靓果安和大蒜油的联合抑菌作用及抑菌机理

本文以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为供试菌,用抑菌圈法测定靓果安、大蒜油以及靓果安与大蒜油复配抑菌液(复配液)对供试菌株的最小抑菌浓度;通过紫外分光光度法测定靓果安、大蒜油以及靓果安与大蒜油复配抑菌液影响供试菌的生长曲线;光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察菌体形态,探讨靓果安的抑菌机理。结果显表明,靓果安对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为20、40 mg/mL;大蒜油对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.4、51.2 mg/mL。复配液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.3125、10 mg/mL;靓果安、大蒜油以及复配液对两种供试菌的生长具有抑制作用,菌体形态发生改变、菌体散乱、变小,同时对供试菌的细胞壁以及细胞膜进行破裂、使得内容物流出,从而导致细胞的死亡。     

Rabbit meat as a source of bacterial foodborne pathogens

Even though worldwide production of rabbit meat is >1,000,000 tons, little information is available for rabbit meat microbiology. This study provides data on the prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria spp., motile Aeromonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus on rabbit meat. A total of 24 rabbit carcasses from two abattoirs and 27 rabbit meat packages from supermarket displays were examined. In addition to culturing methods, associated virulence genes were investigated by PCR in suspect isolates and samples. Neither Salmonella nor E. coli O157:H7 was detected. All samples were negative for virulence-associated invA, stx1, and stx2 genes. At one abattoir, two carcasses (3.9%) carried Y. enterocolitica yst-, and two were positive for the yst gene, although viable Y. enterocolitica cells were not recovered from these samples. Seven samples (13.7%) were contaminated with Listeria. Of them, three were positive for hly and iap genes (Listeria monocytogenes hly+ / iap+), two carried Listeria seeligeri, one carried Listeria ivanovii, and one carried Listeria innocua. For detectable motile Aeromonas spp. (average count, 1.77 +/- 0.62 log CFU/g), the contamination rate was 35.3%, although ca. 90% of the samples were positive for the aerA and/or hlyA genes. The majority of aeromonad isolates were Aeromonas hydrophila aerA+ / hlyA+. Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas schubertii, and the two biovars of Aeromonas veronii were also isolated. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination (average count, 1.37 +/- 0.79 log CFU/g) was 52.9%. Among 27 S. aureus isolates, two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb), and two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin C (sec). The remaining isolates were negative for sea, seb, sec, sed, and see.     

理化因素对大蒜液抗菌作用的影响

目的:观察理化因素对大蒜液抗菌作用的影响。方法:应用悬液定量杀菌试验观察大蒜液抗菌作用及浓度、温度、pH、时间对抗菌作用的影响。结果:大蒜液对2种细茵都有较强的抑制作用,并且抑制的效果随着大蒜液体积分数降低而逐渐降低,其中大蒜液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用最强,大肠杆菌次之。大蒜液对金黄色葡葡球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC分别为0.3,0.6。并且紫外光照射、温度、pH、时间对大蒜液抗菌作用的影响也比较显著。     

Modelling inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica by high-pressure homogenisation at different temperatures

A detailed study of the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica by high-pressure homogenisation was performed at, respectively, 25 and 35 different combinations of process temperature and process pressure covering a range of 5-50 degrees C and 100-300 MPa. It appeared that in the entire studied pressure-temperature domain, S. aureus was more resistant to high-pressure homogenisation than Y. enterocolitica. Furthermore, the effect of the process pressure on the inactivation of S. aureus was considerably smaller than on the inactivation of Y. enterocolitica. Also, temperature between 5 and 40 degrees C did not affect inactivation of S. aureus by high-pressure homogenisation, while Y. enterocolitica inactivation was affected by temperature over a much wider range. Different mathematical models were compared to describe the inactivation of both bacteria under the experimental conditions applied. Such pressure-temperature inactivation models form the engineering basis for design, evaluation and optimisation of high-pressure homogenisation processes as a new preservation technique.     

