Analytical solution based on stream-aquifer interactions in partially penetrating streams

An analytical solution of drawdown caused by pumping was developed for an aquifer partially penetrated by two streams.The proposed analytical solution modifies Hunt's analytical solution and considers the effects of stream width and the interaction of two streams on drawdown.Advantages of the solution include its simple structure,consisting of the Theis well function and parameters of aquifer and streambed semipervious material.The calculated results show that the proposed analytical solution agrees with a previously developed acceptable solution and the errors between the two solutions are equal to zero without consideration of the effect of stream width.Also,deviations between the two analytical solutions incrcase with stream width.Four cases were studied to examine the effect of two streams on drawdown,assuming that some parameters were changeable,and other parameters were constant,such as the stream width,the distance between the stream and the pumping well,the stream recharge rate,and the leakage coefficient of streambed semipervious material.     

Pumping testing using a siphon well

This paper determines the aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient from timedrawdown data of pumping tests using a siphon well including a main pumped well along with ten brach pumped wells (deaired wells). The pumping data was analyzed by the Cooper-Jacob graphical method. The computed transmissivity and storage coefficient are 435.8 m²/day and 6.54 × 10^-4 with pumping rates of 432 m³/day. Distances from the pumped wells to the observation well ranges from 225 to 268 m. The pumping tests from this siphon well (No. 38), one of the siphon wells in the Nansalum Pump Field, Tainan, Taiwan, were started at 10:40 a.m. on 19 March, 1992 and continued for 1534 min and then were shut simultaneously for water recovery. Groundwater withdrawals were pumped from the uppermost confined aquifer in the pump field.The siphon well is used to continuously provide a sufficient yield for pumping tests and irrigation, and is used when the pumped level and aquifer coefficients for more distant observation wells are to be measured and computed. These may not be achieved in less transmissive aquifers when a single pumped well is used. The siphon well can become a single pumped well in case the ten brach pumped wells (or deaired wells) are not used.     

Delineating Capture Zone of a Pumping Well in a Slanting Regional Groundwater Flow to a Stream with a Leaky Layer

In this study, analytical and semi-analytical solutions are derived to delineate capture zone of a pumping well near a stream where a leaky layer exists between the aquifer and the stream. A groundwater regional flow is considered in the aquifer and allowed to have different angles with respect to the stream axis. Three critical pumping rates are introduced. At the first pumping rate, capture zone boundary tangents the interface between the aquifer and the leaky layer; called the in-homogeneity boundary. At the second pumping rate, capture zone boundary tangents the stream boundary and if the rate is increased, a part of pumped water would be withdrawn from the stream. The third pumping rate, which may be smaller or larger than the other two, is defined as the rate at which stream water begins to enter the leaky layer; it may or may not be captured by the pumping well. Four different capture zone configurations (cases) are analyzed for different values of pumping rates, groundwater flow directions, and leaky layer’s thickness and hydraulic conductivity. The first three cases analyze hydraulic situations whereby capture zone does not reach the stream, and hence, no pumped water is withdrawn from the stream. With the lowest pumping rate in the first case, no stream water enters the leaky layer. It enters the leaky layer but not the aquifer in the second, and enters the leaky layer and the aquifer in the third case. In the fourth case, where capture zone boundary intersects the stream, the fraction of pumped stream water to total pumped water is delineated.     

Sustainability of aquifers supporting irrigated agriculture: a case study of the High Plains aquifer in Kansas

ABSTRACT

The only means of moderating alarming depletion rates in many of the world’s major aquifers is to reduce pumping. We apply a new water-balance approach to assess the impact of pumping reductions in a portion of the High Plains aquifer in the United States. Although projected aquifer responses to pumping reductions vary, practically achievable reductions would have a large impact throughout the area. These findings demonstrate that modest pumping reductions could greatly enhance prospects for groundwater-supported irrigation in the High Plains aquifer and similar aquifers elsewhere.     

