Soybean Cake as the Substrate in Production of Multi－unsaturated Fatty Acid

The fungal fermentation was utilized to produce multi-unsaturated fatty acids.Selection of fungi strain and a pilot experiment of fungal fermentation were conducted.The amount of fermentative fungi was 49g (dry) per L of fermented liquid.The dry fungi contain 42.75%-47.78% of Oil.The oil yield was 19.7g/L (fermented liquid),containint 5.78%-6.59% of γ-linolenic acid and 4.6% of ARA acid.The production technology was studied and the physical and chemical properties of the oil were analyzed.     

Screening of Useful Lactic Acid Bacteria and Function of Lactobacillus Casei Strain Shirota

Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) was found and isolated by Dr. Minoru Shirota in 1930. It has been already passed 70 years since LcS was firstly used in maintenance of healthy. Today, "yakult " has been consumed 25million bottles per day all over the world in 26 countries and regions and has been useful in human health. The ideas of Dr. Minoru Shirota, founder of yakult (Shirota-ism) are still valuable today, though social environment has been changed. These consist of three ; (1)…     

Experimental Design as a Tool for the Development of Citric Acid Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Using Glycerol as a Feedstock

Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels in the world, there is increasing interest in the commercial production of biodiesel, which leads to obtaining large amounts of glycerol as a byproduct. If not disposed of properly, glycerol can generate environmental impact. One of the promises, the application of the crude glycerol is the production of citric acid by microbial fermentation. Citric acid is industrially produced by a submerged fermentation process with Aspergillus niger, using sucrose as carbon source, but due to increased demand for citric acid, alternative processes using renewable sources or waste materials as substrates and the cultivation of yeast strains are being studied. The aim of the study was to determine the best culture condition for maximum citric acid synthesis and lower isocitric acid production from crude glycerol through experimental design tool. For this purpose, the yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ-50682 was cultivated in nitrogen-limited glycerol-based media. Therefore, glycerol and yeast extract concentrations and agitation speed were evaluated as independent variables. With pure glycerol, the highest citric acid production achieved was 16.5 g/L with an isocitric acid production of 7.7% （in relation to citric acid）. With crude glycerol, citric acid production reduced to 6.7 g/L because of higher biomass yield. Therefore, an increase in the initial carbon to nitrogen molar ratio from 714 to 1,561 was necessary to increase citric acid production to 9.2 g/L, reducing isocitric acid production and to achieve a yield of 0.41 g of citric acid per glycerol consumed. In this condition, less nitrogen source was used, reducing production costs.     

Formation and Collapse of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Hydrophobic Association-induced Dual Cross-linked Nanocomposite Hydrogels: A Rheological Study

The rheological characteristics of a physical gelation system, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) induced the entanglement of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) chains and partial hydrophobic association of octylphenol polyoxyethylene acrylate (OP-10-AC) branches in a micellar solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were investigated. The gelation time of the physical gels decreased as the CNC content and number of hydrophobic branch units increased. At the gel point, the storage modulus (G'') and loss modulus (G") followed the same frequency dependence (G'' ≈ G" ≈ ωⁿ), where the hydrophobic moieties attached to the side chains had a significant impact on the values of viscoelastic exponent (n). Beyond the gel point, the initial polymer solution was transformed to a solid-like gel, and the strength of the gel network was governed by associations between both the CNCs and hydrophobic groups. The evolution of the viscoelasticity during the gel-sol transition was monitored, demonstrating that due to a reversible arrangement of the hydrophobic units, a large proportion of physical cross-links dissociated under a thermal trigger and were reversibly reformed when the solution was cooled, while no such partial recovery was observed in the case of the single CNC-induced network systems (with no hydrophobic branches).     

Preparation of Lignin Based Anion Exchanger for Nitrate and Phosphate Removal

Tertiary amino alkali lignin (TA-AL) was successfully synthesized by a two-step approach;its application as an adsorbent for nitrate and phosphate ions in effluents was investigated.TA-AL was characterized by FT-IR,zeta potential,SEM,and elemental analysis.Kinetic and equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined to investigate the adsorption capacity of TAAL.The results revealed that TA-AL had a very strong adsorption capacity towards anions;the value of pHPZC (PZC,point of zero charge) was about 9.2.The adsorption of nitrate and phosphate ions was related to effluent pH and initial anion concentration.The maximum absorption of nitrate and phosphate ions was about 26.9 and 18.4 mg/g when the initial concentration of the ions was 50 mg/L.The adsorption kinetics conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation,and the equilibrium data were suitably expressed by the Freundlich model.The regeneration studies confirmed that the lignin-based material was a promising adsorbent for nitrate and phosphate ions in water.     

