PAC-UF工艺的膜污染特性及膜污染物质研究

针对污水处理厂二级出水在超滤膜(UF)工艺和粉末活性炭-超滤(PAC-UF)工艺中的运行,分析粉末活性炭(PAC)对膜污染的影响,并采用三维荧光光谱分析等方法分析膜污染的主要成分。试验分析表明,两种工艺中UF膜的膜通量均呈下降趋势而后趋于平缓,但PAC-UF工艺的下降趋势相对缓慢,说明PAC可以延缓膜污染的形成,但无法阻止膜污染的发生。根据三维荧光的分析,二级出水中的主要污染物为富里酸类物质和腐殖酸类腐殖质,溶解性微生物代谢产物和腐殖酸类腐殖质是造成可逆污染的物质,该污染物通过物理反冲洗可以被大部分去除;通过对碱洗液和酸洗液的分析,推测在PAC-UF工艺中造成UF膜片不可逆污染的物质为酪氨酸类蛋白质、色氨酸类蛋白质和富里酸类物质,这三种有机物是造成UF膜片不可逆污染的主要原因。     

二级出水中溶解性有机物对超滤膜污染的影响

利用XAD-8/XAD-4树脂将污水处理厂二级出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)分为疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI),研究其对PVDF超滤膜污染性能的影响.结果表明,二级出水中DOM对超滤膜污染的顺序为疏水性有机物＞过渡性亲水性有机物＞亲水性有机物.二级出水的五种组分中,重均分子量(Mw)呈现出HPO-A＞TPI-A＞HPO-N＞ HPI＞TPI-N的趋势,说明分子量大小与膜污染成正比.有机物对膜的污染程度和膜对有机物的去除率相关性不大.反洗对超滤膜去除有机污染的效果良好,特别是NaOH+NaClO的混合反洗水对有机污染物的去除效果最好,能够使膜的比通量恢复率达到58％.     

膜组合工艺处理高藻水的试验研究

针对太湖高藻的水质特点,研究膜处理工艺应对高藻的能力及其缓解膜污染的效果。太湖水有机物主要来源于藻类的新陈代谢产物,而且悬浮颗粒性有机物所占比例较高。试验结果表明,膜以及膜组合工艺可有效去除浊度、藻类和有机物。单独采用超滤膜可造成严重的膜污染,但采用化学强化反洗措施仍可保证膜过滤的稳定运行。采用混凝和粉末活性炭作为预处理可以有效去除有机物和缓解膜压差的上升。对膜污染机理的研究表明,预处理可有效去除大分子有机物,从而有效缓解可逆污染;但对中小分子有机物的去除效果有限,很难有效抑制不可逆污染。导致不可逆污染的主要污染物是强疏水和中性亲水组分。     

不同有机物组分对膜污染影响的中试研究

采用粉末活性炭、混凝沉淀和超滤膜联用的技术对某低浊湖水进行中试研究。试验结果表明,采用的超滤膜及其工艺系统不仅能有效地去除浊度及悬浮颗粒,还可将CODMn由4.17mg/L降至3mg/L以下。试验将有机物分离为强疏水、弱疏水、极性亲水和中性亲水四种组分,研究不同组分对膜污染的影响。试验结果显示,预处理和超滤膜能有效去除疏水性和极性亲水性有机物,但对中性亲水性有机物的去除效果较差。反冲洗能有效清除累积在膜内的疏水性和极性亲水性有机物,但难以清洗中性亲水性组分。药剂清洗可有效去除中性亲水性有机物。疏水组分造成膜的可逆污染,而中性亲水组分导致膜的不可逆污染。三维荧光分析表明,造成不可逆污染的有机物主要在Ex238/Em345区域响应。     