Coupled Sharp-interface and Density-dependent Model for Simultaneous Optimization of Production Well Locations and Pumping in Coastal Aquifer

The main management challenge in coastal aquifers is to prevent saltwater intrusion, ensuring ample freshwater supply. Saltwater intrusion happens due to unregulated pumping from production wells. Therefore, it is essential to have an effective management policy, which ensures the requisite amount of freshwater to be withdrawn from coastal aquifers without causing saltwater intrusion. A methodology for optimizing production well locations and maximizing pumping from production wells is presented to achieve these conflicting objectives. The location of production wells directly affects the amount of freshwater pumped out of the coastal aquifer. Simultaneous optimization of production well locations and pumping from the same is achieved by linking mathematical simulation models with the optimization algorithm. A new methodology using coupled sharp-interface and density-dependent simulation models is developed to find optimal well locations and optimize the amount of freshwater pumped from the coastal aquifer. The performance of the developed methodology is evaluated for saltwater intrusion in the coastal city of Puri, India. The performance evaluation results show the developed methodology's applicability for managing saltwater intrusion while maximizing freshwater pumping in coastal aquifers under constraints of well location.

     

承压含水层中非达西径向稳定流动抽水模拟实验

为分析抽水井附近水流的非达西流动，本文采用装填均质河砂的扇形密闭水槽模拟承压含水层，开展了外边界水头恒定条件下的定流量抽水实验。通过安装在扇形水槽侧壁的压力传感器测量压力水头，得到了水流稳定流动时的水头降深曲线。通过比较实测水头降深与达西流动理论水头降深，以及比较相邻两压力传感器之间的平均水力梯度与相同流速下的达西水力梯度，进行了非达西流动的判别，比较结果发现本实验条件下存在明显的非达西流动现象。同时，应用基于Izbash方程的非达西稳定流动水头降深解析解，对不同流量下的实验数据进行了拟合分析，研究发现抽水流量对非达西稳定流动的Izbash方程系数值影响较小。通过不同平均方法获得了描述本实验中非达西流动的Izbash方程系数的适宜取值为k=7.17×10-7，n=1.65，此时不同抽水流量下拟合水头降深曲线与实测水头降深曲线吻合良好。这说明基于Izbash方程的非达西稳定流动水头降深解析解可较好地描述抽水井附近的非达西径向稳定流动。     

承压含水层中抽水井附近非达西流的近似解析解

本文将线性化方法和Laplace变换相结合研究承压含水层中单一抽水井附近的非达西流问题,得到了水位降深在抽水后期和抽水稳定阶段的近似解析解,并对抽水后期近似解析解的适用性进行了讨论.通过Stehfest数值Laplace逆变换得到了任意时刻任意位置水位降深的半解析解,并采用数值解对线性化方法所得到的近似解进行了验证.研究结果表明:在抽水后期,水位降深随着Izbash定律中的两个常数的增大而减小;在抽水后期,水位降深近似为时间的幂函数,在抽水稳定阶段,水位降深可以近似为距离的幂函数;在抽水后期,线性化方法所得到近似解与数值解吻合很好,而在抽水初期线性化方法则存在一定误差,会低估水位降深.     

3D Variable Density Flow Simulation to Evaluate Pumping Schemes in Coastal Aquifers

A three dimensional model is presented for the simulation of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers by considering the development of a transition zone and thus the variable density flow approach. The model is applied to a heterogeneous coastal aquifer to study the effects of the pumping rate, the salinity of freshwater inflow and the thickness of the aquifer, on the degradation of pumped water quality through wells in certain location. Even for an optimum pumping scheme solution based on a simple two-dimensional flow model, we simulate freshwater degradation in pumped water which depends on the salinity of freshwater inflow and aquifer thickness.     