Triethylamine-catalyzed Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose under Low Temperature Conditions in Aqueous Phase

Isomerization of glucose derived from lignocellulosic biomass is an important step in biorefinery. Fructose isomerized from glucose, is used as a highly attractive sweetener in the food and beverages industries. However, the prevalence of side reactions at high glucose concentrations is a serious issue, leading to a significant reduction in the fructose yield, especially in the aqueous phase. In this study, an efficient method for the conversion of highly concentrated glucose into fructose under low temperature conditions using triethylamine as the catalyst was developed. It was demonstrated that high fructose yield could be maintained at high glucose concentration. At 60℃, fructose yield of 38.7% and fructose selectivity of 80.6% were achieved in 1 mol/L (approximately 17 wt% ) glucose. When glucose concentration was increased to 2 mol/L (approximately 31 wt%), the fructose yield and selectivity were maintained at 34.7% and 77.4%, respectively. ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer was used to examine the glucose isomerization reaction. Compared to the NaOH catalytic system, triethylamine acted as a buffer to provide a stable alkaline environment for the catalytic system, further maintaining a high level of catalytic efficiency for the isomerization of glucose to fructose.     

混文版权目录

C O N T E N T S中国调味品2007年第9期总343期·专论综述·食用天然色素的纯化与研究进展………………………………………………李崇瑛王安杨涛等(18)Purification and research progress on the natural pigment…………………………Li Chongying et al.曲霉菌株的保藏与复壮     

Etherification of Alkali-pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose in Tetrahydrofuran

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an important by-product in the sugar industry. It is a source of cellulose fibers or cellulose for paper mills and textiles factories. In this study, SCB was ethyl etherified in tetrahydrofuran (THF) after alkali pretreatment. The alkali concentration for the pre-treatment, the ratio of ethyl bromide (EtBr) to dried SCB in the reaction, reaction time, and temperature were investigated for the etherification of SCB. The ethoxyl content and characterization of the product were determined using headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that SCB was well-etherified with EtBr in alkali-THF. Upon ethylation of SCB, the ethoxyl content of the product was high when the alkali concentration and the ratio of EtBr to dried SCB were controlled from 50% to 75% and 4:1 (V/w) to 6:1 (V/w), respectively. The reaction occurred optimally when the temperature was controlled below 110℃; above this temperature, the degree of etherification decreased. The thermal stability of ethylated SCB was higher than that of SCB but slightly lower than that of commercial ethyl cellulose. Ethylated SCB has the potential to form composites with many materials because it is soluble in a wide variety of solvents.     

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of Biomass Activated Carbon from Ginger Stems

Biomass activated carbon(BAC) was produced from ginger stems by carbonization and activation presented high specific surface areas and mesoporous structures. The carbonization temperature of the ginger stems were controlled within 500～900℃. The optimal carbonization condition is as follows: carbonization temperature of 700℃, carbonization time of 6 h. The determined optimum activation condition is: temperature of 800℃, activator of KOH and carbonized product/alkali ratio of 1:4(w/w). The carbonization yield, BAC yield and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface area were measured and the adsorption performance of BAC to nitrogen was investigated. The results showed that the nitrogen adsorption isotherm curve was as type I isotherm. It was finally determined that the BET surface area was 660 m~2/g under the abovementioned optimal conditions of carbonization and activation. The FESEM analysis indicates that the obtained BAC is of micropore structure.     

Highly Conductive Fractal-structured Silver Particles for Preparing Flexible Printed Circuits via Screen Printing

Fractal-structured silver particles(FSSPs) are conductive materials with a micron-scale trunk and nanoscale branches, and are characterized with high electrical conductivity and high connectivity. In this study, FSSPs were added to an aqueous additive solution for synthesizing a conductive ink,which was used to prepare two types of printing electrodes via screen printing. The first type included two flexible printed electrodes(FPEs): an FPE on a polyethylene terephthalate(PET) film and an FPE on paper. The second one was a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-embedded FPE. The PETbased FPE exhibited high electrochemical stability when its sheet resistance was 0.38 Ω/sq for a 50%(w/w) content of FSSPs in the prepared conductive ink. Moreover, the embedded FPE demonstrated excellent mechanical properties and high chemical stability. In addition, the embedded structure was endowed with stretchability, which is important for different devices,such as flexible biomedical sensors and flexible electronics.     