Effects of lyophilized red cabbage water extract and pH levels on the quality properties of pastırma cemen paste during chilled storage

Pastırma is a dry-cured and dried meat product and its coating with a paste defined as “cemening” is one of the most important stages in the formation of its color and quality. However, discoloration is an important problem during production and storage. In this study, the effects of lyophilized red cabbage water extracts (LRCWE; 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) and pH values (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0) on the color quality and storage stability of the pastırma cemen paste during chilled storage (4 ± 0.5 °C for 90 days) were investigated. LRCWE contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Addition of LRCWE and low pH values improved color properties of the pastırma cemen paste (P < 0.01). The best results for the a1 value were determined in cemen paste with 1.2% LRCWE. The most effect of the LRCWE was determined in low pH values cemen paste (4.0 and 4.5), thus, pH levels below 5.0 were determined as the threshold value for the effectiveness of extract in pastırma cemen paste. In addition, color stability was maintained better in low pH values cemen paste during storage. By lowering the pH values of the pastırma cemen paste, the color quality was preserved and discoloration during storage was prevented.     

小肠肠炎耶尔森菌天然抑菌剂的快速筛选

在96孔板中培养后利用酶标仪测定了天然酚类物质香兰素、异丁香酚、丁香酚、麝香草酚、愈创木酚存在下小肠肠炎耶尔森菌的光密度(OD)值,并绘制了相应的OD-t生长曲线,该测定方法具有快速、高通量、准确的优点。受试菌生长曲线表明:一定浓度的天然酚类物质对受试菌种有不同程度的抑制作用,其大小顺序为:异丁香酚>麝香草酚>丁香酚>香兰素>愈创木酚,对受试菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为660、1180、1280、1380、2040mg/L。     

Bacterial inactivation by high-pressure homogenisation and high hydrostatic pressure

The resistance of five gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Listeria innocua and Leuconostoc dextranicum, and six gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens and two strains of Escherichia coli, to high-pressure homogenisation (100-300 MPa) and to high hydrostatic pressure (200-400 MPa) was compared in this study. Within the group of gram-positive bacteria and within the group of gram-negative bacteria, large differences were observed in resistance to high hydrostatic pressure, but not to high-pressure homogenisation. All gram-positive bacteria were more resistant than any of the gram-negative bacteria to high-pressure homogenisation, while in relative to high hydrostatic pressure resistance both groups overlapped. Within the group of gram-negative bacteria, there also existed another order in resistance to high-pressure homogenisation than to high hydrostatic pressure. Further it appears that the mutant E. coli LMM1010, which is resistant to high hydrostatic pressure is not more resistant to high-pressure homogenisation than its parental strain MG1655. The preceding observations indicate a different response of the test bacteria to high-pressure homogenisation compared to high hydrostatic pressure treatment, which suggests that the underlying inactivation mechanisms for both techniques are different. Further, no sublethal injury could be observed upon high-pressure homogenisation of Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus cell population by using low pH (5.5 7), NaCl (0 6%) or SDS (0-100 mg/l) as selective components in the plating medium. Finally, it was observed that successive rounds of high-pressure homogenisation have an additive effect on viability reduction of Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus.     

旋转回归法优化大蒜汁处理条件对大肠杆菌的抑制作用

大蒜对许多微生物有很好的抑菌效果。研究了以原汁浓度100%为基础,对肉制品中常见的腐败菌和致病菌-大肠杆菌、假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌,筛选出对大蒜汁最敏感的菌-大肠杆菌为研究对象,经不同pH值和温度处理的大蒜汁对大肠杆菌的抑制作用,并利用旋转回归法研究了大蒜汁处理条件的2个重要因素:温度和pH值对大肠杆菌抑菌的影响,并拟合出回归方程。经回归分析表明,大蒜汁处理条件温度和pH值的取值及其配比对大肠杆菌抑菌有显著影响。通过岭脊分析寻优得出:温度最佳值为35℃、pH最佳值为6.5,在此优化条件下大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径可以达到3.9cm,比优化前提高了30%。     

不同pH、温度、金属离子对溶菌酶抗菌稳定性的初步研究

本文选择金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)与大肠杆菌O157:H7(Escherichia coli O157:H7)为受试菌,以活菌抑制率为评价指标,评价不同pH、温度、金属离子条件对溶菌酶抗菌稳定性的影响。结果表明:溶菌酶对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌O157:H7的最小抑菌浓度分别为1.3×10-3 g/mL与2.6×10-3 g/mL。溶菌酶在酸性条件(pH4~6),其对两种菌均能表现很好的抑菌效果。经过4~121 ℃处理后,溶菌酶的抗菌活性不受处理温度的影响。不同金属离子对溶菌酶抗菌活性影响较大,Zn2+、Mn2+与溶菌酶具有较强的协同抑菌效应,其中Zn2+效果最为明显,而Mg2+、Ca2+具有一定的拮抗抑菌效应,可降低溶菌酶的抑菌效果。     