受潮浪和径流影响滨海承压层抽水数学模型及其解析解

为研究滨海承压含水层地下水在潮浪、抽水井流扰动及径流和越流补给综合影响下的渗流和水位变化,建立了滨海承压水抽水不稳定流的数学模型,并得到其解析解。通过实例计算和分析可知：潮浪的波动作用与抽水的井流作用将相互影响,潮位升高时承压水水位上升,减缓了抽水引起的水位下降量,而潮位降低时承压水水位下降,将加剧抽水引起的水位下降;越流和径流作用可以减缓承压水水位下降;当承压水径流朝向海洋时,径流作用使水位降“漏斗中心”逆着水流而朝远离海岸线方向移动,并且承压水径流补给对减缓地下水水位下降的作用随时间越来越明显,因此径流作用可以减轻井水受潮浪和海水入侵的影响程度;如井设置在距海岸较远处,潮浪对抽水水位降“漏斗”形状改变不明显;受潮浪和抽水共同作用时的地下水水位-时间曲线围绕仅受抽水作用时的地下水水位-时间曲线上下波动。     

承压含水层中非达西径向稳定流动抽水模拟试验

为分析抽水井附近水流的非达西流动,采用装填均质河砂的扇形密闭水槽模拟承压含水层,开展了外边界水头恒定条件下的定流量抽水试验,获得到了水流稳定流动时的水头降深曲线。通过比较试测水头降深与达西流动理论水头降深,以及比较相邻两压力传感器之间的平均水力梯度与相同流速下的达西水力梯度,进行了非达西流动的判别,比较结果发现本试验条件下存在明显的非达西流动现象。同时,应用基于Izbash方程的非达西稳定流动水头降深解析解,对不同流量下的试验数据进行了拟合分析,发现抽水流量对非达西稳定流动的Izbash方程系数值影响较小。通过不同平均方法获得了描述本试验中非达西流动的Izbash方程系数的适宜取值为k=7.17×10-7,n=1.65,此时不同抽水流量下拟合水头降深曲线与试测水头降深曲线吻合良好,表明基于Izbash方程的非达西稳定流动水头降深解析解可较好地描述抽水井附近的非达西径向稳定流动。     

含水层抽水试验水位恢复过程数据的直线图解分析法

提出了一种分析含水层抽水试验水位恢复过程数据的新方法。该法对水位恢复阶段降深表达式中的两个井函数分别采取了不同的简化方式。对由于持续抽水引起的降深项，保留了井函数级数展开式中的前两项；对由于在停抽时刻开始的虚拟注水而引起的降深项，保留了展开式中的前三项。在这样的简化方式下，分别推导了具有降深-时间和降深-距离两种数据情况下的参数计算公式。与现有方法相比较，本方法具有使用条件容易得到满足，不需要水泵停抽时刻的降深观测值即可计算含水层的贮水系数，仅利用一个观测孔的资料且进行一次直线图解或线性回归计算，就可进行参数计算等优点。     

Response of Triangular-Shaped Leaky Aquifers to Rainfall-Induced Groundwater Recharge: an Analytical Study

Different aspects of groundwater mound dynamics in triangular-shaped aquifers are investigated analytically under spatially uniform recharge of time-varying rate. The aquifer response is analyzed relying on 2-D linearized Boussinesq equation, subject to two different configurations of hydrogeological boundary conditions (constant-head streams and no-flow barrier). The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic and rests over a horizontal, semipervious layer, through which vertical leakage can take place. Point-recharge formula (Green’s function) is first derived for the intended aquifer domain and then properly converted to accommodate the effect of rainfall-induced areal recharge. Components of groundwater budget are evaluated in terms of volumetric rates, taking into account the jointed effects of leakage, mound storage and outflow to adjacent streams. The resulting expressions are then proven to obey the expected mass balance in a rigorous mathematical fashion. Hypothetical examples illustrating main features of flow field are presented, with attention paid on groundwater equpotentials and streamlines. The computed mound profiles appear to agree well with numerical results from finite element method. Further, the most influential parameters affecting each component of groundwater budget are identified with the help of sensitivity analysis. Finally, the combined effects of a pumping well and rainfall-induced mound are discussed. The present solution may serve as a test case for verifying numerical schemes that are being developed for more comprehensive mound analysis.