极性分类-分子质量分级法剖析华南某原水中有机物组成特性

天然有机物NOM是饮用水处理过程产生消毒副产物的主要前驱物质,利用膜滤法(UF)和凝胶色谱法(GPC)对佛山水源水进行分离分级,深入了解原水中有机物的分子质量分布特性和化学分布特性,为控制和去除水中NOM提供基础数据。膜滤分离结果表明,原水中相对分子质量小于6 000的有机物占比最大,平均在65%以上。利用凝胶色谱法将原水中有机物分为6类,即憎水酸(HOA)、憎水碱(HOB)、憎水中性物质(HON)、亲水酸(HIA)、亲水碱(HIB)、亲水中性物质(HIN)。分离结果表明,该6类物质在原水中分布较为均匀,其中HOA占比最大,6类有机物具有不同的分子质量分布特征。     

PAC-MBR组合工艺中膜污染及清洗方法的研究

对粉末活性炭 膜生物反应器 (PAC MBR)组合工艺处理微污染水源水过程中的膜污染进行了分析 ,并对膜清洗方法进行了研究。扫描电镜观察表明 ,由活性炭、活性污泥等相互粘结形成的凝胶层是膜外表面的主要污染物 ,而膜内表面污染不明显。采用曝气清洗、超声波清洗、NaClO碱洗、HCl酸洗可有效地使污染膜的通透性能最终恢复到 95 %以上。其中超声波清洗可使膜比通量恢复 5 4 %,碱洗可进一步恢复 38%。各级洗脱液分子量分布测定结果表明 :曝气洗脱液中分子量大于2 0 0 0 0的有机物约占 70 %;而超声波主要去除的是分子量小于 4 0 0 0的有机物 ;碱洗脱液去除的UV2 54 占化学清洗总量的 92 %。通过清洗效果分析 ,有机污染是造成膜污染的主要原因。     

改性对PVDF膜生物处理性能和膜污染的影响研究

膜污染是MBR工艺在污水处理方面应用的瓶颈,通过对PVDF微滤膜表面进行亲水改性,可以有效缓解膜污染.主要从有机物、氨氮、总氮等污染物指标的去除效果研究膜表面亲水改性对PVDF膜生物处理性能的影响,从系统运行时膜压差变化情况研究膜表面亲水改性对膜污染的影响.研究结果表明,膜表面亲水改性提高了膜的生物处理效果,也大大改善了膜污染情况,改性前膜运行25 d需进行清洗,改性后可连续运行45 d.     

北江水源水混凝—沉淀—超滤工艺低通量中试研究

通过中试研究混凝—沉淀—超滤工艺处理珠江流域北江水源水低通量运行情况,并研究了天然有机物对超滤膜污染的情况。试验结果表明:混凝—沉淀—超滤工艺出水浊度在0.08NTU以下,膜滤后水2~10μm的颗粒变化在22~31个/mL,整个工艺对浊度、UV254、CODMn的去除率分别为99.3%~99.6%、12.5%~52.0%、30%~65%;当超滤膜通量21L/(m2·h),反洗周期8h,反洗时间1min时,跨膜压差每天增长0.32kPa,基本实现超滤膜长期运行较小不可逆污染通量;蛋白类和胞外聚合物是超滤膜污染的主要有机污染因素,部分腐殖质对不可逆污染也有贡献。     

几种膜组件在管道直饮水处理系统中应用对比

膜处理是管道直饮水处理工艺的核心,介绍了微滤膜(MF)、超滤膜(UF)、纳滤膜(NF)、反渗透膜(RO)四种膜在管道直饮水处理系统中应用的对比,内容包括基本性能、去除杂质能力、工作压力以及出水电阻率等。结果显示,相比于其他三种膜,纳滤膜(NF)在直饮水处理工艺应用更具优势。     

管道沉积物氮及有机物污染特性研究进展

对国内外利用管道作为生物反应器去除氮及有机物、沉积物-水界面氮及有机物迁移转化等研究进展进行了综述。管道生物反应器中氮及有机物去除研究方面,国内外学者通过观测微生物含量、实地测量排水管道内污染物浓度变化、改良排水管道以实现更好的污水处理效果等方法进行研究;降雨冲刷沉积物引发污染物释放主要发生在沉积物-水界面,沉积物-水界面氮及有机物的迁移转化研究集中在沉积物-水界面层的组成及特性、沉积物-水界面的冲刷与污染、沉积物-水界面污染物的转化与降解等三方面,其中沉积物-水界面层污染物的迁移转化模型是重要研究内容之一。     

Investigation of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration using model organic compounds.