Preparation of Highly Crystalline Microcrystalline Cellulose by Hydrolysis of Cellulose with Phosphotungstic Acid

Phosphotungstic acid(H_3PW_(12)O_(40), HPW), a kind of solid acid, is widely used for hydrolyzing cellulose to prepare microcrystalline cellulose(MCC). MCC is usually used in food, synthetic leather, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The use of response surface methodology(RSM)can help avoid the random error caused by single factor experimental design,reduce test times and cost, and improve quality. The RSM was used in this study to determine the following optimal process conditions: H~+ molar quantity, 31 mmol/L; reaction temperature, 93℃; reaction time, 2 h; and solid to liquid ratio, 1∶38. Under these conditions, the crystallinity of MCC was77.4%. Thus, the use of RSM allows the preparation of MCC with higher performance and increased crystallinity.     

Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Strains of Breast-Fed Infant in a Murine Model

The ingestion of probiotic lactic acid bacteria has been evaluated and noted that it has an effect on the balance of desirable microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacillus gasseri demonstrates good survival in the gastrointestinal tract, and it has been associated with a variety of probiotic activities and roles, including the reduction of fecal mutagenic enzymes, the production of bacteriocins and the stimulation of macrophages immunomodulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a pool of L. gasseri strains isolated from the feces of breastfed infants added in the human milk of healthy women. The milk was both pasteurized and unpasteurized, to verify the cell cytotoxicity of macrophages and to quantify the production of immunologic mediators such as IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, NO and oxygen intermediary compounds （H2O2）. The administration of raw human milk and pasteurized human milk to infants is a regular, encouraged practice in units of intensive therapy （UITs） and our present investigation verified the beneficial effect of addition of a pool of L. gasseri to pasteurized human milk （PHML）. Our results show that probiotic supplementation helped to maintain cell viability, reduced IL-6 and IFN-γ production and stimulated TNF-α, NO, H2O2, IL-4 production. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the addition of lactobacillus to human milk was not a determinant in the production of TNF-α. L. gasseri added to breast milk did not present a cytotoxic risk, and the addition ofL. gasseri to pasteurized milk of human milk bank would benefit newborns that depend on milk banks for the colonization of more desirable microbiota.     

Cationized Melamine-formaldehyde Resin for Improving the Wet Strength of Paper

In this work, melamine-formaldehyde resin was cationized by adding modifiers so that the fibers closely bonded to improve their usability and the wet strength of paper was greatly improved. Triethanolamine and dimethylamine were added to modify the melamine-formaldehyde resin,respectively.The mechanism of the cationized resin was explored and the possible chemical reactions were deduced. It was concluded that,with the use of triethanolamine,the most optimum product was obtained by hydroxymethylation for 30 min with a temperature of 85℃ and p H of 9. 0 where n( melamine) ∶ n( formaldehyde) ∶ n( methanol) ∶ n( triethanolamine) was 100 ∶ 330 ∶ 450 ∶ 15. With the combined use of dimethylamine and methanol,the optimal product was acquired by condensation for 30 min at a temperature of 50℃ and p H of 2. 0 at melamine, formaldehyde, methanol, and dimethylamine molar ratio of100∶ 330∶ 350∶ 20. With the only use of dimethylamine,the optimal product was obtained by condensation at melamine,formaldehyde,dimethylamine molar ratio of 100∶ 330∶ 10. The wet tensile strength of fruit-bagging paper was improved by adding cationized melamine-formaldehyde resin. The zeta potential,charge density,and conductivity of the melamine-formaldehyde resin were also studied.     

