimental, analytical and numerical studies show that resistance and stiffness are significantly improved in composite “UHPFRC-concrete” elements. No localized cracks are formed due to internal UHPFRC deformations and under service conditions leading to a significant extension of durability. Reinforcement bars in the UHPFRC layer increase significantly the resistance and delay the formation of localized cracks. The structural response under bending can be determined with an analytical cross-sectional model. Three typical configurations are proposed for composite “UHPFRC-concrete” elements for rehabilitation projects.     

纤维沥青混合料低温性能研究

对三种常用路用纤维的沥青胶浆及混合料进行低温性能试验，分析其低温特性，并与普通的沥青胶浆和沥青混合料进行对比，指出纤维沥青混合料具有较好的低温性能，聚酯纤维和矿物纤维在抗低温损坏方面表现突出。     

Performance of insulated FRP-strengthened concrete flexural members under fire conditions

This paper presents the results of fire resistance tests on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened concrete flexural members, i.e., T-beams and slabs. The strengthened members were protected with fire insulation and tested under the combined effects of thermal and structural loading. The variables considered in the tests include the applied load level, extent of strengthening, and thickness of the fire insulation applied to the beams and slabs. Furthermore, a previously developed numerical model was validated against the data generated from the fire tests; subsequently, it was utilized to undertake a case study. Results from fire tests and numerical studies indicate that owing to the protection provided by the fire insulation, the insulated CFRP-strengthened beams and slabs can withstand four and three hours of standard fire exposure, respectively, under service load conditions. The insulation layer impedes the temperature rise in the member; therefore, the CFRP–concrete composite action remains active for a longer duration and the steel reinforcement temperature remains below 400°C, which in turn enhances the capacity of the beams and slabs.     

PVA纤维混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验

研究了纤维混凝土改性梁的抗弯性能,通过对不同配筋率和不同PVA纤维掺量的10根2.0 m长混凝土梁式构件的试验测试,研究混凝土混合料中加入PVA纤维后的增强与增韧作用效果.研究中对比了纤维含量对配筋混凝土受弯构件（包括零纤维掺量的对比构件）的初裂荷载、极限荷载、韧性和耗能等指标的影响,分析了PVA纤维在控制裂缝宽度以及增强变形性能方面的作用机理.试验研究结果表明,PVA纤维提高了构件的整体变形能力,但是对构件的初裂强度、极限强度影响不大.     

FRP在工程结构中的应用与发展

FRP(纤维增强复合材料)近年来在混凝土结构加固中得到广泛的应用,并作为一种新型高性能结构材料受到结构工程界的广泛关注,国内外有关研究和工程单位开展了大量的研究和实践应用。本文介绍了结构工程中常用的FRP材料性能和形式,分析了其优点与不足,并介绍了FRP加固结构、FRP配筋和预应力FRP筋混凝土结构、FRP结构与FRP组合结构以及FRP在桥梁结构、大跨空间结构和智能结构中的应用与发展,以期促进我国土建结构工程中对这一新型高性能材料应用和研究工作的开展。     

钢管混凝土加固盾构隧道管片接头受力性能试验研究

管片接头是盾构隧道结构的薄弱部位,对结构的综合性能起着控制作用。为了研究其受力性能,开展了8个足尺管片接头试件在正、负弯矩作用下的静力试验,其中4个试件采用钢管混凝土加固,另外4个为对比试件(2个采用传统钢板加固,2个未加固),得到了正、负弯矩作用下不同试件的破坏模式;在用钢量相近的条件下,对钢管混凝土加固和传统钢板加固进行了比较,考察了钢管混凝土截面高度对加固效果的影响。研究表明：正、负弯矩作用下,钢管混凝土加固均能显著提升管片接头的受力性能;正弯矩作用下,钢管混凝土的加固效果全面优于传统钢板加固效果;负弯矩作用下,钢管混凝土加固试件的接头张开量在化学锚栓断裂之前明显小于传统钢板加固试件的;钢管混凝土的截面高度从45mm增至60mm,加固效果并未进一步提升。     

CFRP-钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土短柱的轴压力学性能

对8根碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)-圆/方钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-C/STCSRC）短柱和4根CFRP约束圆钢管型钢高强混凝土（C-CTSRC）短柱进行了轴压试验,分析了CFRP约束效应系数、钢管截面形式以及钢管受力性能对CFRP-圆/方钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-C/STCSRC）轴压短柱力学性能的影响。结果表明:CFRP-圆钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-CTCSRC）轴压短柱的极限承载力提高率随着约束效应系数的增加呈指数形式增长;在柱核心混凝土截面面积相同时,CFRP-圆钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-CTCSRC）轴压短柱的极限承载力比CFRP-方钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-STCSRC）轴压短柱的极限承载力高50%以上;在弹性工作阶段,CFRP约束圆钢管型钢高强混凝土（C-CTSRC）柱的弹性模量高于CFRP-圆钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-CTCSRC）柱的弹性模量;CFRP-圆钢复合管约束型钢高强混凝土（C-CTCSRC）柱的极限承载力高于CFRP约束圆钢管型钢高强混凝土柱的极限承载力;CFRP与钢管黏结良好时,CFRP与钢管能够协同工作。