316L不锈钢板式换热器泄漏原因

316L不锈钢板式换热器使用约半年后频繁出现泄漏事故,通过扫描电镜分析、能谱分析、金相检验、显微硬度检测和有限元模拟分析等方法对泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:316L不锈钢板片发生了应力腐蚀开裂,造成泄漏。板片冷加工后产生了较大的残余拉应力且环境中存在Cl~-腐蚀介质,导致残余应力较大的波峰和波谷处产生裂纹和腐蚀坑,是造成板片发生早期开裂的主要原因,而高温工作环境加速了点蚀的产生及裂纹的萌生和扩展,最终板片发生泄漏。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢碱液储罐开裂原因

某核电站316L奥氏体不锈钢碱液储罐发生了泄漏,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试及残余应力分析等方法对该储罐开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：储罐内壁焊缝两侧出现与焊缝平行的环向裂纹和垂直的轴向裂纹,前者主要受焊接残余拉应力作用,后者主要受冷加工残余拉应力作用,两类裂纹均为碱致应力腐蚀开裂。     

不锈钢弯头的失效原因分析

某化工厂中变废锅出口管0Cr18Ni9不锈钢弯头发生泄漏。为查明其失效原因,对泄漏部位内外进行表面检测,发现在焊缝附近出现了大量裂纹。在该区域取样进行化学成分、硬度、金相组织、断口形貌和腐蚀产物分析,确定了弯头产生裂纹的原因是存在组织应力、焊接残余应力以及内部介质中的Cl-共同作用下,发生了沿晶型应力腐蚀开裂。     

WP304WX管道泄漏原因分析

不锈钢管道使用5a(年)后出现泄漏事故。采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、晶间腐蚀与断口扫描电镜分析方法,对泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:焊接过程中造成的贫铬及残余应力的存在导致了管道的开裂。建议对管道所有焊缝热影响区进行探伤,查找腐蚀裂纹,对发现的裂纹进行打磨和补焊处理,并进行消除残余应力处理。     

汽轮机抽汽疏水管焊缝开裂原因分析

某电厂汽轮机二级抽汽疏水管在运行过程中于焊缝处发生开裂。采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法对疏水管焊缝开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该疏水管直管和弯管对接焊后未进行去应力焊后热处理,焊缝处残余应力较高;在焊接残余应力、工作应力及氯离子的共同作用下,疏水管焊缝内壁萌生裂纹,裂纹由管内壁向外壁不断扩展,最终导致疏水管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

染缸热交换器焊缝开裂原因分析

某纺织公司染缸热交换器在检修过程中发现焊缝及筒体附近母材出现裂纹。通过宏观分析、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和氯离子检测等方法对热交换器焊缝开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该热交换器焊缝及筒体附近母材的开裂模式为应力腐蚀开裂。由于蒸汽冷凝水中氯离子质量浓度过高,在焊接残余应力和工作应力的共同作用下,焊缝发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

Q345R高压空冷器焊接接头应力腐蚀开裂分析

某高压空冷器进气口换热管和管板胀管焊接处发生泄漏事故，通过宏观观察、机械拉断断口及裂纹面分析、金相组织分析、显微硬度测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及X射线能谱分析(EDS)等分析方法对泄漏失效处及关键位置材料进行检测和分析。研究发现高压空冷器进出口失效位置的裂纹均是由管箱内壁接头处向胀接间隙表面开裂，并且裂纹面能谱分析结果发现大量的S元素存在。结合管道受力情况、断口形貌、元素分析判定本次失效的模式为硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)。管内硫化氢为腐蚀源，在焊接残余应力集中和外载结构应力的协同作用下，焊趾发生SSCC开裂，裂纹沿着熔合线扩展至胀管外壁，发生泄漏失效。     

球罐应力腐蚀开裂研究与安全性分析

对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行了分析.针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐用钢,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐用钢、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行了研究,并对设备的安全性能进行了分析,进而提出了防止应力腐蚀开裂的对策.     

某电厂316L不锈钢输氨管腐蚀开裂原因

某电厂316L不锈钢输氨管道在运行过程中发生开裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了管道开裂的原因。结果表明：管道裂纹由内壁向外壁扩展,呈穿晶开裂特征,裂纹呈树枝状形貌,符合应力腐蚀开裂特征;腐蚀产物中存在Cl元素,在拘束拉应力和腐蚀介质的共同作用下,管道发生了应力腐蚀开裂。     

铁路轮对用轴承外圈开裂失效分析

某型铁路轮对用轴承在运行约6×105 km后发现轴承外圈开裂,采用化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试以及断口分析等方法对轴承外圈开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该轴承外圈开裂主要是因为其外表面在环境腐蚀性介质作用下产生腐蚀坑,形成缺口效应和应力集中,在机械应力和残余应力的作用下,腐蚀坑处萌生微裂纹并不断疲劳扩展,最终导致轴承外圈开裂失效。     

304不锈钢低温分离器开裂原因分析

采用残余应力检测、常规力学性能试验以及金相分析等方法对304不锈钢低温分离器的封头开裂原因进行分析。结果表明,开裂是由应力腐蚀引起的;其原因是工作介质中有含量较高的硫,而封头一筒体对接环焊缝区域存在的残余应力促使开裂的发生。     