Natural organic matter (NOM) is known to be the worst foulant in the membrane processes, but the complexities of NOM make it difficult to determine its effects on membrane fouling. Therefore, simple organic compounds (surrogates for NOM) were used in this research to investigate the fouling mechanisms in ultrafiltration. Previous research on NOM components in membrane processes indicated that polysaccharides formed an important part of the fouling cake. Three polysaccharides (dextran, alginic acid, and polygalacturonic acid) and a smaller carbohydrate (tannic acid) were evaluated for their removal in softening (the treatment process in the City of Austin). Two polysaccharides (dextran and alginic acid) were selected and further investigated for their effects on membrane fouling. The two raw organic waters (4 mg/L C) showed quite different patterns of flux decline indicating different fouling mechanisms. Softening pretreatment was effective to reduce flux decline of both waters. The SEM images of the fouled membrane clearly showed the shapes of deposited foulants. The high resolution results of the XPS spectra showed substantially different spectra of carbon, C(1s), in the membrane fouled by two raw organic waters. The XPS was beneficial in determining the relative composition of each fouling material on the membrane surface.     

超滤处理油田采出水的膜污染特征及清洗

利用色质联机对超滤处理油田采出水膜污染物质进行分析,发现烷烃类等石油原油中常见物质是膜的主要污染物。试验表明,常规水力清洗可使滤饼层大部分脱落,但对膜过滤性能的恢复效果较差,而碱洗对膜过滤性能的恢复作用显著,但单一的碱洗并不能清除所有的污染物,而碱洗和酸洗联合能有效降低膜污染。此外还对膜洗脱液进行了分析,并探讨了清洗机理。     

Investigation of membrane fouling by synthetic and natural particles.

The biggest impediment for applying membrane processes is fouling that comes from mass flux better (such as particle and organic matter) to the membrane surface and its pores. Numerous research articles have indicated that either particles or natural organic matter (NOM) has been the most detrimental foulant. Therefore, the role of particles in membrane fouling was investigated with two synthetic waters (having either particles alone or particles with simple organic matter) and a natural water. Membrane fouling was evaluated with flux decline behavior and direct images from scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the combined fouling by kaolin and dextran (a simple organic compound selected as a surrogate for NOM) showed no difference from the fouling with only the organic matter. The similarity might stem from the fact that dextran (i.e., polysaccharide) has no ability to be adsorbed on the clay material, so that the polysaccharide behaves the same with respect to the membrane with or without clay material being present. In contrast to kaolin, the natural particles showed a dramatic effect on membrane fouling.     

MODELING ON DYNAMIC PROCESS OF MEMBRANE FOULING DURING FINITE CROSSFLOW ULTRAFILTRATION IN CHARGED SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION The development and application of membrane separation processes represents a significant advance in chemical engineering in recent years. Ultrafiltration(UF) has a great potential for removing particulates, microorganisms, and colloidal m…     

Performance of ultrafiltration membrane process combined with coagulation/sedimentation.

Effects of coagulation/sedimentation as a pre-treatment on the dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process were studied in terms of membrane fouling and removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter, using Chitose River water. Two types of experiment were carried out. One was a bench scale membrane filtration with jar-test and the other was membrane filtration pilot plant combined with the Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as a pre-coagulation/sedimentation unit. In the bench scale experiment, the effects of coagulant dosage, pH and membrane operating pressure on the membrane fouling and removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter were investigated. In the pilot plant experiment, we also investigated the effect of pre-coagulation/sedimentation on the membrane fouling and the removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter. Coagulation/sedimentation prior to membrane filtration process controlled the membrane fouling and increased the removal efficiency of natural dissolved organic matter.     

Development of a hybrid ozonation biofilm-membrane filatration process for the production of drinking water.