肉源乳酸菌抑菌特性分析

为了筛选有抑菌活性的乳酸菌并分析其抑菌的物质基础,利用牛津杯琼脂扩散法,分析了19株从牧区风干肉制品中分离得到的肉源乳酸菌发酵上清液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌能力,同时从中分别选取对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制能力有显著差异的乳酸菌各3株,对其上清液中的抑菌物质基础和抑菌能力影响因素进行了分析。结果表明19株乳酸菌中菌株F19对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径为(15.07±0.55) mm,而F11发酵上清液对大肠杆菌完全没有抑制效果,菌株F16对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径为(14.47±0.38) mm,而F6、F2发酵上清液对金黄色葡萄球菌完全没有抑制效果;抑菌的物质基础分析表明,酸性环境在抑菌过程中占主导地位,细菌素与过氧化氢发挥协同作用;对其发酵上清液进行不同pH以及不同温度处理后发现,其抑菌活性在pH<5.0时随pH的降低而显著增强(P<0.05),当pH分别升高至5.0、6.0、7.0时试验乳酸菌发酵上清液均不具有抑菌能力,F18发酵上清液分别在60、80、100、121 ℃热处理一定时间后其抑菌能力与对照组相比仍然无明显差异(P>0.05),F11发酵上清液在100 ℃热处理30 min后抑菌能力显著减弱(P<0.05),其余实验菌株发酵上清液温度达到60 ℃以上,抑菌能力随热处理温度提高而显著(P<0.05)下降。本研究发现了乳酸菌发酵上清液的抑菌效果具有特异性,抑菌物质主要是酸性物质,其次是细菌素和过氧化氢;抑菌能力受pH和温度影响,同时具有特异性。研究结果可为优质菌种资源开发提供理论指导与技术支持。     

大蒜精油抗菌活性研究

采用琼脂扩散法及肉汤稀释法研究了大蒜精油的抗菌活性.使用GC-MS分析此精油的成分,其中二烯丙基三硫醚(49.23%)及二烯丙基二硫醚(19.35%)为最主要成分.以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌、黑曲霉和白色念珠菌为供试菌种,结果显示大蒜精油对于所选的8种菌均有一定的抗菌活性,尤对黑曲霉、白色念珠菌和表皮葡萄球菌有较好的杀灭作用.实验证明大蒜精油在食品及医药工业有广泛的应用前景.     

Survival and growth of food poisoning bacteria following inoculation into cottage cheese varieties

Following inoculation into cottage cheese varieties with and without sorbic acid, obtained directly from the manufacturer, strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and other E. coli survived but failed to multiply during storage at 7, 10 or 25 degrees C. In the absence of sorbic acid spoilage due to Pseudomonas fluorescens occurred after storage for 5-13 days at 7 or 10 degrees C and 1-2 days at 25 degrees C. Salmonella enteritidis, S. hadar, S. saint-paul, S. typhimurium and S. virchow survived but failed to multiply at 10 degrees C and, in the case of most strains, at 20 or 25 degrees C. S. typhimurium multiplied 100-fold in one batch of cottage cheese with peppers and onion in the absence of sorbic acid during storage at 25 degrees C for 2 days; spoilage of this batch occurred due to yeasts or yeasts and moulds after storage for 4-8 days at 10 degrees C and 0-2 days at 20 or 25 degrees C. Following inoculation into cottage cheese varieties, prepared in the laboratory and which did not contain sorbic acid, as contaminants of the added protein or vegetable ingredients the numbers of Staphylococcus aureus declined during storage at 10 and 20 degrees C, the numbers of Bacillus cereus and S. typhimurium increased at both temperatures, and the numbers of Yersinia enterocolitica increased at 10 degrees C, but declined at 20 degrees C. Spoilage occurred due to the growth of moulds and P. fluorescens after storage for 5-14 days at 10 degrees C, and due to P. fluorescens after storage for up to 2 days at 20 degrees C. In products inoculated in a similar way but which contained sorbic acid (500-530 mg/kg), the numbers of S. aureus and B. cereus declined and in most products the numbers of S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica remained constant. In cottage cheese with chicken, however, the numbers of Y. enterocolitica increased 100-fold during storage of the product for 14 days at 10 degrees and the numbers of S. typhimurium increased 100-fold during storage for 2 days at 20 degrees C. Spoilage of this product due to P. fluorescens occurred after storage for 8-14 days at 10 degrees C, but was not evident at 20 degrees C after 2 days.     