H68黄铜管夹开裂分析

H68黄铜管夹安装数月后出现开裂。对开裂的管夹进行了化学成分、力学性能、断口及金相组织的检验与分析。结果表明，由于管夹成形时存在的残余应力和成形模具的设计问题而造成的装配应力，再加上和 在露天放置受到的环境腐蚀，导致管夹在同一外侧呈现应力腐蚀开裂特片。提出了改进措施，并取得了满意的效果。     

Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in heat exchanger tubes during start-up operation

The cracking failure of a new heat exchanger during first start-up operation has been analyzed. Through the investigation of the operating history of the equipment, analysis of the chemical compositions of tube material and corrosion products, metallographic test of specimens with cracks, the cracking mode can be described as the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel. This kind of cracking was induced by the chloride in high temperature steam and tensile stress. The residual tensile stress due to seal expansion has been proved by numerical calculation. The pre-heating steam which was polluted by the catalyst with chloride is the main reason for the tube cracking in this case.     

矩形脉动真空灭菌器内腔开裂原因

某医院矩形脉动真空灭菌器内腔发生开裂事故,通过宏观分析、金相检验和光谱分析等方法,结合工作介质,对内腔开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:灭菌器内腔与加强筋不连续焊接处存在焊接残余应力,且靠近内腔弯折处存在局部应力集中现象;灭菌器内腔的工作介质中含有氯离子,而氯离子水溶液是300系列不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂的敏感介质。灭菌器内腔在焊接残余应力、含氯离子介质等因素的综合作用下发生起始于靠近内腔弯折的焊接起始处的应力腐蚀开裂。     

A study on axial cracking failure of drill pipe body

Frequently happening drill pipe failure accidents in oil and gas wells not only affect drilling speed, but cause enormous economic losses and many safety issues. Most of these accidents are transverse cracking of drill pipe body and pin thread or axial cracking of box thread. Based on the axial cracking failures of drill pipe body in an ultra-deep well in China, this paper give a systematic analysis of axial cracking failure in consideration of service condition, material quality and stress corrosion mechanism. Measurement and inspection are performed on macroscopic and microscopic morphology of crack surface, corrosion products and circumferential residual stress. Then stress corrosion cracking experiments against hydrogen sulfide is conducted. Finally, the critical stress value for sulfide stress corrosion cracking of the drill pipe material is obtained, and the mechanisms of axial cracking failure and corresponding preventive measures are proposed.     

Stresses in bent copper tubing: Application to fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking failure mechanisms

The residual and applied stresses in u-bent copper tubing are addressed in the context of both cyclic fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking. Failures as a result of fatigue and stress corrosion cracking in u-bent copper tubing have been observed to initiate at nonintuitive locations when only the applied stresses on the component are considered. This paper presents both qualitative classical and quantitative finite-element stress analysis results for the forming of u-bends. The resulting residual stress distributions are compared to fracture patterns generated by both fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking mechanisms.     

金属波纹管补偿器的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用宏观及微观断口分析、金相检验与化学成分检测等方法,对某铬一镍奥氏体不锈钢波纹管补偿器的腐蚀开裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明：由于该铬一镍奥氏体不锈钢波纹管在氯离子含量超标的环境中服役,并承受来自于波纹管自身加工变形过程中形成的残余应力、工作应力以及装配应力,最终导致波纹管补偿器发生了由表及里的应力腐蚀开裂。     

Failure analysis of the wall tubes of a water-tube boiler

An industrial case history of the failure of the evaporator (water wall) tubes of a water-tube boiler is presented in this study. After two years in service, a leak was detected in one of the tubes over its bent section with pitting corrosion on its internal surface. Later on, the same symptoms were discovered in other tubes of the same boiler, and several tubes were extracted for failure analysis. On the basis of visual inspection, chemical analysis, microstructural examination, hardness measurements, and residual stress measurements via X-ray diffraction (XRD), the failure mechanism of the tubes was identified as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this paper, the results obtained from the experimental analysis are summarized, and finite element (FE) models are used to predict the residual stress due to the bending of the tube and the operational stress at the moment of failure. It was found that tensile residual stress from an inadequate stress relief treatment prior to service and high concentration of dissolved oxygen in the feed water were the main reasons for the premature failure of the boiler tubes by SCC.     

Stress corrosion cracking in refrigeration systems

It is generally understood that stress corrosion cracking can occasionally affect the high pressure vessels in ammonia refrigeration systems, but the nature of the problem is often mis-represented in design codes, safety standards and textbooks and ways in which the initiation of stress corrosion can be prevented are ignored. It is also not appreciated that stress corrosion can also affect low pressure vessels and pipework in ammonia systems, and copper pipework in fluorocarbon refrigeration systems.This paper provides an overview of published literature on stress corrosion cracking and then presents some recent case study material illustrating various ways in which stress corrosion has arisen in practice. The conclusions will provide guidance for design engineers and equipment owners on eliminating stress corrosion cracking and on dealing with it if it arises.     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢锻件延迟断裂失效分析

通过化学分析、力学性能检测、表面残余应力检测、金相检验和断口分析的方法,分析了0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢锻件开裂的原因,结果显示,该锻件的开裂是由于回火不足引起的应力腐蚀开裂。