     

太行山前丘陵区基岩裂隙水赋存的非均一性和易疏干性特性

根据碧流河流域生态特征,分析了适合该流域的河道生态需水计算方法,应用于碧流河水库兴利调度,并以生态目标为基础,确定下游河道的生态需水量。结果表明:碧流河水库下游河道生态环境基本供水量及改善供水量分别需要2 765万m3和4 250万m3。为了保护和改善河流生态环境,促进流域水资源可持续利用,需要采取最严格的用水管理制度,加大非常规水源的开发利用力度,并结合调水工程以及河库连通工程等相关措施。     

承压含水层中扩展井附近非达西流数值解

本文采用数值差分方法得到了承压含水层中扩展井附近非达西流情况下的数值解,并假设非达西流可以用Forchheimer定律描述,同时考虑了裂隙储水效应的影响,采用无量纲变量分析了主裂隙以及含水层中的水位降深规律,并将数值解与Boltzmann变换得到的解析解进行了比较。研究结果表明,Boltzmann变换所得到的解析解在整个抽水时期都会高估水位降深,在考虑裂隙储水效应后,抽水初期不同的无量纲紊动因子βD的水位降深曲线互相重合,且在双对数坐标下表现为直线;含水层中的水位降深在抽水初期随βD增大而减小,在抽水后期随βD增大而增大。     

Quantitative Assessment of Regional Rock Aquifers, South-Western Quebec, Canada

The population of the St. Lawrence Lowlands platform in south-western Quebec, Canada, is heavily dependent on groundwater. The present study summarizes the quantity, quality and sustainability estimations of the groundwater resources found mainly in sedimentary rock aquifers. Results show that the regional groundwater flow in the considered domain of 1,500 km² is 97.7 Mm³/y with: 86.6% infiltration from precipitation, 9.6% inflow from neighboring aquifers, and 3.8% induced recharge. The regional sustainability is defined with simulated drawdowns from uniform withdrawal scenarios. The current withdrawal rate of 18 Mm³/y results in median drawdown of 0.6 m, compared to pre-development conditions. This drawdown is situated well in the sustainable range, an indication that regional aquifers are not overexploited. Hypothetical pumping rate of 24 Mm³/y resulting in an average drawdown of 2.2 m is estimated as sustainable limit. Increasing exploitation from 24 to 51 Mm³/y would need tight control and planning. Pumping rates beyond 51 Mm³/y are judged not sustainable as regional drawdowns become high, ∼8 m. The water levels in recharge areas are the most sensitive to groundwater extraction. Combining drawdown maps, groundwater quality zones, and aquifer vulnerability to surface contamination delineated the areas most suitable for future groundwater developments.     

多含水层渗流系统电导示踪模型

在利用钻孔测定含水层水文地质参数时,如遇到多含水层情况,需使用栓塞系统对各含水层进行隔离探测,由于现场操作较为不便且钻孔条件要求高,故提出多含水层渗流系统电导示踪模型。在不使用栓塞系统的情况下,考虑含水层涌水或吸水等不同情况,通过测定抽水条件下各含水层的电导率,建立多含水层渗流系统电导示踪模型确定含水层渗透性参数。当钻孔中只存在涌水层时,直接利用电导率曲线面积与溶质质量的比例关系求解出流量;当钻孔中同时出现涌水层和吸水层时,根据溶质质量曲线的斜率可较准确地确定吸水层的位置,再由斜率的变化计算出含水层的流量。基于某工程实例采取3种方法求解各含水层的渗透系数、静水头、渗流速度、导水系数等水文地质参数,结果表明,采用电导示踪模型计算结果与同位素示踪测试及注水试验测试结果吻合较好,且电导示踪模型方法现场操作更为简便,可极大地提高含水层水文地质参数的测定效率。     

Effect of Well Radius on Drawdown Solutions Obtained with Laplace Transform and Green’s Function

