含蜡原油管道清管周期优化及影响因素分析

论述了含蜡原油管道清管周期优化及影响因素,建立了油品管道运输成本的函数。含蜡原油在管道运输的过程中,管道内的蜡沉积是一个沉积与剥离同时存在的动态过程。当原油输量、环境温度与出站温度逐渐升高时,管道内原油流速增大,蜡沉积速率降低。选择合适的清管周期,使得管道运行成本最低,要在增大清管周期的同时保证其运输的燃料费用及动力费用不增加。     

低输量含蜡原油管道清蜡若干问题分析

含蜡原油在低输量下运行,既不经济又不安全。从含蜡原油的流变性特点出发,结合热油管道的管道特性,说明了含蜡原油管道低输量运行下清蜡的必要性。为保证低输量管道运行的经济性,需要确定合理的清蜡周期和余蜡厚度,通过分析国内学者所做的研究,总结了清蜡周期和余蜡厚度计算的一般思路和需要考虑的条件。介绍了清管器清管过程所需压差的估算方法,分析了蜡沉积物的影响因素和国内外的蜡沉积模型的研究进展,明确了后期的研究方向,为解决低输量清蜡问题提供理论支持。。     

环道法对蜡沉积规律实验研究

环道法能够测量原油温度、原油与沉积面之间的温差、冷却速率、时间、剪切速率、流量等因素对含蜡原油管道蜡沉积规律的影响,测量的因素较全面;且环道法比其他蜡沉积实验装置更接近实际含蜡原油管道。在一定的工况下,研究了使用环道法实验装置的蜡沉积实验。通过对油温、壁温和流量这3个影响蜡沉积的主要因素的控制,得出了不同工况下管道的蜡沉积规律。     

多相管流蜡沉积预测模型研究进展

蜡沉积是含蜡原油及其乳状液管输过程中的常见问题,深入研究蜡沉积问题对保障管道安全经济运行具有重要意义。综述了国内外关于多相流蜡沉积预测模型方面的研究成果,提出了多相管流蜡沉积预测模型研究存在的问题及建议。     

保温原油管道蜡沉积研究综述

我国生产的原油多数为含蜡原油,目前我国的部分原油管道采用保温层保温,这类输油管道的清蜡周期是在不保温输油管道运行中由经验得来的,因此较大管径的保温输油管道清蜡周期如何确定尚需研究。通过综合分析各类文献中研究不保温原油管道蜡沉积所采用的思路与方法,提出保温原油管道蜡沉积研究的方向。     

基于OLGA的含蜡热油管道析蜡模拟与清管优化

含蜡凝析油在热油管道中的析蜡及蜡沉积问题严重威胁管线安全平稳运行,选取高凝高含蜡的英买凝析油和英牙凝析油管道为研究对象,基于OLGA蜡沉积模块的Matzain模型,以管道析蜡厚度为因变量,采用控制变量法设计并模拟进行了16组试验,初步探究了管径、管道起伏程度、入口温度、出口压力、输油量等5个因素对蜡沉积厚度的影响,最后,结合英牙线实际运行参数,模拟了英牙线凝析油在不同加热站管段之间的析蜡厚度,明确了英牙线高风险管道运行段,并对当前英牙凝析油管线清管方案提出了改进建议。     

原油管道内蜡沉积速率预测及分析

分别运用灰色预测理论和灰色神经网络理论对原油管道内的蜡沉积速率进行了预测分析;应用灰色人工神经网络理论,考虑剪切应力、温度梯度、粘度以及浓度梯度4个影响因素作为主要因素的对原油管道内的蜡沉积速率进行的预测,与传统的灰色预测方法相比,所得到的预测值更为接近实际值,蜡沉积速率的相对误差绝对值在1．6％以内,灰色神经网络用于管道内蜡沉积速率预测的效果良好,能为原油管道蜡沉积规律的深入研究和制定合理的清蜡周期提供理论依据。     

低输量下高含蜡原油管道的清蜡周期和余蜡厚度分析

本文主要针对国内多数油田所产的含蜡原油的情况进行其清蜡周期和余蜡厚度的分析主要内容包括理论分析、计算实例,对于低输量的含蜡原油管道,每次清蜡时保留一定的余蜡厚度是合理的;与传统方法相比,在经济余蜡厚度基础上确定的清蜡周期能更好地满足实际需要。并阐述在求出给定清蜡周期和余蜡厚度下,灌输油品的能耗,使用对分法对某余蜡厚度下的清蜡周期进行准确计算,之后通过对余蜡厚度改变的方式,对管道的最佳清蜡周期和余蜡厚度进行确定。     

蜡沉积物对现场管道运行影响研究

蜡沉积是流动保障关键问题之一,前人主要研究了温度、流速等因素对沉积物厚度的影响,而关于蜡沉积物进入原油后,对管道运行影响研究报道较少。通过现场测试储罐内原油和管输原油物性,研究了储罐蜡沉积物和管道蜡沉积物进入原油后,对管道运行的影响。研究表明:加热输送含有蜡沉积物的原油,导致原油凝点显著升高,给管道安全运行带来潜在风险,应慎用加热输送方式;升高输油温度,使管道内较松软的蜡沉积物融化,蜡沉积物厚度减小,但由于蜡沉积物进入原油,导致原油凝点升高。     

化学清防蜡体系研究现状与发展

针对原油生产/集输过程中存在的结蜡难题,并由于蜡堵油管导致的巨大经济损失,研究清防蜡技术对于保障原油高效生产具有重要意义。归纳阐述了含蜡原油的析蜡机理及不同因素对析蜡特性的影响,综述了化学清防蜡剂的研究进展与现状,主要包括油溶性、水溶性及乳液型清防蜡体系的作用机理及研究成果。提出高碳数蜡沉积、沥青质-蜡复合沉积解堵剂研发是未来清防蜡剂发展趋势,期望为清防蜡后续工作开展提供研究思路。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.