Antilisterial activity of grape juice and grape extracts derived from Vitis vinifera variety Ribier

Grape juice and skin and seed extracts of Vitis vinifera var. Ribier black table grapes were found to be highly inhibitory towards Listeria monocytogenes. This grape juice was also active against all other Listeria species tested but not against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Menston, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Yersinia enterocolitica. Fractionation of the extracts showed that the antilisterial activity was strongest in the polymeric phenolic fractions. Two different types of active compounds were identified: the red-pigmented polymeric phenolics from juice and skin showed pH-dependent antilisterial activity, while the unpigmented polymeric phenolics from the seed showed antilisterial activity which was independent of pH.     

不同发酵剂和工艺环节对发酵牛肉调味基料抑菌性的影响

为研究不同发酵剂和工艺条件对发酵牛肉调味基料（fermented beef flavorings,FBF）抑菌性的影响,以金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella paratyphi B）为目标菌,添加10% FBF于目标菌中,37 ℃培养12 h,计算其对不同目标菌的抑制率。设计3 组实验：CK组（热压浸提-酶解-美拉德反应）;2）反应Ⅰ组（热压浸提-酶解-发酵）,在发酵环节接种15 种商业复合菌或单株菌;3）反应Ⅱ组（热压浸提-酶解-发酵-美拉德反应）,在反应Ⅰ的基础上继续进行美拉德反应。结果表明：不同工艺制得的处理组FBF,其抑菌能力从强到弱依次为反应Ⅱ组＞反应Ⅰ组＞CK组;CK组对P. Aeruginoosa和S. paratyphi B无抑菌能力,对E. coli的抑制率最高（61%）,其次是S. aureus（20%）和S. typhimurium（11%）;反应Ⅰ制得的FBF除对P. Aeruginoosa无抑制能力外,对其余4 株目标菌的抑制率均提高,其中,以清酒乳杆菌为发酵剂制得的FBF对S. typhimurium的抑制率可达55%;反应Ⅱ制得的15 种FBF对5 株目标菌均有较强的抑菌性,以清酒乳杆菌为发酵剂制得的FBF对S. typhimurium的抑制率达85%,对E. coli的抑制率达53%,以WBL-45为发酵剂制得的FBF对E. coli的抑制率达100%,对S. paratyphi B的抑制率达85%。最终选定WBL-45、清酒乳杆菌为制作FBF的发酵剂,采用热压浸提-酶解-发酵-美拉德反应工艺制作FBF,得到的产品抑菌性较强。     

Antimicrobial resistance profile of five major food-borne pathogens isolated from beef, pork and poultry

This study was performed to evaluate the resistance rate against antimicrobials of food isolates of the five major food-borne pathogens to compare these and to possibly distinguish a pattern. A total of 922 samples of the major meat species (pork, beef and poultry) were analysed for thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing by the disc diffusion method. Roughly the same overall rate of resistance was identified for thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli. Resistance to quinolones and tetracycline was determined most frequently. In contrast, food isolates of Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes were rarely tested resistant. The significance of our findings is that resistance rates in enteric bacteria seem to be much higher than in pathogens found in a variety of environments, closely associated to the host environment.     

Effect of different concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen on the growth of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 in ground pork packaged under modified atmospheres

The influence on Yersinia enterocolitica counts of a gradual increase of carbon dioxide concentrations (percentage by volume in air) during packaging and storage of ground pork meat artificially contaminated with this pathogen was evaluated. Ground meat was packaged under customary conditions using modified atmospheres with various carbon dioxide percentages (0, 30, 50, 70, and 100% CO2 by volume; for atmospheres of less than 100% CO2, the rest of the gas was O2). The packs were stored at 2 degrees C for 12 days. During the entire storage time, counts of Y. enterocolitica were determined by the spread plate method for direct plate counts (DPCs). Microbiological shelf life of the stored ground pork also was assessed by total mesophilic aerobic bacterial plate counts (APCs). Y. enterocolitica counts were not significantly different (P > or = 0.05) in the ground pork packaged under the various CO2-enriched atmospheres. The growth of Y. enterocolitica was nearly entirely inhibited in all tested modified atmospheres containing the protective CO2. However, in ground pork packaged with 100% oxygen, there was a significant decrease (P < or = 0.05) in the DPC for Y. enterocolitica from 4.30 log CFU/g (day 0) to 3.09 log CFU/g at the end of the storage time (day 12). The decrease was presumably due to the marked increase in APC seen only in those packages stored under 100% O2. Packaging with high CO2 concentrations had significant inhibitory effect (P < or = 0.05) on the growth of mesophilic aerobic bacteria.     