We have developed a drawdown solution for a partially penetrating well under constant flux pumping in a confined aquifer with finite thickness. The predictions of our solution diverge from the predictions of Hantush’s solution (1961), particularly for problems with low ratios of well screen length to aquifer thickness. Furthermore, the predicted drawdown from Hantush’s solution (1961) differs from that of Yang et al.’s solution Water Resour Res 42:W0552, (2006) only near the well and at small time values as indicated in Yang et al. Water Resour Res 42:W0552, (2006). Our solution is based on Green’s function with a columnar source (sink) that represents pumping from a finite-radius well. Hantush’s solution (1961) and Yang et al.’s solution Water Resour Res 42:W0552, (2006), however, were derived from Laplace transform techniques for pumping in a well with an infinitesimal and a finite radius, respectively.     

Particle Filters to Estimate Properties of Confined Aquifers

Involving a limited resource, the assessment of groundwater aquifers is of utmost importance. A key component of any such assessment is the determination of key properties that permit water resource managers to estimate aquifer drawdown and safe yield. This paper presents a particle filtering approach to estimate aquifer properties from transient data sets, leveraging recently published analytically-derived models for confined aquifers and using sample-based approximations of underlying probability distributions. The approach is examined experimentally through validation against three common aquifer testing problems: determination of (i) transmissivity and storage coefficient from non-leaky confined aquifer performance tests, (ii) transmissivity, storage coefficient, and vertical hydraulic conductivity from leaky confined aquifer performance tests, and (iii) transmissivity and storage coefficient from non-leaky confined aquifer performance tests with noisy data and boundary effects. On the first two well-addressed problems, the results using the particle filter approach compare favorably to those obtained by other published methods. The results to the third problem, which the particle filter approach can tackle more naturally than the previously-published methods, underscore the flexibility of particle filtering and, in turn, the promise such methods offer for a myriad of other geoscience problems.     

Step‐drawdown tests

The analytical results of step‐drawdown test data from the study area in Bengal suggest that most test wells were not properly developed with adequate pumping prior to the test and that a significant amount of well development took place during the test exercise. The aquifer loss factor (B₁ ) ranges from a maximum of 19.3 sec/ft² for Nabinagar to a minimum of 7.0 sec/ft² for Chandina. The well loss factor (C₁ ) does not indicate any major abnormality and ranges from a maximum of 1.49 sec²/ft⁵ for Nabinagar to a minimum of 0.96 sec²/ft⁵ for Laksam and is supported by the minimal differences between the measured and the calculated drawdown values. Highly efficient well conditions are obtained for all the test wells. The unrealistic step‐drawdown test procedures and poor prior development of wells have considerable influence on the dissimilar transmissivity values calculated from step‐drawdown test data.     

Evaluation of Analytical Methods to Study Aquifer Properties with Pumping Tests in Coastal Aquifers with Numerical Modelling (Motril-Salobreña Aquifer)

Two pumping tests were performed in the unconfined Motril-Salobreña detrital aquifer in a 250 m-deep well 300 m from the coastline containing both freshwater and saltwater. It is an artesian well as it is in the discharge zone of this coastal aquifer. The two observation wells where the drawdowns are measured record the influence of tidal fluctuations, and the well lithological columns reveal high vertical heterogeneity in the aquifer. The Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches give average transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) values of 1460 m²/d and 0.027, respectively. Other analytical solutions, modified to be more accurate in the boundary conditions found in coastal aquifers, provide similar T values to those found with the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, but give very different S values or could not estimate them. Numerical modelling in a synthetic model was applied to analyse the sensitivity of the Theis and Cooper-Jacob approaches to the usual boundary conditions in coastal aquifers. The T and S values calculated from the numerical modelling drawdowns indicate that the regional flow, variable pumping flows, and tidal effect produce an error of under 10 % compared to results obtained with classic methods. Fluids of different density (freshwater and saltwater) cause an error of 20 % in estimating T and of over 100 % in calculating S. The factor most affecting T and S results in the pumping test interpretation is vertical heterogeneity in sediments, which can produce errors of over 100 % in both parameters.