Drinking water sources in Norway are characterized by high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM), low alkalinity and low turbidity. The removal of NOM is therefore a general requirement in producing potable water. Drinking water treatment plants are commonly designed with coagulation direct filtration or NF spiral wound membrane processes. This study has investigated the feasibility and potential of a hybrid process combining ozonation and biofiltration with a rotating disk membrane for treating drinking water with high NOM concentrations. Ozonation will oxidize the NOM content removing colour and form biodegradable organic compounds, which can be removed in biological filters. A constructed water was used in this study which is representative of ozonated NOM-containing water. A rotating membrane disk bioreactor downstream the ozonation process was used to carry out both the biodegradation as well as biomass separation in the same reactor. Maintenance of biodegradation of the organic matter while controlling biofouling of the membrane and acceptable water production rates was the focus in the study. Three operating modes were investigated. Removal of the biodegradable organics was consistent throughout the study indicating that sufficient biomass was maintained in the reactor for all operating conditions tested. Biofouling control was not achieved through shear-induced cleaning by periodically rotating the membrane disks at high speed. By adding a small amount of sponges in the membrane chamber the biofouling could be controlled by mechanical cleaning of the membrane surface during disk rotation. The overall results indicate that the system can favorably be used in an ozonation/biofiltration process by carrying out both biodegradation as well as biomass separation in the same reactor.     

Effect of pre-coagulation on mitigating irreversible fouling during ultrafiltration of a surface water.

Membrane fouling can be divided into two types: reversible fouling and irreversible fouling. The former can be easily canceled by physical cleaning (e.g., backwashing) while the latter needs chemical cleaning to be mitigated. For more efficient use of membranes, the control of irreversible membrane fouling is of importance. In this study, the effectiveness of pre-coagulation/sedimentation on irreversible membrane fouling was investigated, based on the pilot-scale operation of the membrane unit installed at an existing water purification plant. The membrane employed was a low-pressure ultrafiltration (UF) membrane made of polysulfone and having a molecular weight cut-off of 750,000 daltons. Although pre-coagulation/ sedimentation significantly mitigated membrane fouling mainly through the reduction of reversible membrane fouling, the degree of irreversible fouling was not reduced by the pre-treatment. This was because the irreversible fouling observed during this study was mainly attributed to polysaccharides/protein like fractions of organic substances that cannot be efficiently removed by coagulation/sedimentation. Aluminium used as coagulant was thought to cause irreversible fouling to some extent but did not in the pilot operation, which could probable be explained by the fact that coagulation was conducted at relatively high pH (7.0) in this study.     

Treatment of dairy wastewater by two-stage membrane operation with ultrafiltration and nanofiltration

Treatment of dairy wastewater by a two-stage membrane process with ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) was investigated. The results showed that the flux of UF was higher at pH = 4.6 than that at pH = 8 because the resistance of the fouling membrane was lower at the isoelectric point of protein (pH = 4.6) in UF operation. Protein rejection exceeded 99% by UF + NF operation. Lactose rejections were 98.5 and 54% for UF + NF90 and UF + NF270 respectively. Experiments on membrane cleaning showed that the fouling layer of UF and NF was mainly protein and casein which could be removed by aqueous NaOH with pH = 10. The result of long-term experiments showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of NF90 permeates was below 70 mg/L consistently and the wastewater could be concentrated to 24% by a two-stage membrane process.     

膜生物反应器长期运行条件下膜的清洗方法及机理研究

对实际工程中运行2年以上的MBR的膜使用能谱分析、傅立叶红外光谱和接触角测定等方法对膜表面的污染物特性进行了分析,对膜清洗过程中不同清洗剂的作用效果进行了探讨,并进一步对膜污染过程进行了推测.结果表明,酸性清洗剂对膜的清洗效果较好,膜表面无机污染基本被去除,但不能完全有效去除膜表面有机酸、蛋白质、多糖和多糖类物质等有机污染物;NaOH和NaClO对污染后的膜的清洗效果不佳,原因可能是由于MBR进水为混凝沉淀池出水,长期运行条件下膜污染以无机污染为主,有机污染可能起到了螯合的作用,使无机污染物和有机污染物络合,增加了碱和氧化剂去除有机污染的难度.