三种食品添加剂抑制菌体生物被膜形成

为探索有效手段清除生物被膜,作者采用二倍稀释法研究茶多酚、柠檬醛、肉桂醛对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌以及大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度。并在亚致死浓度下,利用微孔板法研究此3种天然产物抑制3种细菌及其混合菌的生物被膜形成以及群体感应信号分子AI-2的情况。结果表明,在亚抑菌浓度下,茶多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜抑制效果最好,肉桂醛对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生物被膜抑制效果最好,而柠檬醛对所有细菌及其混合菌AI-2活力都具有抑制效果。     

大蒜汁对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离菌株的生长和生物被膜形成的影响

研究紫皮蒜和白皮蒜汁对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的生长和生物被膜形成的影响。以紫皮蒜和白皮蒜为原料制备大蒜汁;采用平板抑菌实验研究两种大蒜汁对7株MRSA食品分离菌株的抑菌效果;同时采用96孔板法研究两种大蒜汁对MRSA细菌生物被膜形成影响。结果表明:白皮蒜与紫皮蒜汁对于7株MRSA食品分离菌株均具有明显抑菌效果,抑菌圈大于19 mm,紫皮蒜汁效果优于白皮蒜汁,紫皮蒜汁的最低抑菌浓度为6.25 mL/L,白皮蒜汁的最低抑菌浓度为12.5 mL/L;两种大蒜汁在不同亚抑菌浓度下对MRSA的生物被膜形成均具有明显抑制作用。本研究结果为MRSA菌株的消除和防控措施提供参考。     

Antimicrobial activity of whey protein isolate edible films with essential oils against food spoilers and foodborne pathogens

The use of antimicrobial edible film is proposed as a means of improving food safety and extending the shelf-life of food systems by controlling the release of antimicrobials on food surfaces. In this work we first selected and studied 8 different essential oils (EOs) from plants, namely, oregano, clove, tea tree, coriander, mastic thyme, laurel, rosemary, and sage as natural antimicrobials against 2 gram-positive bacteria (Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus) and 2 gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomona fragi) by using the agar disk diffusion method. EOs from oregano, clove, and tea tree produced the largest surfaces of inhibition against the growth of the 4 bacterial strains tested. Second and following the assessment of compatibility, stable antimicrobial edible films based on whey protein isolate (WPI) with increasing concentrations (0.5% to 9%) of the 8 EOs were developed and tested for antimicrobial activity against the same gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. WPI-edible films incorporating oregano or clove EO were found to have the most intense inhibitory effect of microbial growth. The bacterial strain gram-negative P. fragi presented the less susceptibility to the effect of those films. Moreover, only the edible films based on these 2 EOs were active against all 4 studied microorganisms. On the other hand, the edible films incorporating tea tree, coriander, mastic thyme, laurel, rosemary, or sage EOs even at high concentrations (7% to 9%) did not cause any antimicrobial effect against the pathogens S. aureus or S. enteritidis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Potential applications of this technology can introduce direct benefits to the food industry by improving safety and microbial product quality. The results of this research have direct application in the food industry with potential applications in various foodstuffs, including meat and poultry products where the control of spoilage bacteria such as P. fragi throughout their chilled storage or the improvement of food safety by controlling pathogens such as S. enteritidis are topics of particular interest for the industry.     

Growth of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains in minced meat with and without protective gas with consideration of the competitive background flora

The growth of two pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains (O:3, O:9 at 1 degree C, 4 degrees C, 10 degrees C and 15 degrees C) in minced meat produced under sterile conditions and in minced meat with a normal background flora was investigated. In addition, the influence of treatment with a protective gas (20% CO2, 80% O2) was tested. In minced meat produced under sterile conditions and incubated under normal atmospheric conditions, Y. enterocolitica increased in numbers by only 1 log at 1 degree C and 3.5 logs at 4 degrees C within 14 days. At 10 and 15 degrees C, there was about a 5-log increase in cell numbers within 5 days. There was a marked inhibition of growth by the background flora on Y. enterocolitica. This effect was so marked that only a slight additional inhibition on the growth of Y. enterocolitica at 1, 4 and 10 degrees C was observed under the CO2:O2 modified atmosphere. This is in contrast to the situation where minced meat with a low total bacterial count was used, and the growth of Y. enterocolitica was adversely affected by the CO2:O2 environment. The significance of raw minced meat in the development of human Y. enterocolitica infections is also discussed.