Preparation of High-precision Electrospun Nanoair Filter Paper for Air Purification

Electrospinning technology has become a research hotspot because of its advantages, such as simple operation, low cost, large specific surface area, high porosity, and good fiber continuity. Here, a new type of composite nanoair filter paper was prepared using electrospinning technology. To improve the practicability of air filter base paper, phenolic resin was used as a curing agent to improve the strength. The results show that the electrospun nanoair filter paper with air filter paper as the receiving substrate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution as the spinning solution excellently performed in all aspects. The influence of the thickness (spinning time) of the PVA nanofiber membrane on the micromorphology, physical properties, and filtration performance of the electrospun nanoair filter paper was analyzed. According to the ISO 5011-2014 standard, the initial resistance, filtration efficiency, mean pore size, and dust capacity of the electrospun nanoair filter paper were 77.3 Pa, 99.9941%, 3.50 μm, and 146 g/m², respectively, when the spinning time was 15 min.     

MAGNETIC COUPLING BETWEEN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS AND A TYPE- Ⅱ SUPERCONDUCTOR

The magnetic coupling between a superconducting film and a 2DEG is discussed by generalizing the theory of Meincke and that of Rammer and Shelankov,correctly taking into account the Hall effect in 2DEG. The induced voltages both parallel to and perpendicular to the applied current are discussed in the magnetic field regime in which the magnetoresistance is dominated by the SdH oscillations. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experiment of Kruithof et. al..     

Disk Colorimeter (2)

Although the method of disk colorimetry as originally developed in the laboratories of the U. S. D. A. was tied up with the use of the Munsell system of notation, actually the method itself has nothing to do with Munsell. Disk colorimetry was suggested years ago by Clerk Maxwell by whose name we still call the type of disks cut with a radial slit so that several may be slipped togather with portions of each visible.(see figure below) By the     

Freshness,Convenience and Branding,the Path to Success ——Interview with Robert E. Hogan,Director of International Sales and Marketing for Zip-Pak

When resealable packaging for consumables was first introduced over 20 years ago, few companies were able to integrate the technology. Since then, Zip-Pak has been able to successfully innovate and introduce to the market high-quality yet competitively priced products. At the recent ProPak China 2008 where Zip-Pak exhibited, Mr Robert E. Hogan, Director of International Sales and Marketing for Zip-Pak,     

Effects of ZnCl2/H2O/C2H5OH Treatment on the Filter Paper Performance

Bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) fibers were pretreated in a 5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solution at 35℃ for 90 min. The ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH was used to treat the pretreated BSKP fibers, filter papers were then prepared. In the course of processing, the effects of various molar ratios of ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH on the filter paper performance were evaluated. SEM-EDX was conducted to analyze the physical configuration of the filter papers. Moreover, FT-IR and XPS were performed to further characterize the BSKP, the pretreated BSKP and the filter paper fibers. The results indicated that the fibers treated by ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH were swollen and exhibited slight fibrillation, leading to a looser fiber structure and therefore, enhanced filter paper performance. Air permeability increased from 161.7 L/(m²·s) to 1450.4 L/(m²·s) for the filter papers when the molar ratio of ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH was 1:14:1. The optimum molar ratio of ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH was found to be 1:14:1, and no significant effect of ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH on fibers’ functional groups was detected. These results showed that filtration performance of filter papers was improved when treated with the ZnCl₂/H₂O/C₂H₅OH solution.     

本刊参考文献格式

<正>专著主要作者.文献题名[M].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.例:凌沛学.透明质酸[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000:3-12.专著(或论文集)中析出文献析出文献主要作者.析出文献题名[M或C]//专著主要责任者.专著题名.出版地:出版者,出版年:析出文献的页码.例:Ling P X,Guo X P,Zhang T M,et al.Efficacy promoting effect of hyaluronan on pilocarpine nitrate eye drops[C]//Kennedy J F.Hyaluronan(vol 2).Cambridge:Woodhead,2002:257-260.期刊主要作者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页.例:Kaur L P,Garg A,Singla A K,et al.Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery:an overview[J].Int J Pharm,2004,269(1):1-14.     

Sugarcane and Canesugar 2004 Main Contents Index

Cane AgricultureSugarcane Disease in Guangdong Sugarcane Regions in Recent Years and Integrated Controlling methods…………………………………………………………………….…….……...Shen Wankuan ( 1-1)Causation Analysis for Low Sugarcae Yield in Paddy Field.……………………..………Liu Shaochun et al (1-11)Study on the Planting Density and Fertilization Ratio for New Sugarcane Variety Yuetang93-159………………………………………………….…………………....Yang Junxian et al( 2-1)Lessons…